Name:_____________________________ ( ) Class:__________ Date:___________

WORKSHEET
Chapter 14: Metals
14.1 Metals and Alloys

Metals
1. Metals are characterised by normally being shiny, strong solids with __________
melting points, which are __________ conductors of heat and ______________.

2. Metals are __________ conductors of electricity because the __________ electrons in

metallic atoms are not bound to any particular atom. The __________ ions of the metal
are surrounded by a ____________________. Mobile electrons allow metals to conduct
__________ and ______________.

3. Metals have high __________, ____________________ and ____________________. This

is because the atoms in metal are packed __________ in __________ and held together by
____________________________. A large amount of __________ is required to break
these bonds.

4. Metals are ___________ and ___________ because their atoms are of the same size and
are closely packed in neat __________. When a __________ is applied, the layers
____________________ over one another.

Alloys

1. The properties of a particular metal can be improved if it is mixed with another element.
We call these mixtures __________.

2. Compared to pure metals, __________ are __________ and __________, have a better
______________, have __________ melting points and are __________ resistant to
corrosion.

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3. The atoms of a metal are arranged in regular __________. However if another element is
added, this prevents the atoms from ____________________ one another. Thus, alloys
tend to be __________ and __________ than pure metals.

Different sized atom of

another element prevents
atoms from __________
__________ one another.

4. When zinc is added to copper the alloy formed is much __________ than pure copper.
This alloy is called __________.

5. Another __________ of copper is __________ which consists of copper (90%) and tin
(10%). The presence of __________ makes the copper __________ and less likely to
corrode.

14.2 The Reactivity Series

1. In the reactivity series, metals are arranged from the __________ reactive to the
__________ reactive.

2. Reaction of metals with cold water:

Reacts _____________. Highly _____________. H2 burns with a

Potassium __________ flame.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2_______(aq) + H2(g)

Reacts _____________. Highly _____________. H2 burns with a

Sodium __________ flame.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2_______(aq) + H2(g)

Reacts _____________.
Calcium
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → ____________________________

Reacts _____________.
Magnesium
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) → ____________________________

No reaction with zinc, iron, lead, copper and silver.

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3. Reaction of metals with steam:

Potassium
Reacts explosively. This reaction should not be carried out in the school
Sodium
laboratory.
Calcium

Reacts ____________ to produce a white glow.

Magnesium
Mg(s) + H2O(l) → _________ + H2(g)

Reacts ____________. ZnO formed is yellow when hot, white when cold.
Zinc
Zn(s) + H2O(l) → ____________________________

Reacts ____________.
Iron
Fe(s) + 4H2O(l) → Fe3O4(s) + H2(g)

No reaction with lead, copper and silver.

4. Reaction of metals with dilute hydrochloric acid:

Reacts _____________.
Potassium
2K(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + H2(g)
Sodium
2Na(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ____________________________

Calcium Reacts _____________.

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + _________

Magnesium Reacts _____________.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → _________ + H2(g)

Zinc Reacts ____________________.

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ____________________________

Iron Reacts _____________.

__________________________________________________

No reaction with lead, copper and silver.

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5. Metals at the top of the reactivity series, like __________ and ____________ react
violently with cold water. As you go down the series metals like ____________ and
__________ will only react with steam. Metals below lead, like __________, have no
reaction at all with water or steam and will not displace __________ from water or
steam.

_______ reactive potassium

calcium

magnesium

iron

lead

hydrogen

_______ reactive silver

6. With dilute hydrochloric acid, the metals at the top of the series react very ___________.
As we go down the series, they react with decreasing ease. Metals below __________ in
the series, like __________, will not displace hydrogen from dilute hydrochloric acid.

14.3 Using the Reactivity Series

1. The reactivity series is related to the __________ of a metal to form __________ ions.
Reactive metals tend to form __________ ions easily by __________ electrons and
forming compounds. Unreactive metals prefer to remain uncombined as __________ of
the element.

2. One application of the reactivity series is the ability to predict the __________ power of
a metal. A metal is capable of displacing another metal __________ in the reactivity
series from its __________, or from its __________ solution.

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3. Metal oxides that are _________ in the reactivity series are easier to reduce to the metal
with carbon or hydrogen.

4. The ____________________ a metal is, the ____________________ it is to decompose its

carbonate by heat. Carbonates of reactive metals are stable to heat. Carbonates of
____________________ metals decompose to form oxides of the metals and __________
__________.

14.4 Extracting Metals

1. Most metals are found in the ground combined with non-metals like __________, sulfur
or carbon. These compounds are called __________.

2. Metals in their combined states, such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal chlorides
and metal carbonates can be extracted by:
• __________ with carbon, i.e. __________ the metal compound with carbon;
• __________, which is using __________ to decompose the molten metal compound.

3. The stability of an ore of a metal higher up the reactivity series is __________ than one
which is lower down. Therefore, it is much more __________ to extract sodium metal
from its ore than it is to extract copper metal from its ore.

4. Every time a metal is extracted from its ore it involves __________ of the metal because
the metal has to __________ electrons.

5. Metals which are __________ up in the reactivity series require strong reduction of their
ores. This is usually achieved by __________. Middle order metals, such as __________,
can be reduced by heating strongly with __________. Metals at the bottom of the
reactivity series can be extracted from their ores simply by __________.

