SAGE University, Indore: Ph.D. Cell "Research and Publication Ethics" (PHDRPE04T)

SAGE University, Indore
Ph.D. Cell
“Research and Publication Ethics”

(PHDRPE04T)
Faculty -
Dr. Rajesh Ku. Nagar
Associate Professor
SAGE University, Indore
Course Structure:
 The course comprised of six modules listed in table below –
Modules Unit Title Teaching Hours

Theory
RPE 01 Philosophy and Ethics 5
RPE 02 Scientific Conduct 5
RPE 03 Publication Ethics 8
Practice
RPE 04 Open Access Publishing 5
RPE 05 Publication Misconduct 5
RPE 06 Database and Research Metrics 8
2 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

Syllabus in detail
RPE 01: Philosophy and Ethics
 Introduction to Philosophy: definition, nature and scope,
concept, branches
 Ethics: Definition, moral philosophy, nature of moral
judgments and reactions.
RPE 02: Scientific Misconduct
 Ethics with respect to science and research
 Intellectual honesty and research integrity
 Scientific misconducts: Falsification, Fabrication and
Plagiarism (FFP)
 Redundant publications: duplicate and overlapping
publications, salami slicing
 Selective reporting and misrepresentation of data

RPE 03: Publication Ethics
 Publication ethics: definition, introduction and importance
 Best practices/standards setting initiatives and guidelines:
COPE, WAME etc.
 Conflicts of interest.
 Publication misconduct: Definition, concept, problems that
lead to unethical behavior and vice versa, types.
 Violation of publication ethics, authorship and contributorship.
 Identification of publication misconduct, complaints and
appeals.
 Predatory publishers and journals.

Practice
RPE 04: Open Access Publishing
 Open access publications and initiatives.
 SHERPA/RoMEO online resource to check publisher
copyright & self-archiving policies.
 Software tool to identify predatory publications developed
by SPPU: UGC-CARE list of journals.
 Journal finder/journal suggestion tools viz. JANE, Elsevier
Journal Finder, Springer Journal Suggester, etc.

RPE05: Publication Misconduct
Group discussions
 Subject specific ethical issues, FFP, authorship
 Conflicts of interest
 Complaints and appeals: examples and fraud from India and
abroad
Software tools
 Use of reference management software like Mendeley,
Zotero etc. and anti-plagiarism software like Turnitin,
Urkund

RPE 06: Databases and research metrics
Databases
 Indexing databases
 Citation databases: Web of Science, Scopus etc.
Research Metrics
 Impact factor of journal as per Journal Citation Report,
SNIP, SJR, IPP, Cite Score
 Metrics: h-index, g-index, i-10 index, altmetrics

Philosophy
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY ?.
“Philosophy” means “Love of Wisdom”
In a broad sense, philosophy is an activity people undertake

when they seek/want/Learn to understand fundamental
truths about themselves, the world in which they live,
and their relationships to the world and to each other.

Philosophy
 Philosophy means different things to different people and,
in different contexts, it is differently applied. These

differences in meaning occasioned by contextual application
contribute a lot to its misconception, misapplication and
misrepresentation as an abstract discipline.

Philosophy
Main purpose of philosophy –
It helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and

problems. It contributes to our capacity to organize ideas
and issues, to deal with questions of value, and to extract
what is essential from large quantities of information.

Philosophy
Philosophy Literally means „Love of Wisdom‟.
 It is an attempt to arrive at a rational conception of the

reality as a whole. It enquires into the nature of the universe in
which we live, the nature of the human soul, and its destiny,
and the nature of God or the Absolute, and their relation to
one another.
 It enquires into the nature of matter, time, space, causality,
evolution, life, and mind, and their relation to one another. It
is the art of thinking all things logically, systematically, and
persistently. It is the art of thinking rationally and
systematically of the reality as a whole.

