Indications and contraindications:

Indications:

1. Improving bone density and strength

2. Reducing the risk of falls and fractures
3. Improving balance and mobility
4. Managing pain and inflammation
5. Improving overall quality of life

Contraindications:

1. Acute fractures or injuries

2. Severe osteoporosis
3. Cardiovascular conditions that make exercise unsafe
4. Recent surgery or joint replacement
5. Acute infection or fever
6. Cognitive impairment or inability to follow instructions
7. Certain medications or medical conditions that increase the risk of falls or
fractures.

Signs and Symptoms of osteoporosis:

1. Loss of height over time

2. Back pain, caused by a collapsed or fractured vertebra
3. A stooped posture or rounded shoulders
4. Fractures of the wrist, hip, or spine, especially after a minor fall or injury
5. A decrease in overall mobility and physical activity
6. Reduced grip strength
7. Dental problems, such as tooth loss or receding gums
8. Brittle or weak nails
9. Fatigue or lack of energy
10. Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, or irregular periods.
clinical features and investigations for osteoporosis:

Clinical Features:

1. Bone pain or tenderness, especially in the back, hips, or wrists

2. Loss of height over time
3. A stooped posture or rounded shoulders
4. Fractures of the wrist, hip, or spine, especially after a minor fall or injury
5. A decrease in overall mobility and physical activity
6. Reduced grip strength
7. Dental problems, such as tooth loss or receding gums
8. Brittle or weak nails
9. Fatigue or lack of energy
10. Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, or irregular periods.

Investigations:

1. Bone density test: This test uses X-rays or other imaging technology to
measure the density of bones, which can help diagnose osteoporosis or
determine if a person is at risk for developing the condition.
2. Blood tests: These tests can measure levels of certain hormones and other
substances that can affect bone health, such as vitamin D and calcium.
3. Urine tests: These tests can measure the levels of certain markers in the urine
that indicate bone breakdown, which can help diagnose osteoporosis and
monitor its progression.
4. Imaging tests: In addition to bone density tests, imaging tests such as X-rays,
CT scans, or MRI scans can help diagnose fractures or other bone
abnormalities.
5. Genetic testing: Some rare forms of osteoporosis are caused by genetic
mutations, so genetic testing may be recommended in certain cases.