Name :Condeno, Denise Anne A.

Date :12/03/2023 Course/Year/Sec:BSN 1-Y1-26

Teacher: Doc Jevo Guttierez

EXERCISE NO. 11

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

GIO 1. To learn the organs forming the respiratory passageway.

SIO 1. Illustrate and label the sagittal view of the head and neck showing upper respiratory
structures – nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. (Photo not mine)

2. Illustrate and label the anterior view of the tracheo- bronchial tree including the lungs.
(Photo not mine)
3. Trace the flow of the O2 from the outside to the alveoli in the lungs where exchange of
gases takes place

4. Describe the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

- The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (also known as turbinates) comprise
the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. These conchae are bony projections with a mucous
membrane covering them. They aid in the filtration, humidification, and warming of the
breathed air by increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity and causing turbulence in
the airflow.

5. Give the important features of the different parts of the pharynx.

- The pharynx is split into three sections: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the
laryngopharynx.

 Nasopharynx: This organ is found behind the nasal cavity and above the soft
palate. It houses the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and the Eustachian tube
entrance.
 The oropharynx is located beyond the mouth cavity and extends to the hyoid
bone. It contains both the palatine and lingual tonsils.
 Laryngopharynx: The lowest section of the throat, extending from the hyoid bone
to the cricoid cartilage. It is a frequent route for both air and food.
 7. Name the 9 laryngeal cartilages

- The nine laryngeal cartilages are:

- - Thyroid cartilage
- - Cricoid cartilage
- - Arytenoid cartilages (paired)
- - Corniculate cartilages (paired)
- - Cuneiform cartilages (paired)
- - Epiglottis

8. Describe the features of mucosa of the laryngeal cavity.

- The laryngeal cavity mucosa is made up of stratified squamous epithelium. It has many
goblet cells, which release mucus to lubricate the vocal folds and preserve the
underlying tissues. The lamina propria, a layer underneath the epithelium, contains
elastic fibers and mucous glands that contribute to the vocal folds' flexibility and
wetness.

9. Name 3 important laryngeal muscles and the corresponding functions.

- The following are three key laryngeal muscles and their respective
functions:
 Cricothyroid muscle: Tends the vocal folds during phonation,
increasing pitch and tension.
 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle: Abducts the vocal folds on
inspiration, opening the glottis.
 Thyroarytenoid muscle: It relaxes the vocal folds during phonation,
lowering tension and pitch.

10. Tabulate the differences between right and left lungs.

Here are some differences between the right and left lungs:

Aspect Right Lung Left Lung

Lobes 3 (superior, middle and inferior) 2 (superior and inferior)

Fissures 2 (horizontal and oblique) 1 (oblique)

Cardiac Notch Present Absent

Shape Shorter and wider Longer and Narrower

Number of Bronchi 2 (one for each lobe) 1 (for both lobes)

Position of Heart Slightly displaced Not displaced

GIO 2. To know and understand the mechanics of breathing, gas exchanges, and the
controls of respiration.

SIO
1. Define the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation.
- Inspiration and expiration are the two stages of pulmonary breathing.

 Inspiration: The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles flex during this
active phase of breathing. The diaphragm flattens and moves lower when
contracted, whereas the external intercostal muscles lift the ribcage when
contracted. These motions expand the thoracic cavity, resulting in a reduction in
intrathoracic pressure. As a result, air enters the lungs.
 Expiration: This phase might be active or passive. The diaphragm and external
intercostal muscles relax during passive expiration, enabling the lungs and
thoracic cavity to return to their original positions. This recoil reduces the volume
of the thoracic cavity, raising the intrathoracic pressure and forcing air out of the
lungs. Additional muscles, such as the internal intercostals and abdominal
muscles, engage during active expiration to aggressively compress the thoracic
chamber and eject air.

2. Discuss the changes in thoracic cavity including the respiratory muscles

involved during the different phases of respiration.

- numerous changes occur in the thoracic cavity during breathing, involving numerous
respiratory muscles. The diaphragm contracts and slides lower during inspiration,
increasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity. The external intercostal
muscles contract, raising the ribcage and expanding the thoracic cavity's lateral
dimension. These activities cause the thoracic cavity to expand, resulting in a
negative pressure that permits air to enter the lungs.
- During passive expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, and
the lungs' and thoracic wall's elastic rebound reduces the volume of the thoracic
cavity. This compression expels air from the lungs. Additional muscles, such as the
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles, contract during active expiration,
lowering the volume of the thoracic cavity and assisting in forceful expiration.

3. Define the following:

a. tidal volume - It refers to the amount of air that
is inhaled or expelled during regular, calm
breathing.

b. inspiratory reserve volume - It is the extra volume of air that can be aggressively inhaled
following a regular inhalation.
 c. expiratory reserve volume - It is the extra volume of air that can be forcibly expelled
following a regular expiration.

d. residual volume - It is the amount of air left in the lungs following maximal expiration. It
cannot be deliberately evacuated and contributes to lung flexibility.

e. total lung capacity - It refers to the maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain.
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual
volume are added together to form it.

f. vital capacity - It is the highest amount of air that may be forcibly expelled following a
maximum inhale. It is the total of the inspiratory, tidal, and expiratory reserve volumes.

g. inspiratory capacity - It is the greatest amount of air that may be aggressively inhaled
following a normal expiration. Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume equals it.

5. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.

1. ↑ respiratory rate ↓ blood CO 2 Alkalosis Acidosis

2. Acidosis Carbonic acid Hypoventilation CO buildup

2

3. Acidosis Hyperventilation Hypoventilation CO2 buildup

4. Apnea Cyanosis ↑ O 2 ↓ O 2

5. ↓ pH ↑ blood CO 2 Acidosis blood H +

References:
https://pin.it/3lNp7Zt

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figure-93-Tracheobronchial-TreeSeeley-RR-Stephens-TD-and-
Tate-P-Anatomy-and_fig6_311934098

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/gas-exchange-across-the-alveoli/