 Describe the burden of vector-borne diseases

 Malaria
 Yellow fever
 Japanese encephalitis
 Plaque
 Neglected tropical diseases
o Dengue

o Lymphatic filariasis

o Schistosomiasis

o Onchocerciasis

o Dracunculosis

 Define the basic epidemiology of vector-borne diseases

 Transmission dynamic and risk of infection and spread
o Agents
 Life cycle & biology
 Virulence
 Sensitivity & resistance to chemotherapy
o Enviroment
 Influence on human host
 Influence on vector
o Host
 Immunity Innate/ Acquired
 Behavioural
 Access to healthcare
o Vectors
  Life cycle and biology
 Breeding, feeding, resting behavioural and preference
 Sensitivity and resistance to insecticide
 General Characteristic
o People
 Endemicity & transmission intensity affect risk

 Generally, children has higher risk, declining with age

in endemic areas
 Travellers, migrant workers & VBD receptive area.

 Serotype and partial immunity complicate risk in

dengue
 Human host migration/movement – malaria

 Contact with natural host & vector – simian malaria,

Japanese encephalitis
o Time
 Year round – lymphatic filariasis, Japanese

encephalitis
 Weather and climate influence on vector density and

distribution
o Markedly seasonal – malaria, dengue

 Factors influencing vector-host contact

o Fruit seasons

o Place
 Vector distribution

o Urban – dengue (A.aegypti), lymphatic filariasis

(W.bacncroti – Culex sp), malaria

o Rural – dengue (A.albopictus), (lymphatic

filariasis (B.malayi – Anopheles sp), malaria

 Ecological changes – development and constructions.

 
 List the prevention and control strategies.
 Principle of control and prevention
o Agents

 Early diagnosis
 Early treatment
 
o Enviroment
 Reducing vector density
 Reducing contact: window screen
 
o Vector
 Reducing vector density
 Reducing chances of contact: animal baits
 
o Host
 Enhancing Immunity
 Behavioural: protecting from vector bites
 Improving access to healthcare
 
 Effective tool for dengue control: Public health policy
perspective
o Scientifically sound
o Feasible
o Practical
o Affordable
 Super efficient vector
o Highly domesticated
o Highly anthropophagic
o Cryptic breeding places
 o Multiple biters
o Trans-ovarial transmission
o Eggs highly resistant to desiccation
o Efficient breeder
o Smart breeder – “skip-oviposition” behaviour
 Environmental Issue and Human Behaviour ?
o Illegal rubbish dumping
o Littering
o Weekly inspection and source reduction
o Public area
o Recreation park/areas
o Construction sites
o Commitment of local councils in the solid waste
management and prevention of dengue