C HEMISTRY E XPERTS

(JEE Main & Advanced)

IMPORTANT NOTES ON
QUALITATIVE SALT ANALYSIS

DR. SHARAD KOTHARI PIYUSH MAHESHWARI BRIJESH JINDAL

(SK SIR) (PMS SIR) (BJ SIR)
 ABOUT EDUCATORS

DR. SHARAD KOTHARI

• MSc., PhD, NET, JRF
• 18 year experience of IIT JEE in Organic Chemistry
• Ex. Senior Faculty of Vibrant Academy, Kota and Bansal Classes, Kota

PIYUSH MAHESHWARI
• BE (Hons.)
• 11 year experience of IIT JEE in InorganicChemistry
• Author of 'Super Problems in Inorganic Chemistry',
• Ex. HOD Bansal Classes, Kota
• Ex. Senior Faculty of Vibrant Academy, Kota and Allen Career Institute, Kota

BRIJESH JINDAL
• BTech Jaipur MNIT
• 11 year experience of IIT JEE in Physical Chemistry
• Ex. Senior Faculty of Vibrant Academy, Kota, Allen Career Institute, Kota and Bansal Classes, Kota
Dry Test :

Dry tests are preliminary test which are used for detection of s-block cations and coloured d-block paramagnetic cations, these tests are of following
types.
(i) Flame test (Usually applied for detection of s-block cations)
(ii) Borax Bead Test 
 Applied for coloured d-block paramagnetic cations)
(iii) Phosphate Bead Test 
(iv) Cobalt Nitrate Test (Applied for few specific cations)

(1) Flame Test :

It is performed with the help of platinum coated wire which is first dipped in conc. HCl and brought in contact with given solid mixture. In this way,
given salts are converted into more volatile chloride salt which impart characteristic colour to flame except Be2+ and Mg2+ cation(do not impart colour
due to high ionization energy )

Cations Colour of Flame

+
Li Carmine Red
+
Na Golden Yellow
+
K Lilac. (Pale violet)
+
Rb Reddish violet
+
Cs Blue
2+
Ca Brick Red
2+
Sr Crimson Red
2+
Ba Apple Green
2+
Cu Greenish blue
2+ 3+
Pb , Bi Blue
(2) Borax Bead Test :

Formation of Bead : When Borax is heated on platinum coated wire loop, then it first swells up due to loss of water of crystallisation and covers
entire portion of loop, which on further heating gives transparent crystalline Bead of sodium meta borate and Boric Anhydride (NaBO2 + B2O3).

Na 2 B 4O 7 .10H 2O  Na 2 B4O7 high temp. 2 NaBO 2  B2 O3

   10H O     
( Borax ) 2 (Swells up ) ( Transparent crystalline bead )

oxidising flame
Transparent crystalline bead
(NaBO2 + B2O3) Reducing flame
Ist step IInd step

Reaction in Oxidising Flame : (Ist Step)


Fe2(SO4)3 (Solid mixture)  Fe 2O 3.3B 2O 3or 2Fe(BO 2 )3
Fe2O3 .3SO3 23       
3B O ( present in borax bead )   
( Yellow Bead of ferric meta borate
is formed in oxidising flame)
Volatile part is displaced
by boric anhydride present
in borax bead
Reaction in Reducing Flame :(IInd Step)
2Fe(BO 2 )3 
+ C  2Fe(BO 2 ) 2 + CO  + B2O3
yellow bead of Light green bead
Ferric metaborate of ferrous meta Borate
in reducing flame
 Coloured d-block Bead colour Bead colour Product transformation
cations in oxidising flame in reducing flame

Cu(BO2)2  Cu
2+
Cu Blue Red

Fe(BO2)3  Fe(BO2)2
3+
Fe Yellow Green

Cr3+ Green Green Cr(BO2)3  Cr(BO2)3

No No
change change
Co(BO2)2  Co(BO2)2
2+
Co Blue Blue

Ni(BO2)2  Ni
2+
Ni Brown Grey
+3 +2
Mn(BO 2)3  Mn(BO 2)2
2+
Mn Amethyst(violet) Colourless

Note : All above colour of bead are observed in their cold condition (without touching flame.)

