Chapter 2 - Basics of Thermodynamics

Instructor: Dr.
Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

HCMUT
ENGLISH ON THERMAL ENGINEERING

 Instructor: HÀ ANH TÙNG – Department of Heat and
Refrigeration Technology
 Duration: 45 periods during 15 weeks (3 periods/week)
+ Week 5 : Test 1 10%

+ Week 8 : Midterm Exam 25%
+ Week 10 : Test 2 10%
- Week 13  15 : Presentation 15%
Final Exam 40%
1
Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Objectives of the course

 to provide students with specialized terminology in English as
well as to improve their basic communication and reading -
comprehension skills in English through studying and applying the
principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer to explain
thermal engineering applications:
Ex: - Thermal power plants
- Refrigeration and air conditioning systems
- Dryers, boilers
- Heat exchangers
- Sustainable energy, etc.
2
HCMUT
Course Contents
 Chapter 1: Basic concepts
 Chapter 2: Basics of Thermodynamics
 Chapter 3: Basics of Heat Transfer

 Chapter 4: Refrigeration and Air conditioning systems
 Chapter 5: Drying Processes
 Chapter 6: Boilers and Burners
 Chapter 7: Thermal Power Plant

 Chapter 8: Energy saving in thermal systems
 Chapter 9: Sustainable Energy
3
HCMUT
Reference Books
1. Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publisher,
2006.
2. Cengel, Y. A., Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd
Edition, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.
3. Bent Sorensen - Renewable Energy: Its Physics,
Engineering, Use, Environmental Impacts, Economy and
Planning Aspects - Third edition, Elsevier Science, 2004.
4. Hoàng đình Tín, Nhiệt công nghiệp, NXB Đại học quốc
gia Tp HCM, 2001.
4
HCMUT
CHAPTER 2: Basics of Thermodynamics
2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.2 Equation of Ideal Gas
2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.4 Pure substance and applications
2.5 Moisture air and applications
5
HCMUT
2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

 The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law
of conservation of energy:
The total energy of an isolated system is constant;

energy can be transformed from one form to another,
but cannot be created or destroyed.
New words:
Thermodynamics: Nhiệt động lực học kỹ thuật

Isolated system: Hệ cô lập
Law of conservation of energy: Định luật bảo toàn năng lượng
6
HCMUT
Example of an “isolated system”
7
HCMUT
HEAT & WORK

 Heat: The transfer of energy from one body to another as a
result of a difference in temperature or a change in phase.
 Work: The transfer of energy in the application of a force to

move a body in a certain direction
UNITS: - SI system: 1 J (jun) = 1N.m = 107 erg ; 1 cal (calo) = 4.18 J
- British system: 1 Btu = 1055 J = 252 cal ; 1 Wh = 3.413 Btu
New words:
Heat: Nhiệt lượng
Work: Công
8
HCMUT
Mechanical
Equivalent of
Heat
Joule demonstrated that water

can be heated by doing
(mechanical) work, and showed
that for every 4186 J of work
done, the temperature of water
rose by 1C0 per kg.
9
HCMUT
Example of Application of The First law of
Thermodynamics
A/ Heat Engine:
Hot source
is a system that converts heat
or thermal energy to Q1
mechanical energy W
Heat Engine
( Ex: internal combustion engine, Q2
steam engine, gas engine, etc.
Cold source
 According to The law of conservation of energy
Q1  Q2  W
W Q2 q2
 Thermal Efficiency:   1  1
Q1 Q1 q1
10
HCMUT
New words:
Heat engine: Động cơ nhiệt
Internal combustion engine: Động cơ đốt trong
External combustion engine: Động cơ đốt ngoài
Steam engine: Động cơ hơi nước
Thermal efficiency: Hiệu suất nhiệt
11
HCMUT
Example of a Heat Engine
12
HCMUT
B/ Heat Pump/ Refrigerator: Hot source
Q1
is a system using external work
to move thermal energy by Heat pump, W
absorbing heat from a cold Refrigerator
space and releasing it to a
Q2
warmer one
Cold source
 According to The law of
conservation of energy : Q1  Q2  W
Q1 Q1 q1
 COP (Coefficient of     1
performance) of a Heat Pump: W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
 COP Q2 Q2 q2
(Coefficient of   
performance) of a Refrigerator: W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
13
HCMUT
New words:
Heat pump: Bơm nhiệt
Refrigerator: Tủ lạnh/máy lạnh
Refrigeration system: Hệ thống lạnh
Air conditioner: Máy điều hòa nhiệt độ
Air conditioning system: Hệ thống điều hòa không khí
COP: Hệ số làm lạnh (cho máy lạnh)/Hệ số làm nóng (cho
bơm nhiệt)
14
HCMUT
Air conditioner
15
HCMUT
Refrigerator Animation
16
HCMUT
Heat Pump system
17
HCMUT
2.2 Equation of Ideal Gas