Philosophy
 It examines, clarifies, and explains popular and scientific
concepts of matter, space, time, causality, evolution,
mechanism, right and wrong, good and evil, beauty and
ugliness, and arrives at a rational conception of the reality.
“Clarification of concepts is the task of

philosophy”.
 Philosophy is the critical analysis of the popular and

scientific concepts, and the discovery of their relations to
one another. It is a rational attempt to integrate our knowledge
and interpret and unify our experiences.

Philosophy
 It systematizes our scientific knowledge, and moral,
aesthetic and religious experiences.
 It analyses the popular and scientific concepts, examines their

validity in the light of reason, and interrelates them to one
another.
 Its method is logical and rational. Its chief instrument is logic.
 Its method is rational speculation—logical analysis and

synthesis.

Philosophy
 Philosophy is the rational attempt to have a world-view. It
endeavors to reach a conception of the entire universe with
all its elements and aspects and their interrelations to one
another.
 It is not contented with a partial view of the world. It seeks to
have a synoptic view of the whole reality it tries to have a
vision, of the whole. The different sciences deal with different
departments of the world.
 Example – Mathematical sciences deal with numbers and
figures. Physics deals with heat, light, motion, sound,
electricity and mag-netism. Chemistry deals with chemical
phenomena. Botany deals with Phenomena of plant life.
Zoology deals with the phenomena of animal life.
Philosophy
 Philosophy seeks to have a complete view, a vision of the
whole. It cannot be satisfied with a partial, fragmentary,
sectional view. Philosophy is a synoptic view of the universe.

Concept of Philosophy
 It dealing with the scientific methods, mysteries of universe
get importance in Philosophy because they are still burring
questions for all the times for Philosophy.
 Philosophy and Literature are closely related to each other.
It try to find out the origin of Science, Possibility of
Changing the methods of Science.
 In fine way must say that Philosophy is a wast field where all
the branches of Knowledge get place to stay as well as
discussed.
 Philosophy harmonizes the highest conclusions of the
different sciences, Coordinates them one another and gives a
rational conception to the whole world.

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
 It is generally said that philosophy is full of controversies. To
the informed, philosophy is not controversial at all.
 The alleged controversies comes from the fact that either
some people emphasize a part of what it is or they say the
same thing as others do, but in a different form.
 There are some who give wrong descriptions of definition of
what the discipline is.
 In the definition of philosophy, whichever scientific one is
adopted from the many that are available, there is a common
proposition to be conveyed to the audience.

 The perceived differences in definition are accidental in the
sense that they reflect the functions that are expected of
philosophy according to particular social or historical
problems it is aimed at solving.
 Apart from the etymological definition of philosophy as ‗love
of wisdom‘, some people use philosophy to mean very many
things.
 To some it is the belief system that surrounds life. To others
philosophy means one's thought or belief about anything.
 Viewed from these perspectives, people have what they call
philosophy of life which, in this sense, means their personal
convictions about issues of life.
 This type of view about philosophy is completely out of the
focus of philosophy as an academic discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY
 The importance of philosophy will show itself as one
traverses through philosophy. As one gradually enters into the
width of philosophy—grow in one‘s knowledge with
philosophy, one will experience its depth and importance as
well.
 Just as philosophy cannot be confined within precise
boundary, so also is its importance. At the same time, we can
refer to a few points that will add to the importance of
philosophy.
 Every human being has a philosophy of life; it gives shape to
his/her life.

 Even those who do not find any importance for philosophy
and question its relevance are in fact shouting aloud its
importance by their use of it.
 Since one‘s philosophy of life moulds one‘s attitudes and
convictions, it has to be developed, which is possible only by
coming into contact with way in which philosophers have
thought.
 The greatest advantage of philosophy consists in its ability to
make the human mind sharp and disciplined.
 Study of philosophy gives a depth in one‘s thinking and
acting—in one‘s being.

 Besides giving depth, philosophy disciplines the mind in such
a way that it is able to understand every other disciplines of
knowledge. Philosophy enables a person to have the clarity of
concepts and precision of expressions.
 Such a precision and clarity will be seen in thinking, speaking
and acting. Thus philosophy enters the practical life as well.