(3) Phosphate Bead Test :


Na(NH 4 ) HPO 4 .4 H 2O  Na ( NH 4 ) HPO 4 High
 
temp. NaPO 3 + NH3  + H2O
microcosmi c salt 4 H 2O 1 phosphate salt Phosphate Bead
(Sodium Metaphosph ate)


 3     NaCoPO 4 (orthophosphate)
eg. Co(NO3)2 (solid mixture)  NaPO (Pr esent in Bead )
CoO . N2O5
Blue Bead of orthophosphate is formed
is oxidising flame and reducing flame

Note : Colour table of phosphate Bead test is same as Borax Bead test in cold condition (without touching the flame).
(4) Charcoal Cavity Test :

This test is based on the fact that metallic carbonates when heated in a charcoal cavity decompose to give corresponding oxides. The oxides appear as
coloured residue in the cavity. In certain cases, the oxides formed partially undergo reduction to the metallic state producing metallic scales.
Example
(a) 
ZnSO4 + Na2CO3  ZnCO3 + Na2SO4

ZnCO3  ZnO (yellow when hot, white when cold) + CO2 

(b) 
CuSO4 + Na2CO3  CuCO3 + Na2SO4

CuCO3  CuO + CO2 

CuO + C  Cu (Reddish scales) + CO 
Cobalt Nitrate Charcoal Cavity Test :
In case the residue is white during cavity test then one or two drops of cobalt nitrate solution is added and again heated in the oxidizing flame using
blow pipe, different metal salts give different coloured mass as given in the table.


ZnSO4 + Na2CO3  ZnCO3 + Na2SO4 S.No . Metal Colour of the mass
CoO .ZnO
 1. Zinc
ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2 Rinmann ' s green

CoO .Al 2 O 3
2Co(NO3)2  2CoO + 4NO2 + O2 2. Alu min ium
Thinard blue

ZnO + CoO  ZnO. CoO (or CoZnO2) CoO .MgO
(Cobalt zincate) (Rinmann’s green)
 Target JEE (MAIN + ADVANCED)

Carbonate (CO32–) / Bicarbonate (HCO3–) HOME TEST

2–
1. All CO salts are water insoluble except ............................................................................
3
2. All metal bicarbonate salts are water soluble. Except ...................(Sparingly soluble)
Observation [.......................................................................]
K2MnO4(green)
(a)
(Dispn.rxn.) (4)
+ (a)
KMnO4/H (b) Test based on Identification of liberated gas (Lab test) (b)
n redox prop. CO2 gas
(Pink sol ) (2)
+
K2Cr2O7/H
n (c)
(Orange sol )
Warm dil.HCl/H2SO4
(1)

2–
Distinction between CO3 & HCO3¯ Ca(OH) 2 Ba(OH)2
2– –
(5) CO3 (aq.)/ HCO3 (aq) (Lime water) (Baryta water)
Excess BaCl2
n
sol & filter
n
(Salt sol .) (3) CO2 CO2
Precipitation test
(a) (b)
(a) (b) (c)
R.T.
excess CO2 excess CO2
BaCl2 sol n
Pb(OAc)2 sol. AgNO3 Sol
n

If filtrate contains
–
HCO3 ion
Boil Base(NH3 sol
n Boil Boil
dil.HCl dil.HNO3
few drops)
excess
NH3 sol
n Boil

n
excess NH3 Sol
explosion On standing
I.M.R.

2–
Note : 1. CO3 ion gives ppt. at room temp. whereas HCO 3¯ ion forms ppt. of carbonate on boiling. I.M.R. = Intra Molecular Redox
– Boil 2–
2HCO 3 CO 3 + CO2 + H2O
100°C
2. Water insoluble carbonate salts are soluble in soda water (CO 2 + H 2O) and CH 3COOH.
 Sulphite (SO32–)
2–
1. All SO3 salt are water insoluble except ..............................................................

Colourless Observation [.....................................................................................................

