POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Education
LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH

FIFTH SYNCHRONOUS SESSION

GEED 10053
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MS. MAY ANNE F. ARAZA

Part-Time Instructor

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Prayer

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hello!

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LESSON 4.4

“
▸ Normal Distribution

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 OVERVIEW

If a researcher selects a random sample of

100 adult women, measures their heights, and
constructs a histogram, the researcher gets a
graph to the one shown in Figure (a). Now, if the
researcher increases the sample size and
decreases the width of the classes, the
histograms will look like the ones shown in Figure
(b) and (c) finally, if it were possible to measure
exactly the heights of all adult females in the
Philippines and plot them, the histogram would
approach what is called a normal distribution,
shown in Figure (d). This distribution is also
known as a bell curve or a Gaussian distribution,
named for the German mathematician Carl
Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), who derived its
equation.
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 OVERVIEW

No variable fits a normal distribution perfectly, since a normal

distribution is a theoretical distribution. However, a normal
distribution can be used to describe many variables, because the
deviations from a normal distribution are very small. When the data
values are evenly distributed about the mean, a distribution is said to
be a symmetric distribution.
This lesson will present the properties of a normal distribution
and discuss its applications. Also, areas under the normal curve will
be discussed.

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 OBJECTIVES

After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

 

a) give the properties of a normal distribution.

b) find and interpret z-scores.
c) find the area under the normal curve.
d) develop critical thinking by solving real-life problems using
areas under the normal curve.

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 Normal distribution

It shows that if the samples are increased to a

considerable number, the shape of the
distribution approximates the normal curve.

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 properties of a normal distribution

1) The mean = median = mode.

2) It is symmetrical about the mean (sk = 0, k = 3)
3) The tails or the ends are asymptotic relative to the horizontal
axis.
4) The total area under the normal curve is 1.0 or 100%.
5) The normal curve area may be subdivided into standard
deviations, at least 3 to the left and 3 to the right.

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EMPIRICAL RULE

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 The Standard Normal Distribution
The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a mean
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Formula for the standard score:

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 EXAMPLE 1

Find the following areas.

0
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13
 EXAMPLE 1

Find the following areas.

0
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 EXAMPLE 2

−1 0

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16
 EXAMPLE 2

−1 0

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EXAMPLE 3

0 1

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EXAMPLE 3

Area

0 1

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 EXAMPLE 4

−2 −1 0

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 EXAMPLE 4

Area
¿ 𝟎 .𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢

−2 −1 0

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EXAMPLE 5

0 1 2

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25
EXAMPLE 5

0 1 2

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 EXAMPLE 6

−2 −1 0

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 EXAMPLE 6

Area
¿ 𝟎 .𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢

−2 −1 0

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 EXAMPLE 7

A soda machine dispenses soda into 12-ounce cups. Tests

show that the actual amount of soda dispensed is normally
distributed, with a mean of 11.5 oz and a standard deviation of
0.2 oz.

a. What percent of cups will receive less than 11.25 oz of

soda?

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Given: = 11.5,

𝑥 −𝑥
𝑧 𝑥=
𝑠

11.25 − 11.50
𝑧 11.25
¿
0.2

𝒛 𝟏𝟏 . 𝟐𝟓 =− 𝟏 . 𝟐𝟓

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a. What percent of cups will receive less than 11.25 oz of
soda?

Thus, 10.56% of the cups filled by the soda machine

will receive less than 11.25 oz of soda.

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b. What percent of cups will receive between 11.2 oz and
11.55 oz of soda?

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 b. What percent of cups will receive between 11.2 oz and
11.55 oz of soda?

𝑥−𝑥 𝑥−𝑥
𝑧 𝑥= 𝑧 𝑥=
𝑠 𝑠

11.2 −11.5 11.55 −11.5

𝑧 11.2= 𝑧 11. 55 =
0.2 0.2

𝒛 𝟏𝟏 . 𝟐 =− 𝟏 . 𝟓 𝒛 𝟏𝟏 . 𝟓𝟓 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓

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b. What percent of cups will receive between 11.2 oz and
11.55 oz of soda?

Thus, 53.19% of the cups filled by the soda machine

will receive between 11.2 oz and 11.55 oz of soda.