Characteristics of philosophy
1. Reasoning is connected with the information on the real world.
2. Reasoning serves to for tracking down reality.
3. Theory might be moderate, customary and adaptable in nature.
4. The thoughts of reasoning are important and significant.
5. Reasoning arrangements with the idea of the real world.
6. Reasoning is what figures out various sense fail to remember the method
of information.
7. Reasoning is what is dependably powerful.
8. Reasoning gives an alternate heading to the change of conduct.

Scope of Philosophy
To understand the foundations of educational philosophies, it‘s necessary to

first examine philosophy‘s main branches. Understanding educational
philosophy will contribute to the understanding of how these foundations
have given rise to what is commonly practiced and believed in the
classroom today.
Philosophy's scope encompasses everything of reality. Despite the fact that

philosophy promises to consider everything in general and nothing in
particular, there are several areas that are widely recognized as being
characteristically philosophical.

Branch Of Philosophy

Metaphysics –
“A Type Of Philosophy Or Study That Uses Broad Concepts To
Help Define Reality And Our Understanding Of It”.
 Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that considers the physical
universe and the nature of ultimate reality.
 It asks questions like, What is real? What is the origin of the world? What
is beyond the stars?
 Your consideration of reality as an external creation or an internal
construct can influence your metaphysical beliefs and perspectives and
your teaching.
 Regardless of your definition of reality, the exploration and categorization
of the physical universe form the foundation of several school subjects.
 Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy.
 Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us,
we would be helpless to deal with reality.
 We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives.
 The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the
degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act

accordingly.
 Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any
flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live.

Key Elements
 Reality is absolute: It has a specific nature independent of our
thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. It has a specific

nature and it must be consistent to that nature. A proper
metaphysical worldview must aim to understand reality correctly.
 The physical world exists: Every entity has a specific nature. It
acts according to that nature. When different entities interact, they

do so according to the nature of both. Every action has a cause and
an effect. Causality is the means by which change occurs, but the
change occurs via a specific nature.

It is the study of the ultimate cause and of the first and most universal
principles of reality. Metaphysics has two different study areas
which are mainly concerned with the nature of being and the world.
These can be classified as under:
 COSMOLOGY : Cosmology is focused on understanding the origin,

evolution, and the eventual fate of the universe, which include laws that keep
it in perfect order. Eg: Big Bang theory, Solar system
 ONTOLOGY: It is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming,

existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
Eg:A tree is a being, and so is a bird, a man, or a diamond.

Epistemology
The Theory Of Knowledge, Especially With Regard To Its Methods,
Validity, And Scope, And The Distinction Between Justified Belief And
Opinion.
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that considers how
people come to learn what they know.
Derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge or

understanding, epistemology refers to the nature and origin of
knowledge and truth.
Epistemology proposes that there are four main bases of
knowledge: Divine Revelation, Experience, Logic And
Reason, and Intuition. These influence how teaching,
learning, and understanding come about in the classroom.

Axiology
Axiology is the branch of philosophy that considers the study of
principles and values. These values are divided into two main
kinds: ethics and aesthetics.
Ethics is the questioning of morals and personal values.
Aesthetics is the examination of what is beautiful, enjoyable,
or tasteful.
In axiology education is more than just about knowledge but
also quality of life.

Logic
Logic is the branch of philosophy that seeks to organize
reasoning. Students of logic learn how to think in a
structurally sound manner.
Logic has two types: deductive and inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning involves examining a general case,
deducing a general set of rules or principles, and then
applying these rules to specific cases.
Inductive reasoning involves taking specific examples and
considering the general principles, rules, or cases that caused
them.