Bleaching prop.
Coloured material
(i) .......................................................................................]
material
H2O2 (4)
(ii)Rxn with Identification of gas by oxidising agents (Redox reaction)
Test based on
oxidants SO2 gas
Cl2/Br2/I2 redox prop. (2) (a) SO2 (b) SO2
(iii)
3+
Fe (aq)
(iv) Warm (1) dil.HCl
CaOCl2 (v)
n +
(Orange sol of (Pink soln of IO3¯/H
H2 S 2–
SO3 (aq.) 2– + n
(i) Cr2O /H7 KMnO4/H
+ Colourless sol
Rxn. with turn .............) is ..............)
reducing agents (Soda Ext.) (c) Limited SO2
Tests based
Zn/dil.HCl (3) on ppt. Rn.
[H]
(ii)
(a) (b) (c)
BaCl2 soln n
AgNO3
Pb(OAc)2 sol soln
PbSO3 excess of CCl4 Starch excess
Drop of SO2 gas
white ppt. AgNO3 AgNO3
ppt. Exg.
reaction

Oxid. Agt. NaOH Oxid. Agt.

dil. HCl (dil.HNO3) excess Few drops
Cl2 water of Cl2 water
SO
4 more drop
H 2 Boil Excess
c. of AgNO3
excess Cl2 water
c on dil. HCl
excess NaOH conc. HNO3

Boil
Intra mol. redox rxn.
Note : 1. As SO2 gas is more soluble in water, therefore effervescence is not observed during evolution of SO2 gas.
2. Bleaching action due to oxidising property is permanent, whereas bleaching action due to reducing prop. is temporary.
3. H2SO3/ SO2 exhibit better reducing properties and weaker oxidising property.
 Sulphide (S2–)
1. All S2– salts of ...................... metals are water soluble and colourless whereas S2– salts of ...................... are water insoluble and usually coloured due to polarisation effect.
2. S2– salts of ................. and .............do not exist in aqueous solution because they readily hydrolysed into corresponding metal hydroxide due to their low Ksp, hence they are
prepared in dry condition. Fe3+ shows redox reaction with S2– ions. [Fe+3 + S2–  Fe+2 + S]
3. ................. is the only black metal sulphide salt decomposed by non-oxidising acid (like dil.HCl/dil.H2SO4) whereas other remaining black sulphide are dissolved in oxidising acid
(hot and dil. HNO3) except ............ (Insoluble in hot and dil. HNO3 but soluble in aquaregia and S2– salt solution)
FeS(black) + dil. 2HCl / dil. H2SO4(non-oxidising acid) Rxn
   ...............................
. occurs in
Kipps apparatus

Cl2/Br2/I2 Observation [Colourless poisonous gas having rotten egg smell, turns Pb(CH 3COO) 2 paper black (PbS)]
(a)
CaOCl2 (b)
Test based on (5) Identification of gas by oxidising agents (Redox reaction)
3+ reducing prop.
Fe (aq) (2) (a) H2S (b) H2S
(c)

SO2 (g)
(d) Warm (1) dil.HCl
conc.
 H2SO4 (e)
conc.H2SO4 +
(4) [Orange solution [Pink solution IO3¯/H
H2O2 2–
excess
(f) S (aq.) of Cr2O7 /H
2– + + n
[Colourless sol ]
of KMnO4/H
O3 turn .............] is ................]
(g) (Soda Ext.)
(st.O.A.) Tests based (c) Limited H 2S
(3) on ppt. Rn.

(a) (b)
Specific tests CaCl 2/BaCl2 Pb(OAc)2 AgNO3
Solution solution solution
(i) (ii) (iii)
CCl4 Starch Excess
Acidified Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]

Alkaline Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]

H2S gas
Methylene

Excess. H 2O 2/O 3
blue test conc.HNO 3
Hot and Hot & dil. NH3 soln. NaCN
Me2N dil.HNO 3
or
HNO3 Soln.
No Reaction Excess Cl2 water Few drops
NH2
Cl2 water
excess
Cl2 water