 IDEAL GAS is a hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy
negligible space and have no interactions
 Real gas can be considered as ideal gas at low pressures and

high temperatures
New words:
Ideal gas: Khí lý tưởng
Molecules occupy negligible space: Phân tử chiếm thể tích
không đáng kể
Real gas: Khí thực
Low pressures and high temperatures: Áp suất thấp và nhiệt
độ cao 18
HCMUT
Equation of Ideal Gas (Clapeyron equation)
pv  RT or: pV  GRT
in which: - p (N/m2): absolute pressure of the gas

- v (m3/kg): specific volume of the gas
- V (m3): volume of the gas
- T (K): absolute temperature of the gas
- G (kg): mass of the gas
- R (J/kg.độ) gas constant
R 8314  is the molecular weight of 1 kmol (Ex: 
R 
  of O2 is 32 kg, of N2 is 28 kg, etc)
19
HCMUT
Exercise 1:
A 1 m3 tank is filled with a gas at room temperature 20°C

and pressure 100 kPa. How much mass is there if the gas is:
a) Air
b) Propane
20
HCMUT
Exercise 2:
A cylindrical gas tank 1 m long, inside diameter of 20cm, is

evacuated and then filled with carbon dioxide gas at 25oC.To
what pressure should it be charged if there should be 1.2 kg
of carbon dioxide?
MPa
21
HCMUT
2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

 The First Law of Thermodynamics does not indicate the
DIRECTION of a process
- Examples:
Heat can not Heating

be transferred water can not
automatically make the
from low to shaft rotate
high
temperatures
To make a process occur 

Both 1st and 2nd Laws need to be
satisfied
22
HCMUT
2 Statements of The Second Law of Thermodynamics
 A/ Kelvin-Planck Statement (or the heat engine statement)
 It is impossible to devise a
cyclically operating device, the sole  It is impossible to build a
effect of which is to absorb energy in heat engine that has 100%
the form of heat from a single thermal efficiency
thermal reservoir and to deliver an
equivalent amount of work
Heat source
Q
IMPOSSIBLE !!
Heat Engine W=Q
23
HCMUT
Working principle of a thermal power plant
2 3
1 4
Wout  Win
Thermal Efficiency: 
Qin
Wout Qout qout
Win  Wout    1  1
Qin Qin qin
24
HCMUT
 An example to show the VIOLATION OF THE 2nd LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
25
HCMUT
B/ Clausius Statement
 It is impossible to construct a
device which operates on a cycle and  COP of a refrigerator/heat
produces no other effect than the pump cannot approach
transfer of heat from a cooler body to infinity
a hotter body
Hot source
QN = QL
Refrigeration IMPOSSIBLE !!
system
Cold sink QL
26
HCMUT
Working principle of a refrigeration system
p
3
2 3 q1 2
4 4 1
q2
1
v
Q2 Q2 q2
COP (Coefficient   
of Performance) : W Q1  Q2 q1  q 2
HCMUT
2.4 Pure Substance and Applications

