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VARIOUS TYPES OF BRIDGE

LOADINGS & THEIR DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS

ARUN K RAJ
JE (D&D)/EWS/AJJ
2 TYPES OF LOADS
 DEAD LOAD

 LIVE LOAD

 DYNAMIC EFFECTS

 FORCES DUE TO CURVATURE

 TEMPERATURE EFFECT

 LONGITUDINAL FORCE

 RAKING FORCE

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3 TYPES OF LOADS (CONT…)

 WIND PRESSURE EFFECT

 FORCES & EFFECTS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
 DERAILMENT LOADS
 EARTH PRESSURE
 FORCES DUE TO WATER CURRENT
 BUOYANCY EFFECT

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4 DEAD LOAD

 Clause 2.2 of bridge rules.

 Wt. Of structure + permanent load carried thereon.

 SIDL includes – weight of rails, sleepers, ballast &

drainage system

 First load to be calculated in design.

 Unit weight of materials from is 1911 (schedule of

unit weight of building materials).

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5 LIVE LOAD

 CLAUSE 2.3 OF BRIDGE RULES.

 ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF LOADING STANDARD.

 25t LOADING 2008 (BG)

 MAX AXLE LOAD OF 245.2kN (25t) FOR LOCOMOTIVES

 TRAIN LOAD OF 91.53 kN/m (9.33t/m) ON BOTH SIDES OF

LOCOMOTIVES

 DFC LOADING (BG)

 MAX AXLE LOAD OF 318.825 kN (32.5t) FOR LOCOMOTIVES

 TRAIN LOAD OF 118.99 kN/m (12.13t/m) ON BOTH SIDES

OF LOCOMOTIVE

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6 LIVE LOAD (CONT..)

 EUDL – to calculate SF & BM

 EUDL for diff. Loading standards = Appendix of

Bridge Rules.

 BM & SF calculaed using “Moving Load” software by

RDSO.

 LL due to pedestrian traffic treated as UDL

 For design of footpaths on bridges, LL = 490 kg/m2

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10

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12 DYNAMIC EFFECT
 CLAUSE 2.4 OF BRIDGE RULE
 Augmentation in load due to dynamic effects is considered
by adding a load equivalent to a coefficient of dynamic
augment(CDA) multiplied by the live load giving the
maximum stress in member under consideration.
 For single track spans:
 CDA=0.15+(8/(6+l)) subject to a maximum of 1.0
i) Loaded length giving maximum stress
ii) 1.5* Spacing of cross girder ( For Stringers)
iii) 2.5* Spacing of cross girder (For Cross girder)

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13 FORCES DUE TO CURVATURE
.
 On ballasted deck, even on straight line
• designed for 100 mm eccentricity
 on a curved track, allowance for centrifugal action of
moving load.
 For railway bridges the following loads must be considered:
1. The extra loads on one girder due to the additional
reaction on one rail.
2. Lateral displacement of the track calculated under the
following two conditions:
i. Live load running at the maximum speed.
ii. Live load standing with half normal dynamic
augment.

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14 FORCES DUE TO CURVATURE (CONT…)

3. The horizontal load due to centrifugal force which may be

assumed to act at a height of
a) 1830mm for “25t Loading-2008” above rail lvl.
b) 3000mm for “DFC loading (32.5t axle load)” for BG
above rail lvl.
 Horizontal load due to centrifugal force is
C = WV² /12.95R t/m run

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9 TEMPERATURE EFFECT
 2 types of temp loading effect to consider

1. Changes in effective bridge temperatures

 Cause expansion & contraction in deck

 How much the bridge expands or contracts = α x

T x L.

 Coeff. of expansion can be taken as

• Steel & RCC = 11.7 x 10ˆ-6 per 1˚C

• Plain Concrete = 10.8 x 10ˆ-6 per 1˚C

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 TEMPERATURE EFFECT (CONT….)
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 Temperature limit – to be specified by Engineer.

 Stresses will result ˃˃ allowance to be provided.

 Use of joints & sliding bearings mitigates the effect

2. Difference in temp b/w top of deck & at different levels

 can cause distortion in deck

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LONGITUDINAL FORCES

 Clause 2.8 of bridge rule

 arises due to the following cases.

 the tractive effort of the driving wheels of locomotives
 the breaking force resulting from the application of the
brakes
 resistance to the movement of the bearings
 Value of longitudinal force due to either tractive effort
or braking force shall be obtained from appendices.
 Maximum of tractive effort or braking force is taken as
longitudinal force.