Note : 1. Mn+ (p and d-block metal cation) forms metal suphides with H2S gas depending upon acidic, neutral, basic medium of solution
2. PbS  (black) is insoluble in excess NaOH solution or excess NH4OH solution due to its low Ksp
3. Specific test with Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] (sodium nitroprusside) requires high conc. of S2– ion, hence neutral H2S and acidified H2S gives negative test, whereas alkaline H2S gives
purple colouration.
 Thiosulphate (S2O32–)
1. All S2O32– salts of s-block are water soluble except : ...................................
2. S2O32– salts of .............................................................................. are water insoluble.
Cl2 /Br2 water
Observation [....................................................................................... (a) Brown
.............................................................................................................
Excess Cl2
(b)
FeCl3 CN¯(aq.) / OH¯
solution SCN¯(aq.) (a)
SO2 gas + S 

Specific test
St.Oxd.Agt Acidified KMnO 4
(SO +S) (c)
2– Pink
Blood Red colouration Warm 4
(1) dil.HCl 2–
(I.M.R.) +
Excess Cr2 O7 / H
(d)

reducing prop.
Tests based on
NaF Orange
2+ 2+
Hg (aq.) Co (aq) (4) 2– (3)
S2O 3 (aq.)
3+

Tests based on ppt. reaction

2– 3+
C2 O4 (aq.) Ex.Fe (aq) (Soda Ext.) (e) Fe (aq.) Excess
Yellow 3+
Chelating Agt
Fe (aq.)
Mild Oxd.agt. (f) I2 / I3 ¯
2– Brown
S4O6 (aq.)
2–
(2) Excess S2 O3 (aq.)
AgBr
(g) CuSO4 soln.
(b) –S4 O62– (aq.) (Chelating agent)

(Soluble complex)
Hypo is used as fixing agent
in photography

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

CaCl2 solution BaCl2 solution Pb(OAc)2 solution AgNO3 solution Hg(NO3)2 solution [Ni(en)3 ](NO3 )2
(Complex reagent)

Warm or standing Excess Warm or standing Excess Warm or standing Excess

Hypo Hypo Hypo

Note : 1. Na2S2O3(Hypo. soln) mainly exhibits reducing character.

2. Hypo solution acts as Antichlore (removes excess Cl2 from bleached cotton fabric) like SO2.
 Acetate (CH3COO–)

1. All CH3COO– salts are water soluble except CH3COO– salt of Ag+ , Hg22+, Cu+

CH3COOH (Vinegar smelling colourless vapours)

Warm + Neutral Warm

3Fe(OH)2 (CH3COO)  [Fe3(OH) 2 (CH3COO) 6] FeCl 3 solution (a) (1) dil HCl / dil.H2SO4
Basic ferric acetate Blood red colouration
(blood red ppt.)
Specific test
CH3COO¯ (aq)
(3)

(Soda Ext.) (2)

C2H 5OH + conc. H2SO4
Esterification
(b) Precipitation
reaction

CaCl2 soln. BaCl2 soln. Pb(NO3 )2 soln. AgNO 3 soln.

Note : Deep red colouration is obtained by reaction of Fe3+ cation with SCN– (aq) and CH3COO– (aq).
 Nitrite (NO2¯) and Nitrate (NO3–)
1. All NO2¯ salts are water soluble except NO2¯ salt of ...............................................
2. All NO3¯ salts are water soluble.

ppt. reaction
AgNO 3 soln.

(Zn/Al + NaOH)
St. Oxidising agents
(2)

[H] (st. R.A.)

.
2–

p
pro
Acidified Cr 2O 7 (aq.)

KI + starch
–

ed.
/ MnO4 (aq.)
H2 S FeSO 4 + conc. H 2SO 4
r
Warm on
d
(a) (Brown ring specific test)
(3)
ase

dil.HCl/dil.H 2SO 4 (1)

st b

KI + Starch
Te

(b)

Test based on Oxd. prop.