 Definition: Pure substances are defined as substances that
have a fixed chemical composition
 Phase change
of a pure p
substance:
Liquid
1 2 3 4 5
Solid
1’ 2’ 3’
Gas
T 28
HCMUT
p
Liquid
1 2 3 4 5
Solid
1’ 2’ 3’
Gas
T
To melt To boil
Solid To solidify Liquid To condense Gas
To sublimate
29
HCMUT
New words:
pure substance: chất thuần khiết
chemical composition: thành phần hóa học
phase change: sự biến đổi pha
to melt / melting: nóng chảy
to solidify / solidification: đông đặc
to boil / boiling: sôi
to condense / condensation: ngưng tụ
to sublimate / sublimation: thăng hoa
30
HCMUT
31
HCMUT
Phase change of water at atmospheric pressure
Saturated
Liquid
Saturated
vapor
32
HCMUT
New words:
compressed liquid: lỏng chưa sôi
saturated liquid: lỏng sôi
saturated liquid – vapor mixture: hơi bão hòa ẩm
saturated vapor: hơi bão hòa khô
superheated vapor: hơi quá nhiệt
quality (x): độ khô (x) trong vùng bão hòa
33
HCMUT
T-v diagram of a pure substance
34
HCMUT
How to determine the properties of a pure substance?

 USE 2 PROPERTY TABLES
p
Compressed liquid TABLE: Properties of
(State 1): compressed liquid and
superheated vapor
1 2 3 4 5
Saturated States TABLE: Properties of
(State 2, 3, 4): saturated
Superheated vapor TABLE: Properties of

v (State 5): compressed liquid and
superheated vapor
35
HCMUT
Example:
TABLE: Properties of compressed liquid water and p
superheated water vapor v, i, s
T
p T
oC 20 40 60 80 100 120 …
bar
…. …
v (m3/kg) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 1.695 1.795
1.0 i (kJ/kg) 83.7 167.5 251.1 334.9 2676 2717
s (kJ/kg.K) 0.296 0.572 0.831 1.075 7.361 7.465
…. …
Note: internal energy u can be calculated from : u = i - pv

36
HCMUT
Example:
TABLE: Properties of saturated water

(temperature table)
T p v’ v” r” i’ i” r s’ s”
oC bar m3/kg m3/kg kg/m3 kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K
0.01 0.006 0.001 206.3 0.005 0 2501 2501 0 9.154
… …
100 1.013 0.001 1.673 0.598 419.1 2676 2257 1.307 7.355
105 1.208 0.001 1.419 0.705 440.2 2683 2243 1.363 7.296
37
HCMUT
Exercise:
Solution:
The specific volume of the saturated

liquid at 90°C is:
v  v '  0.001036 m3 / kg
Then the total volume of the tank
becomes:
38
HCMUT
APPLICATIONS OF USING PURE SUBSTANCE
A/ Vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

(Chu trình nhà máy nhiệt điện – Chu trình Rankine)
B/ Refrigeration cycle
(Chu trình máy lạnh)
39
HCMUT
A/ Vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

(Chu trình nhà máy nhiệt điện – Chu trình Rankine)
40
HCMUT
Operating principles of a vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)
41
HCMUT
Operating principles of a vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

p1 > p2
q1 wT
T 1
1 Tuabin
Lò hơi
3’ 2 q2 p2
3
Bình
Bơm nước ngưng ’
3 2
3 s
wP
w1  wP
t 
q1
Thermal Efficiency
i1  i2   i3'  i3 
of the cycle: 
i1  i3'
42
HCMUT
B/ Refrigeration cycle
(Chu trình máy lạnh)
43
HCMUT
 Operating principles of a refrigeration cycle
q1
Condenser
3 wmn
2
Expansion
valve
Compressor
Evaporator
4 1
q2
q2 i1  i3
COP of the  
refrigeration cycle: wmn i2  i1
44
HCMUT
2.5 Moisture Air & Applications
 Dry air & Moisture air
Dry air is considered as
- Dry air: Mixture of (O2 + N2) ideal gas at
atmospheric pressure
Moisture air = Dry air+ water vapor
Moisture air (T, G, p)

