BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dr. Amr Elbanna

• Loads on Roadway Bridges.

• Loads on Stringer.

2
3
 Loads on Roadway Bridges

A. Primary Loads
• Dead Loads
• Live Loads
• Impact Loads
• Centrifugal Loads

B. Secondary Loads
• Wind Pressure
• Earthquake Loads
• Longitudinal Loads
• Temperature Effect
• Shrinkage of Concrete
• Settlement of Foundation
4
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Primary Loads)

 Dead Loads
• Dead load on bridges consists of the self-weight of the superstructure plus the weight
of other items carried by the bridge such as utility pipes.
• The self-weight of the superstructure consists of the deck, including the wearing
surface, sidewalks, curbs, parapets, railings, stringers, cross girders, and main girders.

 Live Loads
• Live loads on bridges are caused by the traffic crossing the bridge.
• Design live loads are usually specified by relevant design codes in the form of
equivalent traffic loads.
• Some traffic loads represent the weight of real vehicles that can travel over the bridge;
other values and distributions are chosen in such a way that they produce maximum
internal forces in bridge structures similar to those produced by real vehicles.

5
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Primary Loads)
 Live Loads
• The loads on roadway bridges according to the Egyptian code of loads (code 201, 2012)

i. Truck Loads
• There are three main lanes. The width of each is 3.0m.
• The three main lanes have heavy loads while the rest lanes have light loads.
• Three main trucks of weights (60, 40 and 20) tons are used.
6
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Primary Loads)
 Live Loads
• The loads on roadway bridges according to the Egyptian code of loads (code 201, 2012)

7
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Primary Loads)
 Live Loads
ii. Uniform Loads
• The weight of cars is represented by uniform load of 0.90t/m2 in the lane of 60t truck.
• The uniform load in the rest of lanes = 0.25t/m2.
• The load on side walks=0.25t/m2 if the width of side walks <=1.5m.
• The load on sidewalks=0.50t/m2 if the width of sidewalks >1.5m.

8
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Primary Loads)
 Live Loads
ii. Notes
• The trucks loads moves in the longitudinal direction of the bridge.
• The lanes are arranged to produce maximum straining actions.
• The no. of lanes is chosen according to the width of the bridge.
• A complete lane should be used (we cannot use half a truck).
• If the bridge has two way. The two ways are treated as one bridge.

 Impact Loads
• Impact is the dynamic effect on the bridge due to the moving loads.
• The dynamic effect of moving loads is considered in the design by increasing the static
values of the main lane loading by the impact factor I.

9
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Primary Loads)
 Centrifugal Forces
• For bridges incurves, the stresses due to the centrifugal action must be considered in
designing the members.
• These forces are taken as two concentrated forces applied horizontally spaced at 50m at
the road way surface level at the bridge center line.
• The value of each force is computed from the given table:

Qt

Qt

10
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)
 Wind Pressure
• The wind actions on a bridge depend on the site conditions and the geometrical
characteristics of the bridge.
• steel bridges have a low span-to-weight ratios, wind effects on bridges is very important
and, if not properly considered, can lead to failure, as shown in Figures.

11
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)
 Wind Pressure
• Exposed area of traffic on bridges has the length corresponding to the maximum effects
and in general a height of 3.00 m above the roadway level in highway bridges and 3.50
m above rail level in railway bridges.

12
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)
 Wind Pressure

13
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)
 Earthquake Loads
• They are calculated according to site and soil properties of bridge.
• They are applied in two perpendicular directions.
• They may cause great damage to bridges as shown in figures.

14
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)
 Longitudinal Loads
• These forces develop as a result of the braking effort (sudden stopping), or the tractive
effort (sudden acceleration).
• These forces are applied to the road surface parallel to the traffic lanes.

15
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)
 Thermal Effects on Bridge Structures
• Daily and seasonal fluctuations in air temperature cause two types of thermal actions on
bridge structures:
a) Changes in the overall temperature of the bridge (uniform thermal actions).
b) Differences in temperature (differential thermal actions) through the depth of the
superstructure.
• The coefficient of thermal expansion for steel may be taken as 1.2 x 10-5° C. According
to the Egyptian Code; bridge elements shall be designed for:
 a + 30° C uniform change of temperature, and

 a + 15° C difference in temperature through the superstructure depth.

The mean temperature of the bridge shall be assumed at 20° C.

16
 Loads on Roadway Bridges (Secondary Loads)

 Shrinkage of Concrete
• In principle, shrinkage gives a stress independent of the strain in the concrete.
• It is therefore equivalent to the effect of a differential temperature between concrete and
steel.
• The effect of shrinkage can thus be estimated as equivalent to a uniform decrease of
temperature of 20° C.

 Settlement of Foundation
• The settlements of foundations determined by geotechnical calculations should be taken
into account during design of the superstructure.
• For continuous beams the decisive settlements are differential vertical settlements and
rotations about an axis parallel to the bridge axis.
• For earth anchored bridges (arch bridges, frame bridges and suspension bridges)
horizontal settlements have to be considered.

17
18
 Loads on Stringer
1. Dead Loads

19
 Loads on Stringer
1. Dead Loads
a. Own weight of stringer (Assume 0.1-0.15 t/m)
b. Concrete (tavg * γcon t/m2)
c. Flooring cover (Asphalt) (Assume 0.15-0.2 t/m2)

WDead  O.W + (F.C+ t avg *  c )* a

WDead  0.15+ (0.2+ 0.21*2.5)* a t/m

20
 Loads on Stringer
1. Dead Loads

WDead * S 2 WDead * S
M Dead  QDead 
8 2
21
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
a. Determine the stringer to be studied.
b. Put the load near the studied stringer.
c. Take strips perpendicular to stringer, get reaction.
d. Apply loads from ( C ) on stringer, get maximum M and Q.

22
Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
a. The designed stringer is usually the middle stringer.

23
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
b. Put the load near the studied stringer.

24
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
c. Take strips perpendicular to stringer, get reaction.

Strip1 (effect of concentrated Loads)

Strip2 (effect of uniform Loads)

25
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads

If a ≤ 2m If 2< a ≤ 2.5m

If 2.5< a ≤ 3m If 3< a ≤ 3.5m

26
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
Effect of medians

27
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
Effect of medians

28
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
Effect of medians

29
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
Effect of medians

30
 Loads on Stringer
2. Live Loads
d. Apply loads from ( C ) on stringer, get maximum M and Q.

31
 Loads on Stringer

Example:

Solution
1- Dead Loads
WDead  O.W + (F.C+ t avg *  c ) * a
WDead  0.15+ (0.2+ 0.21*2.5)* 2  1.6 t/m

WDead * S 2 1.6*52
M Dead    5m.t
8 8

WDead * S 1.6*5
QDead    4t
2 2 32
 Loads on Stringer

Example:

33
 Loads on Stringer

Example:

34
 Loads on Stringer
Example:

Design Values
M Design ( Max )  M Dead  M L+I  5  42.5  47.5m.t
QDesign ( Max )  QDead  QL+I  4  38.8  42.8t
35
36