Ethics
Meaning of Ethics –
It is also called Moral Philosophy, the discipline covered with
what is morally Good or Bed and Morally Right or Wrong.
Ethics is morality of Science and it discusses the Contents of

Moral consciousness and various problems of moral
consciousness.
Moral consciousness is the consciousness of right and wrong. It

involves three factors –

1. Cognitive or Intellectual
2. Affective or Emotional
3. Conative or Volitional

Ethics
 Ethics as part of reasoning emerges about the qualities
engaged with the human behavior. From the Greek word
‗ethos‘ the word ―ethics‘ got.
 Ethics are concentrated on a set of rules and regulations that
people should live.
 It governs their behavior of rules that means a set of
principles that what is good and bad.
 It is the proper regulations to our behavior.

Ethics
 The goal of ethics is to provide systematic explanation of the
subject matter.
 It systematically seeks to explain right and wrong in human
conduct within the context of ideas.
 It classifies our actions either voluntary or involuntary into the
moral and the immoral and evaluates them. Ethics is the study of
customs and habits.
 These are the habits that make up a person‘s character. A person‘s
character is his or her inner disposition, while their conduct is the

way they act.

Ethics
 Research morals may be alluded to as doing what is ethically and
legitimately right in research.
 They are as a matter of fact standards for lead that recognize good and
bad, and satisfactory and unsuitable way of behaving. Research is a multi-

stage process. Morals are fundamental to the examination interaction.
 Researcher need to deal with different moral issues at various levels of this
cycle. Actually there can be moral worries at each step of the exploration
interaction.
 They should guarantee that their exploration is directed with genuineness,
objectivity and respectability.

Ethics
 Researchers should guarantee that their exploration is directed with
genuineness, objectivity and respectability.
 The specialist should look for assent (official agreement to something)
from the members for their investment. They should regard individuals,
their societies, values, religions, monetary status, etc.

Ethical Issues in India:
 Generally matters of exploration morals vary from one technique to
another. In particular, morals likewise differ from one spot to another.
 For instance; A Christian woman dressed in white shows a lady, while a
Hindu woman dressed in white shows a widow. In the greater part of the
cases, societies in India shift from one state to another, and even from one
city to another.
 In this way, researcher should have a profundity information on societies
and different things of the spot, they are working in.

Ethical Issues in India:
 During the review, Indian scientists ought to give most extreme
significance to the social variety and legalism of the country. +
 They should work inside a system reasonable for every one of the
traditions, customs, dialects, stations, belief, colors, classes, districts and

so forth.
 They should work for the advancements of the multitude of societies,
religions and so on, not the alternate way round.
 During the exploration, the specialists should remember the wide
conservative, information and innovative hole between individuals of

India.

Moral Philosophy:
 Ethics depends upon the practical life or behavior of individual in life.
 The moral Judgment is the judgment which deals with the moral values or
quality of Actions.
 They should work for the advancements of the multitude of societies,
religions and so on, not the alternate way round.
 During the exploration, the specialists should remember the wide
conservative, information and innovative hole between individuals of

India.

Research and Publication
Meaning of Research –
The word research itself is a combination of “re” and “search”

which is meant by a systematic investigation to gain a new
knowledge from already existing facts.
Frankly speaking, research may be defined as a scientiﬁc

understanding of existing knowledge and deriving a new
knowledge to be applied for the betterment of the mankind.

 Scientific conduct refers to the scientific research and publication
which should be conducted with honesty and truthfulness for
further improvements and new developments in various fields.
 Research and publications should be based on moral principles and
good faith.
 Ethics is generally defined as a set of principles that distinguish
between acceptable and unacceptable behavior or way of
conducting a task.
 The most commonly known ethical code in medical practice, the
―Hippocratic Oath,‖ dates back to 500 B.C.

Research and Publication
Research –
 Creative and systematic activity undertaken to enhance the
reservoir of knowledge is what research is defined as.
 It entails gathering, organizing, and analyzing data in order to
gain a better knowledge of a topic or issue.
 A research project could be a continuation of previous work in
the topic.

Scientific Misconducts
Ethics with respect to science and research –
 What is Research Ethics?

Scientific Misconducts
Ethics with respect to science and research –
 What is Research Ethics?
 Ethics are the set of rules that govern our expectations of our own and
others‘ behavior.
 Research ethics are the set of ethical guidelines that guides us on how
scientific research should be conducted and disseminated.
 Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers
It is the guideline for responsibly conducting the research.
 Research that implicates human subjects or contributors rears distinctive
and multifaceted ethical, legitimate, communal and administrative
concerns.