T  Ta  Th
KK Ta Ga pa G  Ga  Gh
k V = Va = Vh
h p  pa  ph
ô T G p
h h h
Normally, the partial pressure ph of water vapor

in moisture air is very small (15-20 mmHg)
45
HCMUT
State properties of moisture air

 Relative humidity
Gh Mass of water vapor currently in the moisture air

  (%)
Ghbh MAXIMUM mass of water vapor in the moisture air at
saturation state
ph
 (%)
p hbh
46
HCMUT
 Specific humidity
Gh Mass of water vapor in the moisture air
d  (%)
Ga Mass of dry air in the moisture air
 p hbh
d  0.622 (kg/kga)
p   p hbh
47
HCMUT
 Enthalpy
I  t  2500  2t  d (kJ/kga)
Example: Moisture air at p = 1bar, temperature of 25oC,

relative humidity   0.6  Determine Enthalpy I of the
moisture air?
d = 0.012 kg/kga I  25  2500  2 * 25 0.012  55.6

(kJ/kga)
48
HCMUT
 Psychrometric chart (t-d chart)
Specific humidity d (g/kga)

d = const
tđs tư tk = 25oC
Temperature t (oC)
tđs: Dew – point temperature
tư: Wet – bulb temperature
49
HCMUT
Applications of Moisture Air
 Ventilation system
50
HCMUT
 Air conditioning system
51
HCMUT
---------------------------------------
END OF CHAPTER 2
52

Chapter 2 - Basics of Thermodynamics

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Instructor: Dr.

Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

ENGLISH ON THERMAL ENGINEERING

+ Week 5 : Test 1 10%

Objectives of the course

 Chapter 3: Basics of Heat Transfer

 Chapter 5: Drying Processes

 Chapter 6: Boilers and Burners

 Chapter 7: Thermal Power Plant

CHAPTER 2: Basics of Thermodynamics

2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

2.2 Equation of Ideal Gas

2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

2.4 Pure substance and applications

2.5 Moisture air and applications

2.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The total energy of an isolated system is constant;

Thermodynamics: Nhiệt động lực học kỹ thuật

Example of an “isolated system”

HEAT & WORK

 Work: The transfer of energy in the application of a force to

Joule demonstrated that water

Example of a Heat Engine

B/ Heat Pump/ Refrigerator: Hot source

Heat Pump system

2.2 Equation of Ideal Gas

 Real gas can be considered as ideal gas at low pressures and

Equation of Ideal Gas (Clapeyron equation)

in which: - p (N/m2): absolute pressure of the gas

A 1 m3 tank is filled with a gas at room temperature 20°C

A cylindrical gas tank 1 m long, inside diameter of 20cm, is

2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat can not Heating

To make a process occur 

 An example to show the VIOLATION OF THE 2nd LAW OF

2.4 Pure Substance and Applications

How to determine the properties of a pure substance?

Superheated vapor TABLE: Properties of

Note: internal energy u can be calculated from : u = i - pv

TABLE: Properties of saturated water

0.01 0.006 0.001 206.3 0.005 0 2501 2501 0 9.154

The specific volume of the saturated

APPLICATIONS OF USING PURE SUBSTANCE

A/ Vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

A/ Vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

Operating principles of a vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

Operating principles of a vapor power cycle (Rankine cycle)

 Operating principles of a refrigeration cycle

Moisture air (T, G, p)

Normally, the partial pressure ph of water vapor

State properties of moisture air

Gh Mass of water vapor currently in the moisture air

Example: Moisture air at p = 1bar, temperature of 25oC,

d = 0.012 kg/kga I  25  2500  2 * 25 0.012  55.6

 Psychrometric chart (t-d chart)

Specific humidity d (g/kga)

 Air conditioning system

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