(4) (a) (b) (c)
Test based on FeSO 4 + dil.H2SO4
NO2¯ (aq.) Oxidising property (c) (Brown ring specific test) NO 2(brown gas)

(Soda Ext.) [H] (st.R.A.) Warm

(d) (2) (1) conc.H2SO 4
(Zn/Al + NaOH)
dil.HCl/dil.H2SO 4
(5)
+ NO 3¯ (aq) NO3¯ (s)
Urea / H
(a)
Disprop.

conc.
Warm

(Soda Ext.) H2SO4

(b) HOSO2NH2 ppt. reaction
No ppt. reaction
Test with compounds Sulphamic acid because all nitrates
containing – NH 2 gp. are water soluble
+ –H2O 30°C
Thio Urea / H
(c)
Air (Mouth of
test tube) + –½O2 40°C
(d) RNH2/H
With piece of filter paper or copper turnings
evolution of reddish brown gas is intensified

Note: 1. Aq. soln. of M(NO2)2 / M(NO3)2 salts (M2+ = ............................) do not give brown ring test because these cations form insoluble SO42– salts with H2SO4 used in ring test,
formation of ppt. will create turbulence in soln. therefore, brown ring complex is not formed. In such cases, above test can be modified by first adding Na2SO4 soln. Now
obtained filtrate can be used for ring test.
2. Ring test for ............ ion in presence of ................should not be done however ring test for .................... ion in presence of .................... can be performed.
3. HNO2 exhibits better oxidising character and weak reducing character.
 Chloride (Cl–) , Bromide (Br–) and Iodide (I–)

1. All Cl– salts are water soluble except ................................................................................................

2. All Br– salts are water soluble except ................................................................................................
3. All I– salts are water soluble except .................................................................................................
CuI2  (yellow)       ........................................
spontaneou s (R . T .)
(IMR)
MClx (solid) +K2Cr2O7 (s) +
conc.H2SO4 (few drop)
(a)
Warm

Chromyl chloride test for Cl¯ ion Test for Br¯, I¯

NaOH
soln. (excess)

(i) CH3COOH
(ii) Pb(OAc)2 Cl¯(s) If we want halogen (X 2)
(a)
then St. Oxd. Agt. like
Warm Br¯(s) MnO 2 is used and
(4) (1) (b) if we want HX then
conc. non-oxd. acid H 3PO 4
H2SO4 I¯(s)
CCl4 layer (c) is used.

More Few drop of Specific

drop of Cl2 Cl2 Water fo
rI tests Cl¯(aq), Br¯(aq), I¯(aq)
¯

Excess Cl2
(b) (Soda Ext.)
r¯

Cl2
rB

(2) (3)
fo

Water + +
Tests based on ppt. MnO4¯/H , Cr2O7 2– / H ,
reactions Oxidising agent H O , CaOCl , MnO
(a) (b) 2 2 2 2
PbO2, Pb2O3, Pb3O4
Pb(OAc)2 soln. AgNO3 soln.
Cl¯ Br¯ I¯

Cl¯(aq) Br¯(aq) I¯(aq) Cl¯(aq) Br¯(aq) I¯(aq)

conc.
excess
Hot very hot Boiling NH3 NH3
dil.NH3soln.
water water water soln. soln. Starch

Starch iodide
KI + starch paper
dil. conc.

Note : 1. ...................................................................................................................................do not give chromyl chloride test due to low concentration of Cl– ion.
2. CH3COOH used in chromyl chloride test neutralises excess NaOH otherwise yellow ppt. of PbCrO4  is not formed.
 Fluoride (F–)

1. MgF2, CaF2, SrF2 and PbF2 are water insoluble fluoride

(1) Specific Test for F¯ ion.

salt
Glass rod dipped Solid mix (F¯ salt) + conc. H 2SO 4 (few drops) n
HF
into water decomp SiO2
Paste is taken on glass rod
Etching present
White deposition of H 2SiO 3 of glass in glass

SiF4 Moisten glass rod

conc. H 2SO 4 H 2[SiF 6] + H2SiO 3 SiF 4
complex acid (Partial hydrolysis)
white waxy
Oily or deposition of
greasy HF metasilicic acid
appearance
F¯ (g)
(Soda Ext.)