 Research that implicates human subjects or contributors rears
distinctive and multifaceted ethical, legitimate, communal and
administrative concerns.
 Research ethics is unambiguously concerned in the
examination of ethical issues that are upraised when
individuals are involved as participants in the study.
 Research ethics committee/Institutional Review Board (IRB)
reviews whether the research is ethical enough or not to
protect the rights, dignity and welfare of the respondents.

Objectives of Research Ethics:
 The first and comprehensive objective – to guard/protect

human participants, their dignity, rights and welfare .
 The second objective – to make sure that research is directed
in a manner that assists welfares of persons, groups and/or
civilization as a whole.
 The third objective – to inspect particular research events and
schemes for their ethical reliability, considering issues such as
the controlling risk, protection of privacy and the progression
of informed consent.

Principles of Research Ethics:

The general principles of research ethics are:
Being honest with the beneficiaries and respondents. Being honest about
Honesty the findings and methodology of the research. Being honest with other
direct and indirect stakeholders.
Ensuring honesty and sincerity. Fulfilling agreements and promises. Do

Integrity
not create false expectations or make false promises.
Avoiding bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,

Objectivity
peer review, and other aspects of research.
Informed consent means that a person knowingly, voluntarily and

intelligently gives consent to participate in a research.
Informed Informed consent is related to the autonomous right of the individual to
consent participate in the research.
Informing the participant about the research objective, their role,

benefits/harms (if any) etc.
autonomy, which requires that those who are capable of
deliberation about their personal goals should be treated
with respect for their capacity for self-determination; and
protection of persons with impaired or diminished
Respect for autonomy, which requires that those who are dependent or
person/respondent vulnerable be afforded security against harm or abuse.
protection of persons with impaired or diminished
autonomy, which requires that those who are dependent or
vulnerable be afforded security against harm or abuse.
Maximize the benefits of the participants. Ethical

Beneficence obligation to maximize possible benefits and to minimize
possible harms to the respondents.
Non-maleficence/ It means keeping the participant anonymous. It involves

Protecting the not revealing the name, caste or any other information
subjects (human) about the participants that may reveal his/her identity.
Responsible Responsibly publishing to promote and uptake research or
publication knowledge. No duplicate publication.
It means keeping the participant anonymous. It involves not

Protecting
revealing the name, caste or any other information about the
anonymity
participants that may reveal his/her identity.
Avoid discrimination on the basis of age, sex, race, ethnicity or

Non-
other factors that are violation of human rights and are not
discrimination
related to the study.
Be open to sharing results, data and other resources. Also accept

Openness
encouraging comments and constructive feedback.

Advantages of Research Ethics:
 Research ethics promote the aims of research.
 It increases trust among the researcher and the respondent.
 It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the
dignity, rights and welfare of research participants.
 Researchers can be held accountable and answerable for their
actions.
 Ethics promote social and moral values.
 Promotes the ambitions of research, such as understanding,
veracity, and dodging of error.
 Ethical standards uphold the values that are vital to cooperative
work, such as belief, answerability, mutual respect, and impartiality.
 Ethical norms in research also aid to construct public upkeep for
research. People are more likely to trust a research project if they
can trust the worth and reliability of research.

Limitations of Research Ethics:
 Possibilities to physical integrity, containing those linked with experimental
drugs and dealings and with other involvements that will be used in the study
(e.g. measures used to observe research participants, such as blood sampling,
X-rays or lumbar punctures).
 Psychological risks: for example, a questionnaire may perhaps signify a risk
if it fears traumatic events or happenings that are especially traumatic.
 Social, legal and economic risks: for example, if personal information
collected during a study is unintentionally released, participants might face a
threat of judgment and stigmatization.
 Certain tribal or inhabitant groups may possibly suffer from discrimination or
stigmatization, burdens because of research, typically if associates of those
groups are recognized as having a greater-than-usual risk of devouring a
specific disease.
 The research may perhaps have an influence on the prevailing health system:
for example, human and financial capitals dedicated to research may distract
attention from other demanding health care necessities in the community.

