Statistics and Probability

Special Science Teacher I

 The most important of all continuous probability
distributions is the normal distribution. Its graph called
the normal curve.
• The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
• It lies entirely above the horizontal axis.
• The curve is symmetrical about its center and
asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
• The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the
center (Unimodal).
• The area between the curve and the horizontal axis is
exactly equal to 1.
 A normal distribution is determined by two
parameters: the mean 𝜇𝜇 is 0 and the standard deviation
𝜎𝜎 is 1, then the normal distribution is a standard normal
distribution.

𝝁𝝁 = 𝟎𝟎
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏

−𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
standard normal distribution
 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

𝝁𝝁 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝝁𝝁 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟖𝟖 𝝈𝝈 = 𝟖𝟖

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

The normal curves have the same standard deviations

but different means.
𝝁𝝁 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

The normal curves have the same means different

standard deviation.
 𝝁𝝁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟓𝟓

𝝁𝝁 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝝈𝝈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

The normal curves have different means and different

standard deviations.
Statistics and Probability

Special Science Teacher I

Areas under the standard normal curve can be found
using the Areas under the Standard Normal Curve table.
These areas are regions under the normal curve

Find the area between 𝑧𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧𝑧 = 1.54.

0 1.54
Locate the area for
𝑧𝑧 = 1.54 from the
table. Look for the
column marked 𝑧𝑧
until you reach 1.5 .
Then proceed to the
right along this row
until you reach the
column marked 0.04.
The intersection is the
area. The area is
0.4382.
Find the area between 𝑧𝑧 = 1.52 and 𝑧𝑧 = 2.5

𝐴𝐴1 = 0.4357 𝐴𝐴2 = 0.4938

𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐

𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝐴𝐴1
𝐴𝐴 = 0.4938 − 0.4357
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨

0 1.52 2.5
Find the area to the right of 𝑧𝑧 = 1.56.

𝐴𝐴1 = 0.4406 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓

𝐴𝐴 = 0.5 − 𝐴𝐴1
𝐴𝐴 = 0.5 − 0.4406
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨

0 1.56
Find the area between 𝑧𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧𝑧 = −1.65.

𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

-1.65 0
Find the area between 𝑧𝑧 = −1.5 and 𝑧𝑧 = −2.5.

𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝐴𝐴1 = 0.4332

𝐴𝐴2 = 0.4938

𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝐴𝐴1
𝐴𝐴 = 0.4938 − 0.4332
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏

-2.5 -1.5 0
Find the area between 𝑧𝑧 = −1.35 and 𝑧𝑧 = 2.95.

𝐴𝐴1 = 0.4115 𝑨𝑨
𝐴𝐴2 = 0.4984

𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝐴𝐴2
𝐴𝐴 = 0.4115 + 0.4984
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐

-1.35 0 2.95
Find the area to the left of 𝑧𝑧 = 2.32.

𝑨𝑨
𝐴𝐴1 = 0.5
𝐴𝐴2 = 0.4898

𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝐴𝐴2
𝐴𝐴 = 0.5 + 0.4898
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐

0 2.32
Find the area to the right of 𝑧𝑧 = −1.8.

𝑨𝑨
𝐴𝐴1 = 0.4641
𝐴𝐴2 = 0.5

𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴1 + 𝐴𝐴2
𝐴𝐴 = 0.4641 + 0.5
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗

𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐

-1.8 0
Find the area to the left of 𝑧𝑧 = −1.52.

𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝐴𝐴1 = 0.4357

𝐴𝐴2 = 0.5

𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝐴𝐴1
𝐴𝐴 = 0.5 − 0.4357
𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏

-1.52 0
Directions. Find the area under the normal curve in each of
the following cases.
1. Between 𝑧𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧𝑧 = 1.63
2. Between 𝑧𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧𝑧 = −1.78
3. Between 𝑧𝑧 = 1.56 and 𝑧𝑧 = 2.51
4. Between 𝑧𝑧 = −2.76 and 𝑧𝑧 = −1.25
5. Between 𝑧𝑧 = −1.36 and 𝑧𝑧 = 2.55
6. To the right of 𝑧𝑧 = 2.35
7. To the right of 𝑧𝑧 = −1.31
8. To the left of 𝑧𝑧 = 0.35
9. To the left of 𝑧𝑧 = −1.54
Directions. Find the area under the normal curve in each of
the following cases.
1. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between
𝒛𝒛 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 and 𝒛𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓?
2. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between
𝒛𝒛 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝒛𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎?
3. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between
𝒛𝒛 = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝒛𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏?
4. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between
𝒛𝒛 = −𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 and 𝒛𝒛 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏?
5. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between
𝒛𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝒛𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖?