GED 109 : STS
•
Historical Antecedents
From Ancient Times to 600 BC
• Science involved practical arts like healing
and metal tradition
• IMHOTEP- First Doctor in the world
• The heart of Egyptian medicine was trial
and error
• Considered advanced compared to other
countries
PAPYRUS
• An ancient form of paper, made from the
papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the
marshy areas around the Nile river
• Was used as a writing material as early as
3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and continued to
be used to some extent until around 1100
AD.
• Revolutionized the way information was
transmitted from person to person and
generation to generation. Before papyrus,
Egyptians, Sumerians, and other races
wrote on clay tablets or smooth rocks. This
was a time-consuming process, and the
products were not easy to store or
transport.
• Clay Tablets/Smooth Rocks (before
Papryrus)
Egyptians medicine became the most
respected form of medicine in the known world.
As early as 1,000 years before Christ, the
Chinese were using compasses to aid themselves
in their travels.
Mesopotamians were making pottery using
the first known potter's wheel. Not long after,
horse-drawn chariots were being used.
The Advent of Science
• The ancient Greeks were THE EARLY
THINKERS and as far as historians can tell,
they were the first true scientists. They
collected facts and observations.
• Thales Phyta – collects facts and
information
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CHAPTER 1
This period produced:
o Substantial advances in scientific
knowledge;
o An awareness of the importance of
certain scientific problems;
o A recognition of the methodological
importance of applying
mathematics.
• The scholars frequently employed the
principles developed in earlier Greek thought:
the application of mathematics and
deliberate empirical research, in their
scientific investigations.
• the "SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION" of the
Hellenistic period culminated in the 3rd to
2nd centuries with scholars such as
Eratosthenes.
Islamic Golden Age
• “MASSIVE WEALTH GENERATION”
• Was a period of cultural, economic and
scientific flourishing in the history of Islam.
• Science and technology in this era adopted
and preserved knowledge and technologies
from contemporary and earlier civilizations.
Baghdad
• The capital of Iraq and the second-largest
city in the Arab world, was an important
center of trade and cultural development.
• Scholars from various parts of the world
were mandated to gather and translate all of
the world's classical knowledge into the
Arabic language and subsequently
development in various fields of the
sciences began.
In addition to their desire to have a
comprehensive library of knowledge and the
Qur’an’s emphasis on learning as a holy activity,
they also had a practical thirst for medical
knowledge.
In the field of science and medicine, a large and
complex medical literature exploring and
synthesizing the theory and practice of medicine
has been developed.
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They organized the Greco-Roman traditions powerful levers in creating intellectual
into large encyclopedias of medical knowledge. prerequisites the intel

The Islamic scientific achievements were The Renaissance

characterized by having practical purposes as
well as the goal of understanding. It
encompassed a wide range of subject areas, • . GOLDEN AGE OF SCIENCE
especially astronomy, mathematics, and
medicine. o Geography
o Astronomy
ADVANCEMENTS IN SEVERAL FIELDS o Chemistry
o Physics
o Mathematics
1. Astronomy
o Anatomy
o was used for navigation, creating a o Manufacturing
calendar, and for religious o Engineering
practices like Qibla, which is the
direction in which to pray. The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts
2. Botany was accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople in
o is applied in agriculture 1453, and the invention of printing democratized
3. Geography learning and allowed a faster propagation of
new ideas.
o enabled scientists to make
accurate maps
MARIE BOAS HALL
4. Mathematics
o also flourished with the works of Al- • Scientific Renaissance to designate the early
Khwarizmi, Avicenna and Jamshid phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450–
al Kashi that led to advanced in 1630.
algebra, trigonometry, geometry • Pioneer of the scientific revolution
and Arabic numerals
PETER DEAR

• Two-phase model of early modern

Science and Technology in Ancient China
Ancient China made significant scientific
innovations and technological advances across
various scientific disciplines including natural
sciences, engineering, medicine, military
technology, mathematics, geology, and
astronomy.
FOUR GREAT INVENTIONS
o Compass
o Gunpowder
o Papermaking
o printing.
These inventions had a profound impact on the world
and were only known to Europe 1000 years later.