The Ethics of Scientific Research:

Truth
 The scientist is concerned with the expansion of human knowledge of the world, the
deepening of human understanding of its aspects, and the enhancement of human ability
to exploit this knowledge for the achievement of goals vital to humanity, or having
social merit.
 The scientist serves these goals, in every branch of science, by acting in accordance
with the methods of scientific research in each branch, and the rules of conduct in the
scientific community in general.
Freedom
 The scientist serves the goals of scientific research, based on the principle of scientific
research freedom, which is one of the most prominent expressions of the democratic
system.
 The scientist undertakes the obligation to comply with practical restrictions imposed
upon freedom of scientific research by the principles of the democratic system, for the
adequate safeguarding of human life, welfare, dignity and liberty.
 The scientist in willing to undertake the obligation to comply with practical restrictions
in the areas of development and application, to the extent that these are required by
social or economic considerations, in keeping with the principles of the democratic
system.

Responsibility
 The researchers bears full responsibility for every scientific research or experiment he
or she conducts, particularly with regard to its direct effect on human lives and on
human physical and mental health, welfare, dignity and liberty.
 The researchers bears special responsibility for such direct effects upon those
participating as patients or subjects, in scientific research or experimentation.
 The researchers acts out of a sense of responsibility, on grounds of which they
constantly take into account in the knowledge that the results of his or her research may
be used to attain goals within a wide range, from the beneficial to humanity to the
criminal and abhorrent.
Integrity
 The researchers performs every scientific act in accordance with all of the requirements
of the scientific method within the framework of which he or she works, and at the
highest standards.
 The researchers analyses data and , generalizations, experiments and theories, whether
his or her own or another's, equitably, and with the requisite scope, depth and precision.
 The researchers presents his or her data in full, precisely, frankly and fairly.

Collaboration
 The researchers acts within a universal framework of scientific collaboration, based on
the shared scientific goals.
 The researchers fosters scientific collaboration by maintaining an atmosphere of
openness, mutual assistance and trust among scientists, their assistants and students.
 The researchers merits individual, collective and institutional credit and may possess
pursuant rights to intellectual property. for scientific achievements to which he or she
has made a unique or significant contribution.
Professionalism
 The researchers engages in his or her scientific pursuits in a wholly professional
manner, making judicious and continual use of the special knowledge, particular to his
or her area of expertise.
 The researchers strives to keep abreast of developments in his or her area of expertise
and in every area of knowledge pertinent to his or her work.
 The researchers draws practical conclusions in the field of ethics of scientific research
from the values and principles of scientific research.

Collaboration
 The researchers acts within a universal framework of scientific collaboration, based on
the shared scientific goals.
 The researchers fosters scientific collaboration by maintaining an atmosphere of
openness, mutual assistance and trust among scientists, their assistants and students.
 The researchers merits individual, collective and institutional credit and may possess
pursuant rights to intellectual property. for scientific achievements to which he or she
has made a unique or significant contribution.
Professionalism
 The researchers engages in his or her scientific pursuits in a wholly professional
manner, making judicious and continual use of the special knowledge, particular to his
or her area of expertise.
 The researchers strives to keep abreast of developments in his or her area of expertise
and in every area of knowledge pertinent to his or her work.
 The researchers draws practical conclusions in the field of ethics of scientific research
from the values and principles of scientific research.

