OSTEOPOROSIS

Sajjad Ahmad Bin Ahmad

BSN, RN CCRN

Member of American Association of critical care nursing.

Vice Principal PAK Institute of health Sciences Islamabad.

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OBJECTIVES
• At the end of presentation the students will be able to
• Define osteoporosis
• Discuss causes and risk factors of osteoporosis.
• Describe pathophysiology of osteoporosis.
• Describe sign and symptoms of osteoporosis.
• Discuss investigation and diagnostic findings of osteoporosis.
• Discuss complications of osteoporosis.
• Discuss prevention of osteoporosis.
• Define nursing diagnosis.
• Discuss nursing intervention and drugs therapy for osteoporosis.

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OSTEOPOROSIS
Definition
•Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density
of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones.
•Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is
compressible, like a sponge.
•This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone and results in frequent
fractures (breaks) in the bones.

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CAUSES
• Genetics
• Excessive alcohol consumptions
• Vitamin d deficiency and Diet low in calcium
• Malabsorbtion
• Low estrogen level in women
• Chronic inflammation
• Immobility due to stroke

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RISK FACTORS
• Gender: women twice more than men.
• Age: old aged.
• Frame size: extremely thin and frame size people.
• Hereditary .
• Long term Cortico-steroid medications.
• High level of Thyroid hormones.
• Sedentary life style.
• Excessive alcohol consumption.

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SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• Lose of height over time
• Lower back pain.
• Most prominent areas of fractures are hip, wrists and spinal
vertebrae.

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INVESTIGATION & DIAGNOSIS
• Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DEXA).
• Quantitative CT-Scan.
• An ultrasound scan of the heel bone is another way to assess for
osteoporosis.

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COMPLICATIONS
• Bone fractures, particularly in the spine or hip, are the most serious
complications.
• Hip fracture often are caused by a fall and can result in disability and
even an increased risk of death within the first year after the injury.
• Spinal fractures can occur even if you have not fallen.
• The bone that make up your spine (vertebrae) can weaken to the
point that they may crumple, which can result in back pain, lost
height and a hunched forward posture.

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PREVENTIONS
• Life style changes.
• Proper diet which contains calcium and vitamin-D, and proteins.
• Exercise.
• Body weight.
• Quitting cigarette smoking.
• Decreasing alcohol smoking.

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 NURSING INTERVENTION
• Slow or prevent the development of osteoporosis.
• Maintain healthy bone meniral density and bone mass.
• Prevent fractures.
• Reduce pain.
• Maximize the person’s ability to continue with their daily life.

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DRUG THERAPY
• Medications that stop bone lose and increase bone strength;
• Alendronate (fosamax).
• Risedronate (actonel).
• Raloxifene (Evista).
• Ibandronate (boniva) etc.
• Medications that increase bone formation;
• Teriparatide (forteo).
• Calcium and vitamin-D supplements.

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REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/drshama65/osteoporosis-edited
• "Handout on Health: Osteoporosis". August 2014. Archived from the original on
18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
• WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis
(2000 : Geneva, Switzerland) (2003)."Prevention and
• managementofosteoporossis: report of a WHO scientific group" (PDF). pp. 7,
31. ISBN 9241209216 Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 July 2007.
• Handa, R; Ali Kalla, A; Maalouf, G (August 2008). "Osteoporosis in developing
countries". Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology. 22 (4): 693–708.
• https://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/
article.htm#who_should_have_bone_density_testing
• https://www.iofbonehealth.org/what-is-osteoporosis

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