• Karl Marx stated that the Four Great
Inventions were instrumental in
ushering in bourgeois society and were
science:
o Recovery – innovation
o Restoration of the natural
knowledge
There were no new developments in
physics or astronomy, and the reverence for classical
sources further enshrined the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic
views of the universe.
Renaissance humanism stressed that nature
came to be viewed as an animate spiritual
creation that was not governed by laws or
mathematics.
JOHANNES GUTENBERG
• Development in printing (Movable Metal
Type)
BLOCK PRINTING – West China

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PAPER MAKING- by the way of Arab to 12th
century Spain
FLEMISH TECHNIQUE OF OIL PAINTING –
origin of the new printer’s ink
Mainz—Gutenberg and his contemporaries
Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer.
The invention spread like the wind,
reaching Italy by 1467, Hungary and Poland in the
1470s, and Scandinavia by 1483. By 1500 the
presses of Europe had produced some six million
books.
The development of printing amounted to
a communications revolution of the order of the
invention of writing; and, like that prehistoric
discovery, it transformed the conditions of life.
The Enlightenment Period
The Enlightenment Period or the Age of
Reason was characterized by radical
reorientation in science, which emphasized reason
over superstition and science over blind faith. This
period produced numerous books, essays,
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars
and revolutions.
The Enlightenment’s important 17th-
century precursors included the key natural
philosophers of the Scientific Revolution,
including:
1. Galileo Galilei
a. Being a staunch supporter of
Copernican heliocentrism. Galileo
helped PIONEER THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE
TELESCOPE.
2. Johannes Kepler
a. Specialized in planetary motion.
Formulating what is now commonly
called ‘'KEPLER'S LAWS OF
PLANETARY MOTION’
3. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
a. Was inventing CALCULUS along
with Newton. Universe was a
manifestation of a perfect God. The
whole universe consisted of spiritual
atoms, or monads. Focused on
metaphysics.
4. Isaac Newton
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a. Evolved into the entire field of
Calculus. The ‘’Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica’’
(1687). THREE LAWS OF
MOTION.
5. John Locke
a. Development of EPISTEMOLOGY
AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY.
Philosophy of Mind. Contrary to
Cartesian and Christian philosophy.
‘’Essay Concerning Human
Understanding’’ (1689)
NEWTON'S SYSTEM: strongly encourages
the Enlightenment
1. Conception of nature
2. Conception of ourselves
Industrial Revolution
The rise of modern science and the
Industrial Revolution were closely connected. The
HOME OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IS
GREAT BRITAIN, because they have a stable
economy and government.
“It has been said that the Industrial
Revolution was the most profound revolution in
human history, because of its sweeping impact on
people’s daily lives.”
STEAM ENGINE
• Posed the problems that led, by way of a
search for a theory of steam power, to the
creation of thermodynamics.
The Industrial Revolution had one further
important effect on the development of modern
science. The prospect of applying science to the
problems of industry served to stimulate public
support for science.
Governments, in varying degrees and at
different rates, began supporting science even
more directly, by making financial grants to
scientists, by founding research institutes, and by
bestowing honors and official posts on great
scientists.
The main features involved in the Industrial
Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and
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cultural. The TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
included the following:
• The use of new basic materials, chiefly
iron and steel
• The use of new energy sources, including
both fuels and motive power, such as coal,
the steam engine, electricity, petroleum,
and the internal-combustion engine,
• The invention of new machines, such as
the spinning jenny and the power loom that
permitted increased production with a
smaller expenditure of human energy,
• A new organization of work known as the
factory system, which entailed increased
division of labor and specialization of
function,
• Important developments in transportation
and communication, including the steam
locomotive, steamship, automobile,
airplane, telegraph, and radio,
• The increasing application of science to
industry. These technological changes
made possible a tremendously increased
use of natural resources and the mass
production of manufactured goods.
20th Century Science: Physics and Information
Age
The 20th century was an important
century in the history of the sciences.
The scientific legacy of the 20th Century
gave proof of the revolutionary changes in
many areas of the sciences – in particular,
physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry,
neurosciences and earth and environmental
sciences – and how they contributed to these
changes.
The epistemological and methodological
questions as well as the interdisciplinary
aspects become ever more important in
scientific research. The common denominator
of the sciences is the notion of discovery, and
discovery is an organized mode of observing
nature.
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ALBERT EINSTEIN
The start of the 20th century was strongly
marked by Einstein’s formulation of the theory of
relativity (1905)
He made many more contributions, notably
to statistical mechanics, and he provided a great
inspiring influence for many other physicists.
In the second half of the 20th century several branches
of science continued to make great progress and we
here list physics, chemistry, biology, geology and
astronomy.
PHYSICS
• Modern physics grew in the 20th into a
primary discipline contributing to all
today’s basic natural sciences, astronomy,
chemistry and biology.
• Enabled us to understand the basic
components of matter and we are well on
the way to an ever more consistent and
unitary understanding of the entire structure
of natural reality, which we discover as
being made up not only of matter and
energy but also of information and forms.
1953
• An important landmark for biology with
the description by Crick and Watson of
the structure of DNA, the carrier of
genetic information (Rosch, 2014)
• With the discovery of DNA and the
development of genetics, allows us to
penetrate the fundamental processes of
life and to intervene in the gene pool of
certain organisms by imitating some of
these natural mechanisms.
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 Science and Technology in the Fourth
Industrial Revolution
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way
of describing the blurring of boundaries between
the physical, digital, and biological worlds.
It’s a fusion of advances in:
• Artificial intelligence (AI)
• Robotics, the Internet of Things (iot)
• 3D printing
• Genetic engineering
• Quantum computing
Paved the way for transformative changes in
the way we live and radically disrupting almost
every business sector.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
• Describes computers that can “think” like
humans — recognizing complex patterns,
processing information, drawing
conclusions, and making recommendations.
Computational technologies
• New computational technologies are
making computers smarter. Quantum
computing technologies now in
development will eventually make
computers millions of times more powerful
Virtual Reality (VR)
• Offers immersive digital experiences
(using a VR headset) that simulate the real
world, while augmented reality merges the
digital and physical worlds.
Biotechnology
• Harnesses cellular and biomolecular
processes to develop new technologies
and products for a range of uses, including
developing new pharmaceuticals and
materials, more efficient industrial
manufacturing processes, and cleaner, more
efficient energy sources.
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Robotics
• Refers to the design, manufacture, and
use of robots for personal and commercial
use.
3D printing
• Allows manufacturing businesses to print
their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower
cost, and faster than via traditional
processes.
Internet of Things
• There are also many industrial applications,
such as farmers putting IoT sensors into
fields to monitor soil attributes and inform
decisions such as when to fertilize.
• The IoT describes the idea of everyday
items — from medical wearables that
monitor users’ physical condition to cars
and tracking devices inserted into parcels
— being connected to the internet and
identifiable by other devices.
Pre-Spanish Era
There is not much written about the
Philippines during pre-colonial time but analysis
from archeological artifacts revealed that the first
inhabitants in the archipelago who settled in
Palawan and Batangas around 40 000 years ago
have made simple tools or weapons of stone
which eventually developed techniques for
sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones.
• As the early Filipinos flourished, they have
learned how to extract, smelt and
refine metals like copper, gold, bronze and
iron from nature and consequently fashion
them into tools and implements.
• Primitive Filipinos are practicing science
and technology in their everyday lives.
Spanish Colonial Era
Caoili (1983)
• The beginnings of modern science and
technology in the country can be traced
back to the Spanish regime because they
established schools, hospitals and started
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 scientific research that had important
consequences in the development of the
country.
• These schools, which are mostly run by
Spanish friars, formed the first Filipino
professionals.
• But the very strict hold of the church among
citizens and its intervention and meddling
to the government propelled by fear of
intellectual awakening among Filipinos
have greatly hindered the progress of
these professionals to further enhance their
knowledge, conduct scientific investigations
and contribute to the advancement of
society.
Jose P. Rizal
• He is the epitome of the Renaissance man
in the Philippine context.
• He is a scientist, a doctor, an engineer , a
journalist, a novelist, an urban planner and a
hero. Dr. Jose Rizal was a brilliant man and
his life stood out among his contemporaries.
