Topic 3, Lesson 2

Topic 3
LESSON 2: BERNOULLI’S CONT.
MEASUREMENT OF DISCHARGE; MOMENTUM EQUATIONS IN FLUID FLOW

JJ Chimwaza 2019 3/1/2023
2
Overview
• Recap of the Bernoulli’s principle
• Flow rate measurement
• Operational principle of the venturi meter
• Examples
• Intro to Conservation of momentum in pipe bends
3
Principle of Operation of a Venturi meter
• This is a device used for measuring flow rate.
• It consists of a constriction in the pipe line, the pipe converges in
the direction of flow from the flange 𝐴𝑜 to the throat 𝐴 𝑇 , and then
diverges gradually to the full pipe diameter .
• Manometer tubes are inserted in the pipe upstream at section 1 and
at the throat 𝐴 𝑇 , section 2.
• The rate of flow of liquid in the pipe is then found using Bernoulli’s
and continuity equations.
1 ,2
• Applying the Bernoulli’s principle;

𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Since it is a horizontal pipe; 𝑧1 = 𝑧2
Therefore;
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑣22 𝑣12
− = −
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
• And
𝑃1 𝑃2
− = h, the pressure head
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Therefore;
𝑣22 𝑣12
− =h
2𝑔 2𝑔
• Applying the continuity equation to find the velocity expressions;

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐴1
𝑣2 = × 𝑣1
𝐴2
OR
𝑑12
𝑣2 = 2 × 𝑣1
𝑑2
• Substituting the value of 𝑣2 in the Bernoulli’s equation gives;

𝐴
(𝐴1 × 𝑣1 )2 𝑣12
2
− =h
2𝑔 2𝑔
2𝑔ℎ
∴ 𝑣1 =
𝐴1 2
( ) −1
𝐴2
9
Theoretical discharge
• The theoretical volumetric flow rate in the pipe is then found as;
2𝑔ℎ
𝑄𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴1 or 𝑄𝑡 = 𝐶 ℎ
𝐴
( 1 )2 − 1
𝐴2
Where C is a constant for a given venture meter and is equal to
2𝑔
𝐴1
𝐴
( 1 )2 − 1
𝐴2
10
Actual Discharge
• In practice, owing to friction in the convergent portion of the
venture meter, the discharge is actually small than the 𝐶 ℎ
• The coefficient of discharge 𝐶𝑑 is used to account for the losses to
friction and is given by the equation below and can be found
experimentally.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
11
∴ 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐶 ℎ
12
Tutorials
1. The flow in a 600mm diameter horizontal water main is
measured by means of a Venturi meter with a throat diameter of
300mm. The difference in pressure between the pipe and throat
corresponds to 250mm of mercury. Find the discharge in 𝑚3 /𝑠 if
the coefficient of discharge for the meter is 0.99.
2. A venturi meter has an inlet diameter of 100mm and a throat
diameter of 50mm. What will be the difference of head in metres
of water between the inlet and the throat if the flow rate is
15𝑑𝑚3 /𝑠 of water?If the flow rate is doubled, what will be the
difference in head?
13
3. A horizontal venturimeter is used to measure the flow of water in a
200mm diameter pipe. The throat diameter of the venturimeter is
80mm and the discharge coefficient is 0.85. If the pressure difference
between the two measurement points is 10cm of mercury, calculate the
average velocity in the pipe.
4. A venturimeter with a throat diameter of 100mm is fitted in a
vertical pipeline of 200mm diameter with oil of sp.gr. 0.88 flowing
upwards. The venturimeter coefficient is 0.98. The pressure gauges are
fitted at tapping points, one at the throat and the other in the inlet pipe
320mm below the throat. The difference between two pressure
14
gauge readings is 28 KN/m2. Working from Bernoulli’s equation,

determine the volume rate of oil through the pipe
15
Tutorial solutions
1. 0.59 𝑚3 /𝑠
2. 2.78m; 11.12m
3. 0.71 m/s
4. 0.599 𝑚3 /𝑠
16
Conservation of linear momentum
• The study guide has more detailed information on this part of the
lesson.
• Do not worry if you will not be familiar with if not most of the
equations as this will be looked at in detail with the CHE and MET
guys in their 3rd year.
Cheers!!
17
Conservation of Momentum in Fluids
• When a fluid speeds up or slows down,, inertia forces come into
play.
• Such forces may be produced by either a change in the magnitude
or the direction of the velocity since either change in the vector
quantity produces acceleration.
• The change in velocity of the mass brings about momentum.
18
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion
• This law states that the change in momentum of a mass is equal to
the impulse given to it.
• where
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = ∆(𝑚 × 𝑣)
∴ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = ∆ 𝑚 × 𝑣 = 𝐹 × 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒
19
• Rearranging;
∆ 𝑚×𝑣
𝐹=
𝑡
𝑚
𝐹 = × ∆𝑣
𝑡
𝑚
× ∆𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝑡
∴ 𝐹(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒) = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
20
Application to pipe bends (more in study guide)
• Consider a pipe bend as shown below;
21
• We can apply vector theory to solve for the force as shown below;
The vector and force diagrams for the flow are shown below;
22
• the change in velocity can be found using simple trigonometry

• The momentum force acting on the fluid is
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑚ሶ × ∆𝑣
The force is a vector quantity which must be in the direction of ∆𝑣
Since every force has an equal and opposite reaction so there must be
a force on the bend equal and opposite to the force on the fluid.
23
End of Topic
Next lesson: Topic 4- Pipe flow

Topic 3, Lesson 2

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Topic 3

LESSON 2: BERNOULLI’S CONT.

MEASUREMENT OF DISCHARGE; MOMENTUM EQUATIONS IN FLUID FLOW

• Applying the Bernoulli’s principle;

• Applying the continuity equation to find the velocity expressions;

• Substituting the value of 𝑣2 in the Bernoulli’s equation gives;

Where C is a constant for a given venture meter and is equal to

gauge readings is 28 KN/m2. Working from Bernoulli’s equation,

• the change in velocity can be found using simple trigonometry

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