Intellectual honesty:
 Intellectual means Involving a Persons ability to think and to understand

Ideas and Information, Mind ability to think and understand complex
ideas to solve problems and reach correct conclusions.
 Honesty – Fact of being honest, fair, truthful or sincere towards
something.
 Intellectual honesty is honesty in the acquisition, analysis and transmission
if ideas. A person is being intellectually honest when he/she, knowing the
truth, states that truth.
 Intellectual honesty is an applied method of problem solving,
characterized by an unbiased, honest attitude, which can be

Intellectual honesty:
 Ensuring support for chosen ideologies does not interface with the pursuit
of truth;
 Relevant facts and information are not purposefully omitted even when
such things may contradicts one‘s hypothesis.
 Facts are presented in an unbiased manner, and not twisted to five
misleading impressions or to support one view over another.
 References or earlier work, are acknowledged where possible and
plagiarism is avoided.

Individual Level
 Original and Innovative.
 Accuracy.
 Protect the identity of the respondent.
 Detail records of all the activities (Research Design)
 Acknowledgement to web based resources.
 Citations.
 Aware of issues arising out of plagiarism and Consequences.
 Full Disclosure.
 Detail of related papers and even if it is in different languages.
 Be Clear what it contains.
 Honest when submitting the journal submission requirements.
 All Information between Journal and Authors must be confidential.
 Should not announced before public appearance.
 Should disclose any conflict of Interest.

 Submitting Multiple submissions of same manuscript is unethical.
 Suggesting friends and Acquaintances as potential reviewers is also

unethical.
 Avoid Gift Authorship, Ghost Authorship.

Publisher Level
 Adhere to Ethical Practices.
 Disclosure any Conflict of Interest
 Confidential.
 Should be vigilant against all the ethical Practices.
 Copyright transfer agreement and Exclusive license agreement must be

provide Clearly.
 Journal should require, prior to submission authors should on the order in
which names should be listed in the manuscript.
 Publication is a social responsibility.
 Avoid Publishing in Predatory Journals.

Research integrity:
Difference Between Research Honesty and Integrity –
Parameters Research Honesty Research Integrity

The State of being consistently honest
The State of being
Meaning and Sticking to a moral ethical code
truthful and Sincere
throughout
Persons A person is truthful and A Person Strictly Adheres to a moral or

Conduct Sincere. ethical Code
Emphasis on Words Action
A Person does not

A Person does follow a moral or Ethical
Implication follow a moral or
code of Conduct
ethical code

Research Integrity
 Integrity refers to doing the right thing at all times. A difference that can be
indentified between honesty and integrity is that, while honesty pertains to
the truth in a persons word, actions and Even thoughts, Integrity goes a
step further.
 Research carried out with a high level of integrity upholds values of
honesty, rigour, transparency and Open Communication, as well as care
and respect for those involved in research and Accountability for a positive
research environment.
 Integrity Characterizes both individual researchers and the institutions in
which they work. For Individual, it is an aspect of moral character and
experience. Integrity embodies above all a intellectual honesty and
personal responsibility for one‘s action and to a range of practices that
characterize responsibility research conduct.

These Practices include:
 Intellectual honesty in proposing, performing and reporting research.
 Accuracy in representing contributions to research proposal and reports.
 Fairness in peer review.
 Collegiality in Scientifics Interactions, including communications and

sharing or resources.
 Transparency in conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest.
 Protection of Human subject in the conduct of research.
 Human care of animals in the conduct of research.
 Adherence to the mutual responsibilities between investigators and their

research teams.

Intellectual Honesty in Proposing, Performing, and Reporting
Research:
 Intellectual Honesty in Proposing, Performing, and Reporting Research
refers to honesty with respect to the meaning on one‘s research. It is
expected that researchers present proposals and data honestly and
communicate their understanding of the work in writing and verbally.
 The descriptions of an individuals work found in such communications
frequently present selected data from the work organized into frameworks
that emphasize conceptual understanding rather than the chronology of the
discovery process.
 Clear and accurate research records must underlie these descriptions,
however. Researchers must be advocates for their research conclusion in
the face of .

Accuracy in Representing Contributing to Research Proposals and
Reports:
 Accuracy in representing one‘s contributions to research proposals and
reports requires the assignments of credit. It is expected that researchers
will not report the work of others as if it were their own. This is
Plagiarism.
 Furthermore they should be honest with respect to the contributions of
colleagues and collaborators. Decision regarding authorship are best
anticipated at the outset of projects rather than at their completion.
 In publication, it should be possible in principle to specify each authors
contribution to the work. It also expected that researchers honestly
acknowledge the precedents on which their research is based.