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c. If a cup is filled at random, what is the probability that
the machine will overflow the cup?

A soda machine dispenses soda into 12-ounce cups. Tests

show that the actual amount of soda dispensed is normally
distributed, with a mean of 11.5 oz and a standard deviation of
0.2 oz.

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 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑧 𝑥=
𝑠

12 −11.5
𝑧 12=
0.2

𝒛 𝟏𝟐 =𝟐 . 𝟓

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c. If a cup is filled at random, what is the probability that
the machine will overflow the cup?

Thus, the probability that a cup filled at random will

overflow is 0.0062.

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 ACTIVITY 4.4
 

The amount of time spent by clients at an ATM from 6 am to 6 pm is normally distributed

with a mean of 180 seconds and a standard deviation of 30 seconds.

Find the percentage of clients who spend

1. more than 3 minutes 5. more than 100 seconds

2. less than 3 minutes 6. more than 200 seconds
3. from 3 minutes to 4 minutes 7. from 2.5 minutes to 3.5 minutes
4. from 2 minutes to 3 minutes 8. from 100 seconds to 250 seconds

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LESSON 4.5

“
▸ Linear Regression and
Correlation

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 overview

▸Another area of inferential statistics involves determining whether a

relationship exists between two or more numerical or quantitative
variables. For example, a businessperson may want to know whether
the volume of sales for a given month is related to the amount of
advertising the firm does that month. Educators are interested in
determining whether the number of hours a student studies is related
to the student’s score on a particular exam. Medical researchers are
interested in questions such as, is caffeine related to heart damage?
or is there a relationship between a person’s age and his or her blood
pressure? A zoologist may want to know whether the birth weight of a
certain animal is related to its life span. These are only a few of the
many questions that can be answered by using the techniques of
correlation and regression analysis.
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 overview

Correlation is a statistical method used to determine whether a

relationship between variables exists. Regression is a statistical
method used to describe the nature of the relationship between
variables, that is, positive or negative, linear or nonlinear.

The purpose of this lesson is to answer these questions statistically:

1. Are two or more variables related?
2. If so, what is the strength of the relationship?
3. What type of relationship exists?
4. What kind of predictions can be made from the relationship?

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 Learning outcomes

▸After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

a. find Pearson’s .
b. find Spearman’s.
c. find the coefficient of determination .
d. interpret and .
e. use regression line and regression equation in making predictions.

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 correlation
▸ Correlation is a measure of relationship between two
variables , usually as the independent variable and as the
dependent variable. Such relationship is indicated by the
value of , the coefficient of correlation.

▸ Strength of relationship is indicated by the magnitude

(from 0.0001 to 0.9999) disregarding the sign of relationship.
▸ The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship.

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▸ Direction of relationship is indicated by the sign. There is a positive relationship
if one variable increases as the other variable increases, and as one variable
decreases the other one decreases.

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 Some uses of Correlations
Prediction
•If there is a relationship between two variables, we can make predictions about
one from another.
Validity
•Concurrent validity (correlation between a new measure and an established
measure).
Reliability
•Test-retest reliability (are measures consistent).
•Inter-rater reliability (are observers consistent).
Theory verification
•Predictive validity.

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 Online activity
Indicate the possible relationship between the following pairs of variables.

• time spend in running on a treadmill and the number of calories

you will burn
• speed and travel time

• IQ and skin color

• age and amount of hair strands on head

• temperature and ice cream sales

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 Online activity
Indicate the possible relationship between the following pairs of variables.

• height and shoe size

• amount of time spent on social media and number of hours of

sleep
• amount of coffee drunk and level of intelligence

• number of trees cut down and probability of erosion

• load balance and number of text messages received

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 Spearman’s and Pearson’s r

 Spearman’s is an estimate of correlation. It makes use of

ranking of variables.

where is the square of the difference in rank

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 Interpretation of

Between high correlation

Between moderately high correlation
Between moderate correlation
Between low correlation
Between negligible correlation

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 Illustration
Consider the following data on the number of hours spent in studying and the grades received by 10
students.
 