6. Some metals like __________ are so unreactive they occur in the ground as the metal
itself.

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Extraction of Iron

1. Iron is extracted from its ores like __________ (Fe2O3) in the blast furnace.

2. The furnace is charged at the top with three raw materials — ____________, __________
and ____________.

3. ____________________

Raw materials:
1. ____________
2. ____________
Blast furnace:
3. ____________
• Tall, chimney-like
• Made of __________
• Lined with ____________
____________

hot air hot air

__________
____________________

Chemical Reactions in the Blast Furnace

1. Production of carbon dioxide

Coke burns in hot air. Carbon dioxide is produced. Heat is given off as the reaction is
highly _____________ and the temperature in this part of the furnace rises to 1900ºC.

C(s) + O2(g) → ________

2. Production of carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide reacts with hot __________ to produce ____________________.

CO2(g) + C(s) → ________

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3. Reduction of iron ore
Carbon monoxide gas is a powerful ____________________ and it reduces the iron ore at
the top of the furnace to molten iron. The molten iron falls to the bottom of the furnace
where it is tapped off.

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → ____________________

4. Removal of impurities
The ____________ present in the furnace helps to remove impurities. The main impurity
in the iron is sand (____________________). Inside the furnace, the ____________
(calcium carbonate) decomposes to ____________ (calcium oxide) and
____________________.

CaCO3(s) → ____________________

Calcium oxide reacts with ____________________ from sand in iron ore to form calcium
silicate, also known as __________. Slag floats on top of ____________________ and is
used in ____________________.

CaO(s) + SiO2(s) → ____________________

Carbon dioxide escapes as ____________________ from the top of the furnace together
with __________ and ____________________.

14.5 Uses of Steel

1. The iron produced in the blast furnace is __________ and contains impurities of mainly
__________ and other non-metals. It is called __________________ or pig iron. Such iron
is very brittle and has limited uses. Most of this iron is converted into __________.

2. Steel is produced in a __________. Here under high pressure ___________________ is

blown into the molten cast iron. This oxidises the _____________ like carbon and sulfur
to gases which then escape. Other impurities like phosphorus and silicon are converted
into ____________________ which can be neutralised by the addition of a base such as
____________________.

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3. When all the impurities have been __________ we are left with a very pure form of iron
called ____________________.

4. Calculated amounts of __________ are then added to produce the various steels.
___________________ is low carbon steel and contains about ________ carbon. It is
__________ and therefore easy to shape. It is ideal for making ____________________
and machinery.

5. The more carbon that is added, the __________ the steel becomes. This is because the
carbon impurity strengthens the iron lattice, making it more difficult for the atoms to
____________________ one another. High carbon steel contains between 0.5 to 1.5%
carbon and is __________ but __________. It is used for making __________ and
__________ tools.

6. Other alloys of steel are also made by the addition of the correct amount of the
appropriate metal. Stainless steel contains iron, carbon, ___________ and __________. It
is attractive and very resistant to __________. It is therefore useful in making
__________, ____________________ and equipment in chemical plants.

14.6 Rusting

1. The essential conditions for the rusting (___________) of iron are the presence of
__________ and __________. This results in the flaky brown coating, commonly called
rust but chemically known as ______________________________ (Fe2O3.xH2O). The
presence of ____________________ and __________ substances speed up rusting.

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2xH2O(l) → ___________________

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2. In which test tube will the nails be most heavily rusted after one week?

A B C D

cotton
oil wool distilled sodium
boiled water chloride
distilled anhydrous solution
water calcium
chloride

Rust Rust Rust Rust

No rust No rust No rust No rust

The nails in test tube ___ will be most heavily rusted.

2. Prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal. Examples
are ___________, greasing, covering with __________ and ________________.

3. An alternative way of preventing rusting is by ________________________. A more

reactive metal (like magnesium or __________) is attached to the iron object. The more
reactive metal ____________ in preference to the iron.

4. Sacrificial protection is useful with underground steel or iron objects like __________ or
____________________ in petrol stations. These are difficult to paint and grease, but it is
easy to attach a piece of _____________ or __________ to such objects.

5. Rusting can also be prevented by using rust-resistant alloys such as _______________.

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14.7 Recycling Metals

1. Metal ores are a __________ resource. Therefore, we should __________ metals

whenever possible. The world’s reserves of metals may last longer if we ____________
metals with other materials or __________ old metal objects.

2. Metals commonly recycled are ____________ (drink cans), iron (scrap metal) and
__________ (car batteries).

Advantages of Recycling Metals

1. Recycling helps to __________ limited metal and fossil fuel resources. Extracting metals
uses up ____________________, which are in short supply, for energy production.

2. Recycling helps to reduce __________________ problems caused by the extraction of

metals. Smelting ores causes air pollution. Mined land cannot support __________ and
__________ life. Lots of ____________________ is also generated from the extraction
process (about 90% of extracted metal ore turns out to be waste).

3. Recycling saves the cost of extracting metals. ____________________ are required for
disposal of used metal objects and waste material from metal extraction.

Economic Issues of Recycling

1. Recycling can be more ____________ than extracting metals directly from their ores.
Costs are incurred to __________, sort, separate, clean and ____________ old metal.

Social Issues of Recycling

1. Time and effort are needed for communities and businesses to practice recycling as a
__________.

Environmental Issues of Recycling

1. Recycling can cause __________ problems. For example, harmful gases are produced
when __________ is recycled from car batteries.

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