But it cannot be said that there is no
contribution to science and technology
among the Filipino men and women during
the Spanish era.
The Philippines had evolved into a
primary agricultural exporting economy, and
this is not because of the research undertaken on
this field, but was largely because of the influx of
foreign capital and technology which brought
modernization of some sectors, notably sugar
and hemp production.
Because of limited scientific research and its
consequent translation to technology during the
Spanish regime, none of the industries prosper
American Period
• The Philippines saw a rapid growth
during the American occupation and
was made possible by the government’s
extensive PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM
FROM ELEMENTARY TO TERTIARY
SCHOOLS.
• The government supported basic and
applied research in the medical,
agricultural and related sciences. The
University of the Philippines Los Baños
opened the College of Agriculture in 1909
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while the University of the Philippines –
Diliman opened the Colleges of Arts,
Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in
1910. The College of Medicine was opened
four years later.
• During this time, there were already quite a
number of qualified Filipino physicians
who held teaching positions in the
College of Medicine,
o Most of the early instructors and
professors in other colleges such as
in the sciences and engineering
were Americans and foreigners
American colonial government
• Sent Filipino youths to be educated as
teachers, engineers, physicians and lawyers
in American colleges to further capacitate
the Filipinos in various fields.
• There was difficulty in recruiting students
for science and technology courses like
veterinary medicine, engineering,
agriculture, applied sciences and industrial-
vocational courses.
• Provided more support for the development
of science and created the
Bureau of Government Laboratories
• Was later changed to Bureau of Science.
• It was composed of a biological laboratory,
chemical laboratory, serum laboratory for
the production of virus vaccine, serums and
prophylactics, and a library.
Bureau of Science
• Became the primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II.
National Research Council of the Philippines
• Established on December 8, 1933
Commonwealth Period
• Acknowledge the importance and vital role
of science and technology for the economic
development of the country by declaring
that “The State shall promote scientific
research and invention…”
• The government had to rebuild again and
normalize the operations in the whole
country.
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 Science and Technology Since Independence
BUREAU OF SCIENCE (1946)
• Was replaced by the Institute of Science
and was placed under the Office of the
President of the Philippines.
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
• Focused on science and technology
institutional capacity-building which were
undertaken by establishing infrastructure-
support facilities such as new research
agencies and development trainings.
• Likewise, during this time, rebuilding the
country involved establishing more state
funded manual and trading schools which
would eventually become the current state
universities and colleges.
As summarized by Caoili,
“There has been little innovation in the
education and training of scientists and
engineers since independence in 1946‘’.
Science and Technology in the 1960s -1990s
ARTICLE XV, SECTION 9
• The 1973 Constitution stated that "The
advancement of science shall have
priority in national development", and
that the “State shall promote scientific
research and invention.”
April 6, 1968
• Pres. Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed the 35-
hectare land in Bicutan, Taguig as the
site of the Philippine Science Community.
1969
• The government provided funds to
private universities to encourage them to
conduct research and create courses in
science and technology .
o Conducted seminars for public and
private high school and college
science teachers
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o Training programs and scholarships
for graduate and undergraduate
science scholars
o Workshops on fisheries and
oceanography
Prioritizing the advancement of science
and technology
In the 1970s, focus on science and
technology was given to applied research and the
main objective was to generate products and
processes.
To prepare the pool of scientists who will
work on Philippine Atomic Commission, Pres.
Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking
nuclear energy work by sending scientists abroad
to study nuclear science and technology, and
providing basic training to 482 scientists, doctors,
engineers and technicians.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 4 (1972)
• National Grains Authority was created
o Was tasked to improve the rice and
corn industry and thereby help in
the economic development of the
country.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1003-A, S. 1976
• National Academy of Science and
Technology
o Composed of scientists with
“innovative achievement in the
basic and applied sciences” who
will serve as the reservoir of
scientific and technological
expertise for the country.
1980
• Science and technology was still focused on
applied research. The expanding number
of science agencies has given rise to a
demand for high caliber scientists and
engineers to undertake research and staff
universities and colleges.
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (DOST) 1986
• Under the Aquino administration, the
National Science and Technology Authority
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 was replaced by the Department of Science
and Technology, giving science and
technology a representation in the cabinet.