Fairness in Peer Review:
 Fairness in peer review means that researchers should agree to be peer
reviewers only when they can be impartial in their judgments and only
when have revealed their conflicts on interest .
 Peer review functions to maintain the excellence of polished scientific
work and ensure a merit based system of support for research.
 A delicate balance pervades the peer review system, because the best
reviewers are precisely those individuals who have the most to gain from
―insider information‖ they are doing similar work and they will be unable
to ―Strike‖ from memory and thought what they learn through the review
process.

Collegiality in Scientific Interactions, Including Communication and
Sharing of Resources:
 Collegiality in Scientific Interactions, Including Communication and
Sharing of Resources requires that investigators report research findings to
the scientific community in a full, Open and timely fashion.
 At the same time, it should be recognized that the scientific community id
highly competitive.
 The investigator who first reports new and important findings gets credited
with the discovery.
 Once scientific work is published, researchers are expected to share unique
materials with the other scientists in a reasonable fashion to facilitate
confirmation of their results.

Transparency in conflicts of Interest pr Potential conflicts of Interest:
 A Conflicts of interest in research exists when the individual has interest in
the outcome of the research that may lead to a personal advantage and that
might therefore, in actuality or appearance, compromise the integrity of
the research.
 The most compelling example is competition between financial reward
and the integrity of the research process, religious, political, or Social
beliefs can also be undisclosed sources of research bias.

Human care of Animals in the Conduct of Research:
 The human care of animals is essential for producing sound science and its
social benefits. Researchers have a responsibility to engage in the human
care of Animals in the conduct of research.
 This means evaluating the need for animals in any particular protocol,
ensuring that research animals basic needs for life are met prior to
research, and carefully considering the benefits of the research to society
or to Animals versus harms to any Animals.


SAGE University, Indore: Ph.D. Cell "Research and Publication Ethics" (PHDRPE04T)

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SAGE University, Indore: Ph.D. Cell "Research and Publication Ethics" (PHDRPE04T)

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SAGE University, Indore

“Research and Publication Ethics”

Modules Unit Title Teaching Hours

2 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

3 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

4 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

5 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

6 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

7 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

“Philosophy” means “Love of Wisdom”

In a broad sense, philosophy is an activity people undertake

8 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

 Philosophy means different things to different people and,

in different contexts, it is differently applied. These

9 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

It helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments, and

10 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

 It is an attempt to arrive at a rational conception of the

11 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

“Clarification of concepts is the task of

 Philosophy is the critical analysis of the popular and

12 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

 It analyses the popular and scientific concepts, examines their

 Its method is logical and rational. Its chief instrument is logic.

 Its method is rational speculation—logical analysis and

13 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

15 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

16 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

17 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

19 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

20 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

21 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

1. Reasoning is connected with the information on the real world.

2. Reasoning serves to for tracking down reality.

3. Theory might be moderate, customary and adaptable in nature.

4. The thoughts of reasoning are important and significant.

5. Reasoning arrangements with the idea of the real world.

7. Reasoning is what is dependably powerful.

8. Reasoning gives an alternate heading to the change of conduct.

22 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

To understand the foundations of educational philosophies, it‘s necessary to

Philosophy's scope encompasses everything of reality. Despite the fact that

23 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

24 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

 Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us,

we would be helpless to deal with reality.

 We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives.

 The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the

degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act

 Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any

flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live.

26 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

 Reality is absolute: It has a specific nature independent of our

thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. It has a specific

 The physical world exists: Every entity has a specific nature. It

acts according to that nature. When different entities interact, they

27 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

 COSMOLOGY : Cosmology is focused on understanding the origin,

 ONTOLOGY: It is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming,

28 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

Derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge or

29 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)

30 Research & Publication Ethics (RPE)