(a) Test based on precipitation reaction (b) (c)

FeCl3(aq) with with oxidising
excess NaF agents
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
MgCl2 CaCl2 Pb(OAc)2 AgNO3 Na3[FeF6]  Acidified Electrolytic
2– oxidation
soln. soln. soln. soln. MnO4¯/Cr2O 7
SCN¯(aq.)

Note : HF is only acid which reacts with glass (Etching of glass) therefore in Lab it is kept in wax coated glass vessel.
SiO2 + HF  SiF4 (aq) + H2O
(glass)
 Oxylate (C2O42–)
1. Oxalate salt of alkali metals are water soluble.
2. Oxalate salts of alkaline earth metals are either water insoluble or sparingly water soluble except BeC2O4 (completely water soluble)
MgC 2O 4  CaC 2O 4   SrC 2O 4  BaC2O 4  BeC2O 4
order of solubility in water :     (order is similar to F¯ salt)
Water inso lub le water solub le

3. BaC2O4  is only water insoluble oxalate salt dissolved in weak acetic acid due to its relative high Ksp at R.T..
4. Oxalate salts of Ag+ , Hg22+, Cu+, Pb 2+ are water insoluble.
Being inflammable burns with blue flame
Warm
Dehyd. Agt.
Conc. H2SO4 Colourless gases
(1)

(a) dil. H2SO4

2– (2) Warm
C2O4 (aq.) MnO2 + dil. H2SO4
(b)
(Soda Ext.)
(3)
Test based on Precipitation reaction Test based on Reducing prop.
(a) (b)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 60ºC KMnO4+ dil. H2SO4
n n n n
CaCl2 sol . BaCl2 sol . Pb(OAc)2 sol . AgNO3 sol .

In above Redox titration MnSO 4

acts as self catalyst and KMnO 4
acts as self indicator
dil. dil. dil. excess dil. excess
AcOH AcOH n
HCl HCl HNO3 NaOH n NaCN sol . Hypo soln.
HNO3 NH3 sol .

Note : H2C2O4 / C2O42– can act as reductant but does not act as oxidant.
 Borate (BO33– / B4O72–)

1. Borate salts of s-block are water soluble and other borate salts are either water soluble or sparingly water soluble.
2. Very few borate salts derived from boric acid (H3BO3) are known, mostly borate salts are derived either from metaboric acid (HBO2) or tetraboric
acid (H2B4O7)

H3BO3 (white fumes)

Conc. H2SO4 Warm
(1)

3– 2–
BO3 /B4O7

(Soda Ext.) (2)

Test based on Precipitation reaction Specific flame test with given Solid mixture.
(a) (b)
(i) (ii) (i) (ii)
AgNO3soln. Pb(OAc)2soln. 2– 2–
Solid B4O salt +
7 Solid B4O7 salt +
Warm Warm Conc. H2SO4 (few drops)
Conc. H2SO4 + ROH
(R = – CH3, – C2H5) + CaF2(s)

Oxidising
flame
B(OR)3 burns
with green Reducing
edge flame flame
 SO42– (aq) Anion

All SO42– salts are water soluble except sulphate salts of Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+

2–
SO4 (aq.)
(1)
(Soda Ext.)
(a) Specific test (Lab test) (b) Test based on Precipitation reaction (c)
BaCl2(soln.) Pb(OAc)2 soln. Hg(NO3)2soln.

(i) (ii) (iii) conc. excess

dil. HNO3
HCl
Hot &  Coke NaOH
conc.H2SO4

Note : BaSO4  , SrSO4  and PbSO4  salts are insoluble in any dil. acid at room temp. due to their low Ksp.
 Phosphate (PO43–)

1. 1°, 2° and 3° phosphate salts of alkali metals are water soluble.

2. 1° phosphate salts or alkaline earth metals are water soluble whereas their 2° and 3° phosphate salts are water insoluble.
3. 3° phosphate salts are water insoluble except alkali metal phosphate salts and (NH4)3PO4.

3–
PO4 (aq.)