• The premiere science and technology body
in the country charged with the twin
mandate of providing central direction,
leadership and coordination of all
scientific and technological activities,
and of formulating policies, programs and
projects to support national development.
PRESIDENT FIDEL RAMOS’S TERM
There was a significant increase in
personnel specializing in the science and
technology field. In 1998, there was an estimated
3,000 competent scientists and engineers in the
Philippines.
Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas
and Mindanao which promotes further
development of young kids through advance S&T
curriculum.
DOST established the “Science and
Technology Agenda for National Development
(STAND)”
o a program that was significant to
the field of S&T.
o It identified seven export products,
11 domestic needs, three other
supporting industries, and the
coconut industry as priority
investment areas.
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
ADMINISTRATION
• Numerous laws and projects were
implemented which concerns both the
environment and science to push
technology as a tool to increase the
country’s economic level.
“FILIPINNOVATION”
• Was the coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.
STI
• Developed further by strengthening the
schools and education system such as the
Philippine Science High School (PSHS),
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which focuses in science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum.
Future Filipino scientists and innovators can
be produced through this system
In 2018, the Philippines ranked 73rd out of
128 economies in terms of Science and
Technology and Innovation (STI) index, citing the
country’s strength in research and
commercialization of STI ideas (DOST, 2018).
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION
• Allows a country’s firms and citizens to
benefit from innovations created in other
countries, and allows it to catch up and
even leap-frog obsolete technologies.
Hopes in Philippine Science and Technology
Despite the many inadequacies, from funding to
human capital, there are some science and
technology-intensive research and capacity-
building projects which resulted in products which
are currently being used successfully and benefits
the society
MICRO-SATELLITE
• In April 2016, the country launched into
space its first micro-satellite called Diwata-
1.
• It was designed, developed and
assembled by Filipino researchers and
engineers under the guidance of Japanese
experts.
• Provides real-time, high-resolution and
multi-color infrared images for various
applications, including meteorological
imaging, crop and ocean productivity
measurement and high-resolution imaging
of natural and man-made features.
NATIONWIDE OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENT
OF HAZARDS (NOAH)
• Uses the Lidar (light detection and ranging)
technology.
• Initiated in June 2012
• Help manage risks associated with natural
hazards and disasters.
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INTELLIGENT OPERATION CENTER globally acceptable drug
PLATFORM candidates.
6. Nanotechnology centers
• Established through a collaboration • provide technical services and
between the local government of Davao enabling environment for
City and IBM Philippines Inc., the center interdisciplinary and collaborative
resulted in the creation of a dashboard that R&D in various nanotechnology
allows authorized government agencies, applications.
such as police, fire and anti-terrorism task 7. Radiation processing facilities
force, to use analytics
• used to degrade, graft, or crosslink
polymers, monomers, or chemical
Current initiatives in Science and Technology compounds for industrial,
in the country agricultural, environmental and
medical applications.
8. Die and Mold Solutions Center to
The Philippines has established various science enhance the competitiveness of the local
and technology initiatives through the cooperation tool and die sector.
of DOST (Department of Science and • enhances the competitiveness of the
Technology), higher education institutions, and local tool and die sector through
research institutions. the localization of currently
imported dies and molds.
These initiatives includes:
These initiatives aim to spur R&D
1. Advanced Device and Materials Testing activities and provide access to testing services
Laboratories ADMATEL for MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium
• The center houses advanced Enterprises) to increase their productivity and
equipment for failure analysis and competitiveness. The country is moving towards
materials characterization to embracing STI (Science, Technology, and
address advanced analytical needs Innovation) as a path to growth.
for quality control, materials
identification and R&D.
2. Electronics Products Development
Center
• used to design, develop and test
hardware and software for
electronic products
3. High-performance computing facilities
• perform tests and run
computationally intensive
applications for numerical weather
prediction, climate modeling, as
well as analytics and data
modeling and archiving
4. Genome Center for health diagnostics
and improved crop varieties
• a core facility that combines basic
and applied research for the
development of health diagnostics,
therapeutics, DNA forensics and
preventive products, and improved
crop varieties.
5. Drug-discovery facilities
• address the requirements for
producing high-quality and

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