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PIPELINES AND PIPE NETWORKS

• IN GENERAL, WHEN A NUMBER OF PIPES ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER TO TRANSPORT WATER
FOR A GIVEN PROJECT, THEY PERFORM AS A SYSTEM THAT MAY INCLUDE SERIES PIPES,
PARALLEL PIPES, BRANCHING PIPES, ELBOWS, VALVES, METERS, AND OTHER APPURTENANCES.

PIPELINES AND PIPE NETWORKS • THE ARRANGEMENT IS KNOWN AS A PIPELINE IF ALL ELEMENTS ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES.
OTHERWISE, THE ARRANGEMENT IS A PIPE NETWORK.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
4TH EDITION

THERE ARE THREE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PIPELINE

PIPELINES CONNECTING TWO RESERVOIRS
PROBLEMS
• A PIPELINE IS A SYSTEM OF ONE OR MORE PIPES CONNECTED IN SERIES AND DESIGNED TO 1. GIVEN THE FLOW RATE AND THE PIPE COMBINATIONS, DETERMINE THE TOTAL HEAD LOSS.
TRANSPORT WATER FROM ONE LOCATION (OFTEN A RESERVOIR) TO ANOTHER. 2. GIVEN THE ALLOWABLE TOTAL HEAD LOSS AND THE PIPE COMBINATIONS, DETERMINE THE
FLOW RATE.
3. GIVEN THE FLOW RATE AND THE ALLOWABLE TOTAL HEAD LOSS, DETERMINE THE PIPE
DIAMETER.

can be solved by a direct approach

involve iterative procedures

ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF KC

EXAMPLE 4.1
Two cast-iron pipes in series connect two reservoirs (see figure). Both pipes are 300 m long and have
diameters of 0.6 m and 0.4 m, respectively. The elevation of the water surface (WS) in reservoir A is
80 m. The discharge of 10°C water from reservoir A to reservoir B is 0.5 m3Is. Find the elevation of
the surface of reservoir B. Assume a sudden contraction at the junction and a square-edged entrance.

V2 0.6 0.67 0.7

𝐷2 0.4
= ≈ 0.67 3 0.28 0.21 0.18
𝐷1 0.6
3.98 Kc=
𝑣2 = 3.98 𝑚/𝑠 0.21
6 0.27 0.21 0.19

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Negative Pressure Scenarios (Pipelines and

Pumps)
• Pipelines used to transport water from one location to another over a
long distance usually follow the natural contour of the land.
Occasionally, a section of the pipeline may be raised to an elevation
that is above the local hydraulic grade line (HGL).
𝑁𝑅1 = 8.11 × 105
𝑁𝑅2 = 1.22 × 106

• Whenever, pipeline axis is above HGL, negative pressure exists.

• Vertical distance measured between EGL and HGL = v2/2g
• Vertical distance measured between HGL and Pipe axis = P/ϒ
• hs = Pipe axis level at summit point
• h = Pipe axis level at point A
• Hs = Total Head for point summit

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• For design purposes, it is important to maintain pressure at all points in a pipeline

above the vapor pressure.
• In the pressures lower than vapore pressure, water will be vaporized locally to
form vapor pockets.
• These vapor pockets collapse in regions of higher pressure downstream.
• The action of vapor collapse is very violent, causing vibrations and sound that can
greatly damage the pipeline.
• The entire process is often called cavitation.

Solution:

Solution: Pumps in a pipeline

Pumps add energy to water in pipelines by increasing the pressure head.

https://www.unitedrentals.com/en/solutions/specialty-
solutions/pump-solutions/pump-applications/pipeline

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Analysis of pressure head and energy

provided by a pump to a pipeline system
The computations for pump installation in a pipeline are
usually carried out by separating the pipeline system into
two sequential parts:
 the suction side
 and the discharge side

Note! It is important - and common - to lower a pump

Branching Pipe Systems
when pumping a fluid close to evaporation temperature.
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/npsh-net-positive- Branching pipe systems are the result of more than two pipelines
suction-head-d_634.html
converging at a junction.
increasing the piping dimensions for minimizing the
friction loss hf in the suction pipe.
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/condensate-pumping-
d_280.html

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Branching Pipe Systems
These systems must simultaneously satisfy two basic conditions:
1. the total amount of water brought by pipes to a junction must
always be equal to that carried away from the junction by the other
pipes (conservation of mass).
2. all pipes that meet at the junction must share the same energy level
at the junction (conservation of energy).
Because the mass of water brought to the junction must equal the
mass of water taken from the junction, we may simply write
As a first trial, assume P = 110 m
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Branching Pipe Systems
• Given the lengths, diameters, and material of all pipes involved, as
well as the water elevation in each of the three reservoirs, the
discharges to or from each reservoir (QI, Q2, and Q3) can be
determined.
• If an open-ended vertical tube (piezometer) is installed at the
junction, the water elevation in the tube will rise to the elevation P.
The vertical distance between P and J is a direct reading of the
pressure head at the junction.
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From the graph P = 99 m, and