(Soda Ext.)
(1)
Test based on Specific test with Ammonium
(a) Precipitation reaction molybedate soln. (lab test) (b)
(Precipitation Reaction)
(NH 4) 2MoO 4 +
T < 40°C
conc. HNO3

(i) (ii) (iii)

PO 4 ate)
H ph
AgNO3 soln FeCl3 soln  Na phos
2
MgCl2 + NH4Cl + NH3 soln
(Magnesia mixture) º
(2
2+
Vth group filtrate with Mg cation
2+
Mg + is called magnesia mixture
 NH4Cl + 2+
NH4OH
(Specific Test for Mg )

Note : AsO43– ion also give same colour ppt. with ammonium molybedate soln. but on boiling (distinction between PO43– and AsO43–ion)
 2– 2–
Chromate (CrO 4 ) / Dichromate (Cr2 O7 ) On
+ s t
H2S 2–

/H

an
(a) 1. All CrO salts of s-block are water soluble except .............. (yellow ppt.)

4
SO

din
4

2
H2 O

g
2
H
and ...............(only yellow chromate salt soluble in weak acetic acid.)
SO2
(b) 2. CrO 2– salts of .............................................. are water insoluble. (St. O.A.) CrO4 (aq)
2–
4
2– 2– (yellow)
NO2¯ (aq) 3. CrO4 & Cr 2O7 ion exist in equilibrium depending upon pH of solution.
(c)
+
2–
CrO4
2– (H ) Cr2O7
2–
S2O3 (aq) (aq) – (aq)
(d) (Yellow) (OH ) (Orange)
Br¯ (aq)
(e)
Test based on
I¯ (aq) Oxd. prop.
(f) (3) 3% H 2O 2 On standing
2–
C2O4 (aq) Specific + dil. H 2SO 4 Redox
2–
(g) CrO /H Cr 2O
4
2– +
7
2–
CrO4 (aq) test
(Lab test)
2+
(1) organic layer of
Fe (aq) pyridine/ether
(h) (Soda Ext.)

H2O2
(i)
(2)
SnCl2 (j)
Test based on
(a) Precipitation reaction (b) (c)
2+ 2+ 2+ n
MCl2 (soln.) (M = Ba , Sr ) Pb(OAc) 2sol . AgNO 3 sol
n.

MCrO4 (yellow ppt)

SrCrO4 BaCrO4 dil. HCl dil. Excess dil. excess excess Hypo
AcOH HNO3
n
NaOH sol . AcOH HNO3 NaOH NH 3soln. Soln
AcOH AcOH


Heating Effect : K2Cr2O7 (solid) ...............................................
(Orange)
 Permanganate (MnO4–)

1. All MnO4– (permanganate) salt are water soluble.

2. KMnO4 decomposes photochemically into MnO2 hence it is stored in dark bottle in Lab.
Conversion :
+ H2 S
H2O2/H (i)
MnO4¯ (aq.)
(Purple) SO2
(ii)
Electrolytic H2O2/OH– In acidic medium NO2¯ (aq)
oxidation in Cl2/O3 (from NH3) (a)
(iii)
alkaline med. Cl¯(aq)
Fusion with (iv)
KNO3(s) in
Br¯ (aq)
presence (v)
of KOH (s)
I¯ (aq)
(vi)
MnO4¯ (aq.) –2
C2O4 (aq)
Test best on
(Purple/Pink) (vii)
Oxd. prop.
(St. Oxd. Agt.) 2+
(Soda Ext.) (1) Fe (aq)
(viii)
H2O2
+ (ix)
H2O2/H
SnCl2
(x)
2–
2+
(xi) S2O3
MnO4¯ (St. Oxd. Agt.) Mn (Reducing Agt.)
(Light Pink/Colorless)
(Purple/Pink) I¯ (aq)
(i)
Acidified In neutral or –2
2– (b) faintly alkaline (ii) S2O3 (aq)
PbO2/S2O8 /BiO3¯ (St. Oxd. Agt.) mdm. (Ref. NCERT)
++
(iii) Mn (aq)
 ZnSO4
Heating Effect : 2KMnO4 (solid)
(catalyst)
(Purple)