Guardiola 1

Jorge E Guardiola Jr

Professor Powers

English 1302-219

1 March 2023

5 & 6 annotated bibliographies

Fuszara, Malgorzata. “Between Feminism and the Catholic Church: The Women's Movement in

Poland” Czech Sociological Review, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 1057-1075. JSTOR,

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41132243

In this article, Malgorzata Fuszara covers several topics about how religion has a big

influence and how men have grown aware of women’s limited participation in government. The

subject takes place in Poland and more topics grow as the article starts expanding on education,

feminist groups, the communist era, and religion. We see how women have been out of politics

since the communist era and how now in modern Poland people are starting to follow the feminist

movement “men are increasingly coming to share the view that the level of women's participation

in the public sphere is too small” (1059). Polls in Poland show that women should be put in

different roles in government ranging from parliament to judiciary roles although a high education

follows those roles according to people “opinions on women's participation in government and

their level of education. The higher the level of education, the higher the percentage of respondents

who believe that there should be more women in positions of authority than there are now” (1060).

We lastly see how the catholic church has created nationwide organizations to help women see

these struggles through the eyes of religion with “educational and informational activities,
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including religious instruction, preparation for family life, and guidance in methods of natural

family planning” (1072).

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Iversen, Torben, et al. “The Dilemma of Gender Equality: How Labor Market Regulation

Divides Women by Class.” Daedalus, Vol. 149, No. 1, Women & Equality, 2020, pp. 86-

99. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48563034

In this article, Torben Iversen argues about the lower value that women get when

represented in the labor market. As women most of the time find themselves in low-income jobs,

we get introduced to some factors, such as how many hours of work in a day and commitment to

the job. Promotions are seen more in men than in women since men stay later on the job to show

their commitment to the boss and rather women sometimes have children or rather assigned duties

implemented by society “working long hours today poses a particular problem for women, given

the time-consuming extra home duties that society assigns by gender” (88). Hour regulations on

women hurt managerial positions in getting promoted or getting that position even though it helps

non-managerial positions. Countries with less strict regulation on hours have resulted in having

more women in managerial positions “countries with less restrictive hours regulations–France,

Ireland, and the United Kingdom–have relatively more women in managerial positions” (90).

Lastly, we see how women face gender discrimination in different cultures. Even though U.S and

Danish firms operate in Denmark a single norm on women can harm the promotions and hours

they could get. Firms in Europe leave aside women for higher jobs even though some firms have

shown improvement with females in higher-ranking jobs and all because of the “macho culture”

(97), “European firms with at least three women on their executive committees outperformed their

rivals both in average return on equity and operating profits” (97).