Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 37

LESSON TITLE: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Part 2) Materials:

Pen and notebook
LEARNING TARGETS:

Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

1. Locate respiratory structures on a chart or model;
2. Trace the movement of air through the respiratory tract;
3. Define the volumes and capacities of the respiratory tract
and explain their functional significance; and,
4. Understand the effects of exercise on pulmonary volumes
and capacities.
Reference:
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology
(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

LESSON PREVIEW/ REVIEW

Answer the crossword puzzle by identifying the structure described from the Across and Down sections.

Crossword

1 4 6

7 8

Across
1. Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out
3.   Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
5.    Passage connecting your throat and lungs

Down
2. Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of your airways.
4. Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
6. One of the Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
7. Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart
8. Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out.

MAIN LESSON
You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson.

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Lung Volumes
When considering lung volumes, it is useful to divide the total space within the lungs into volumes and capacities. These
allow an assessment of the mechanical condition of the lungs, its musculature, airway resistance and the effectiveness of
gas exchange at the alveolar membrane. Furthermore, they are generally cheap, non-invasive and simple tests.

Volume Description Average Notes

Volume that enters and leaves with each Changes with pattern of breathing e.g.
Tidal volume breath, from a normal quiet inspiration to a 0.5L shallow breaths vs deep breaths
normal quiet expiration Increased in pregnancy
Extra volume that can be inspired above Relies on muscle strength,
Inspiratory
tidal volume, from normal quiet inspiration 2.5L lung compliance (elastic recoil) and a
reserve volume
to maximum inspiration normal starting point (end of tidal volume)
Relies on muscle strength and
Extra volume that can be expired below low airway resistance
Expiratory
tidal volume, from normal quiet expiration 1.5L Reduced in pregnancy, obesity, severe
reserve volume
to maximum expiration obstruction or proximal (of
trachea/bronchi obstruction)
Residual
Volume remaining after maximum
volume/reserve 1.5L Cannot be measured by spirometry
expiration
volume

Capacities are composites of 2 or more lung volumes. They are fixed as they do not change with the pattern of breathing.

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 Capacity Description Expression Average Notes
Often changes in disease
Volume that can be Inspiratory reserve
Vital Requires
exhaled after maximum volume + tidal volume +
capacity/forced 4.5L adequate compliance, muscle
inspiration (to maximum expiratory reserve
vital capacity strength and low airway
expiration) volume
resistance
Volume breathed in from Tidal volume +
Inspiratory
quiet expiration to inspiratory reserve 3L
capacity
maximum inspiration volume
Affected by height, gender,
Functional Expiratory reserve
Volume remaining after posture, changes in lung
residual volume + residual 3L
quiet expiration compliance. Height has the
capacity volume
greatest influence.
Restriction < 80% predicted
Total lung Volume of air in lungs
Sum of all volumes 6L Hyperinflation > 120% predicted
capacity after maximum inspiration
Measured with helium dilution

Anatomical (serial) dead space 

● It is the volume of air that never reaches alveoli and so never participates in respiration. 
● It includes volume in upper and lower respiratory tract up to and including the terminal bronchioles

Alveolar (distributive) dead space 

● It is the volume of air that reaches alveoli but never participates in respiration. 
● This can reflect alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused, for example secondary to a pulmonary embolism.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the
correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not
allowed.

For items 1 to 3, refer to the image below. In rationale, describe the structural and functional significance of the chosen
answer in the Respiratory System.

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1. In the image shown, what is the bronchi?
a. letter A c. letter C 

b. letter B d. letter D
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. In the image, what is the pleural cavity?

a. letter C c. letter AD
b. letter DE d. letter BD
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. AE is the:
a. inferior lobe c. upper edge of the heart
b. diaphragm d. esophagus
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What equipment is used to measure air being inspired and expired?

a. Sperometre c. Spirometer
b. Inspirometer d. Expirometer
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
 
5. What is the volume that remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhale?
a. expiratory reserve c. residual volume
b. inspiratory reserve d. total lung capacity
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY
The instructor will now provide you the rationalization to these questions. You can now ask questions and debate among
yourselves. Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.
1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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LESSON WRAP-UP

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL ACTIVITY: THE OUTCOME SENTENCES STRATEGY

This strategy is an excellent way to show your grasp of learning and to give you time to reflect about what you have
learned. Complete each phrase with what you have deemed to express.

1. I was surprised that __________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. I have a question about _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. I would still like to know more about _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. I learned a great deal about ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Today, I understood __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. I am still confused about ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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