3 72 6.5 6.0 0.5 0.25
6 89 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.25
2 57 9.0 10.0 -1.0 1.00
3 69 6.5 8.0 -1.5 2.25
2 63 9.0 9.0 0 0
4 75 5.0 4.0 1.0 1.00
5 73 3.5 5.0 -1.5 2.25
2 70 9.0 7.0 2.0 4.00
6 82 1.5 3.0 -1.5 2.25
5 84 3.5 2.0 1.5 2.25
         

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 Solution

6 Σ 𝐷2
𝜌= 1 −
𝑛(𝑛2 − 1 )

Thus, there is a strong positive relationship between the number of hours spent
in studying and the grades received by the students.

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 Pearson’s

 Pearson’s or Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient of

Correlation gives a more accurate computation of the
coefficient of correlation:

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𝑰𝒍𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
STEPS TO
FOLLOW
xy

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Between high correlation
Between moderately high correlation
Between moderate correlation
Between low correlation
Between negligible correlation

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 Introduction to Regression Analysis

▸ If two variables are correlated, that is , the coefficient of correlation is

significant, then it is possible to predict or estimate the value of the
dependent variable from the independent variable. This is sometimes
called causal forecasting.
▸ Another type of problem which uses regression analysis is when
variables corresponding to years are given and it is possible to predict
the value of the variable several years hence. This is sometimes called
forecasting and is related to time-series analysis.
▸ For these types of problems concerning linear regression, the so-
called Methods of Least Squares is used where the “line of best fit”.

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 REGRESSION EQUATION
Regression Equation:
Where is the predictor variable
is the predictand variable
is the slope of the line (
is the constant value (
and the following must be computed:

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ILLUSTRATION

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 ILLUSTRATION
Time between eruptions (in seconds), Duration of eruption (in seconds),

272 89

227 79

237 83

238 82

203 81

270 85

218 78

226 81

250 85

245 79

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Time between Duration of
eruptions (in eruption (in
seconds), seconds),

272 89 24 208 73 984

227 79 17 933 51 529
237 83 19 671 56 169
238 82 19 516 56 644
203 81 16 443 41 209
270 85 22 950 72 900
218 78 17 004 47 524
226 81 18 306 51 076
250 85 21 250 62 500
245 79 19 355 60 025

822

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 = 2 386 = 822 = 573 560 = 196 636

𝑛 Σ 𝑥𝑦 − Σ 𝑥 Σ 𝑦 Σ 𝑦 Σ 𝑥
= 𝑎= −𝑏
2
𝑛 Σ𝑥 −(Σ𝑥)
2
𝑛 𝑛
822
(10)(196 636) −(2 386)( 822) 238
¿ ¿ − ( 0.1189559666 )
(10)(573 560) − ( 2 386 )
2 10 10
 0.1189559666    82.2 −( 0.1189559666 ) (238
𝑎    53.81710637
h𝑢𝑠 , 𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠
^
𝑦 =𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
^
𝑦 =53.81710637+ 0.1189559666 𝑥
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We can now use the regression equation to estimate the
duration of an eruption given the time between eruptions.

For instance, if the time between two eruptions is 200 seconds,

then the estimated duration of the second eruption is

^𝑦 =53.81710637+0.1189559666 𝑥

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The approximate duration of the eruption is 78 seconds.

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ACTIVITY 4.5
 

I. Write + ,- ,0 to indicate possible relationship between the pair of variables.

________1. income and expenditure
________2. price and demand for a product
________3. IQ and hair length
________4. height and weight of a person
________5. number of hours spent in studying and score in exams
________6. number of absences and semestral GPA
________7. price of gas and number of cars in the road
________8. shoe size and income
________9. number of persons to do a work and time spent in completing the work
________10. life span and number of sticks of cigarettes consumed

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II. Consider the following data on the number of hours spent in studying and the grades
received by 10 students.

a. Solve for Pearson’s then

3 72       interpret the result.

6 89       b. Find the equation of the line that

best fit.
2 57      
c. Use the regression equation to
3 69       predict the grades received for
each of the following number of
2 63       hours spent in studying. Round
your results to the nearest whole
4 75      
number.
      c.1. 7 hours
5 73 c.2. 30 minutes
2 70       c.3. 1 hour

6 82      
5 84      
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 Thanks!

any
questions
?

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