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18
RACKING FORCE

 Clause 2.9 of bridge rule

 lateral force- movement of rolling stocks in railway

bridges.
 Lateral bracings of loaded deck of spans to be
designed for a lateral load due to racking force of 600
kg/m. treated as moving load.
 Racking force not to be considered for calculating
stresses in chords or flanges of main girders.

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19 WIND PRESSURE EFFECT
 Clause 2.11 of Bridge Rules.
 Basic Wind pressure
 Equivalent static pressure in the wind ward direction
‘P’.
 Depends on appropriate wind velocity chosen as per
o local meteorological records & degree of
exposure
o Map given in IS 875 Part III, be used in absence
of meteorological records.
 Wind pressure specified shall be applied to all
loaded / unloaded bridges provided.

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20 WIND PRESSURE EFFECT (CONT..)
 Bridges does not carry live loads when wind pressure
at deck level exceeds the following:

 effects of wind pressure to be considered are as

follows:
 Lateral effect on the top chords, bottom chords and wind
bracing.
 Vertical loads on the main girders due to the overturning
effect of the wind.
 Bending and direct stresses in the members transmitting
the wind load from the top to the bottom chords.
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21 EARTH QUAKE FORCES
 Clause 2.12 of Bridge Rule
 Seismic Force acts in three mutually perpendicular
directions
 Horizontal (Two Directions)
 Vertical
 For determining seismic forces, country is divided in
4 zones.
 ZONE II – Low Damage Risk Zone
 ZONE III - Moderate Damage Risk Zone
 ZONE IV - High Damage Risk Zone
 ZONE V – Very High Damage Risk Zone

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23 EARTH QUAKE FORCES (CONT..)
 Refer :- "Seismic Code for Earthquake resistant
design of Railway Bridges".
 F=Wm*αh (or αv)
F = Seismic force
Wm=Weight of mass under consideration
ignoring reduction due to buoyancy
 Horizontal seismic force due to live load on the
bridge shall be ignored when acting in the direction
of traffic.
 When acting in the direction perpendicular to traffic,
this is to be considered for 50% of design live load
without impact.

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24 DERAILMENT LOAD
 Derailment occur – some factors crossed safety
limit.
 Derailment Mechanism
 Sudden Derailment – wheelsets jumping the rail-
very high derailing force.
 Derailment by flange climbing – wheel mounting
the rail in gradual manner.
 Derailment loads for “25t Loading-2008” for BG –
APPENDIX XV – BRIDGE RULE.
 Derailment loads for “DFC Loading” for BG –
APPENDIX XXIX – BRIDGE RULE.

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27 EARTH PRESSURE
   earth retaining structures shall be designed for the
All
active pressure.
 Based on coulomb’s theory for active earth pressure
formula.
 Assumption – backfill material granular & effective
drainage possible.

 Pa = Active earth pressure per unit length of wall.

 W = Unit weight of soil.
 h = height of wall.
 φ = angle of internal friction of back fill soil.
 Point of application of Pa @ h/3 above section where
stresses are being investigated.
 Pa determined graphically by Culmann’s construction.
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28 FORCES DUE TO WATER CURRENT

 Any
  submerged part of sub structure should withstand
horizontal pressure due to water current.
 On piers parallel to direction of water current
 Total pressure in kg due to water current, P
 A = Area in square metres of elevation of the
part exposed to the water current.
 V = The maximum mean velocity of current in
metre per second
 K = A constant having values for different
shapes of piers
 Maximum mean velocity of current (V) taken from
past record.

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30 BUOYANCY EFFECT
 Full buoyancy shall be considered up to HFL or LWL.
 Reduction possible - foundation resting on rock with
adequate bond.
 reduction in buoyancy - at the dissertation of Engineer
responsible for design.
 in any case, the reduction not be less than 50% of full
buoyancy.

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31 REFERENCES
 BRIDGE RULES
 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE DESIGN OF SUB-
STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATION OF BRIDGES.
 CONCRETE BRIDGE CODE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_Freight_Corrido
r_Corporation_of_India

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THANK YOU…

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