Structural Analysis TC50312E

Ali Bahadori-Jahromi PhD, MSc, BEng, CEng, FICE

Professor of Civil Engineering & Course Leader
 Objectives

Concrete elements:

• Material properties and safety factors

• Durability
• Resistance to fire
• Minimum cover and spacing
 1. Design of Reinforced Concrete

The limit state philosophy, set out in previous sessions, applies to

1 Design of
Reinforced reinforced concrete as follows.
Concrete
2 Symbols
The Partial safety factors used for loads are:
3 Material
Properties • For checking ultimate limit states (ULS)
4 Durability γ G G k + γ Q Q k= 1.35G k + 1.50Q k
5 Resistance • For checking serviceability limit states (SLS)
to Fire
γ G G k + γ Q Q k = 1.00G k + 1.00Q k
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement The partial safety factors used for materials are:
7 Limits on • For checking ULS of bending, shear and compression
Areas of
Reinforcement γ m =1.50 for concrete, γ m = 1.15 for steel.
and Bar • For checking SLS of cracking and deflection
Spacing
γ m = 1.00 for concrete, γ m = 1.00 for steel.
1 Design of
Guidance on the structural use of reinforced concrete is given in BS
Reinforced EN 1992, Eurocode 2. This is published in several sections as shown
Concrete in Table below.
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
Table 1 : Codes relating to the design of reinforced concrete
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing Note: Each code should be read with the appropriate National Annex. Titles shown in
bold are relevant to this module.
 2. Symbols

1 Design of
Table 2 lists some of the symbols used in the design process.
Reinforced (Continues)
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Table 2 lists some of the symbols used in the design process.
Reinforced (Continues)
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 3. Material Properties

1 Design of
3. Material Properties
Reinforced Properties are specified as characteristic values. It is expected
Concrete
that 95% of samples tested will equal or exceed the characteristic
2 Symbols
value and 5% are permitted to fall below it.
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
3.1 Reinforcing Bars (ReBars)
Reinforced Tensile properties of steel reinforcing bars are shown in Table.
Concrete
Class H is normally specified, so the characteristic strength fyk
2 Symbols
can always be taken as 500 N/mm2.
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
Table 3: Tensile properties of steel reinforcing bars to BS4449
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Reinforcing bars are available designated H6, H8, H10, H12,
Reinforced H16, H20, H25, H32 and H40, although H40 bars are not often
Concrete used.
2 Symbols
The bars are not smooth cylinders but have raised ribs
3 Material
Properties on the surface to improve the bond between the steel and the
4 Durability concrete.
5 Resistance
to Fire Table 4: Cross-section areas, maximum lateral dimension and
6 Minimum
Cover to
mass of reinforcing bars
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing

H6 means diameter of bar is 6mm so A= π (6/2)2= 28.3 mm2

 Table 5: Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)
1 Design of
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Reinforced Table 6: Sectional areas per metre width for various bar sizes and
Concrete spacing (mm 2/m)
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 In reinforced concrete slabs and walls the time and labour of
1 Design of fixing loose bars can be avoided by the use of welded steel
Reinforced
Concrete fabric meshes.
2 Symbols Standard fabrics are available in 4.8 m x 2.4 m sheets
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 Standard fabrics are available in 4.8 m x 2.4 m sheets
1 Design of
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
Figure. Welded steel fabric meshes.
1 Design of
3.2 Concrete
Reinforced Concrete is normally specified in terms of compressive
Concrete
strength, which may be tested by crushing cubes or cylinders.
2 Symbols
3 Material Cubes are normally used in the UK.
Properties If a cube and a cylinder are made of the same concrete then
4 Durability
the cube will achieve a higher strength.
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Reinforced Table 7: Concrete grades to BS 8500 and BS EN 206
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance A grade description of C25/30 means that the concrete is
to Fire
specified for compressive strength and that the characteristic
6 Minimum
Cover to
strength 28 days after casting should be at least 25 N/mm2 if
Reinforcement cylinders are tested or 30 N/mm2 if cubes are tested.
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement Design calculations are always based on fck which is the
and Bar cylinder compressive strength and is the lower of the two
Spacing values in the grade designation.
 Why compressive strength of concrete cube is
more than that of cylinder?

1 Design of
• contact area of a standard cube mould with the upper
Reinforced platen in the testing machine is more which results in
Concrete
more confinement.
2 Symbols
3 Material • more confinement resist against specimen expansion
Properties resulting in more compressive strength
4 Durability
5 Resistance
The ratio between cube strength and cylinder strength is
to Fire commonly assumed to be 1.25 , but it is not constant
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
3.3 Partial Safety Factors
Reinforced
Concrete Table 8: Partial safety factors γm for concrete and steel used in
2 Symbols
reinforced concrete design
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 4. Durability

4 Durability
1 Design of
Reinforced Durable concrete should perform satisfactorily in its intended
Concrete environment for the life of the structure.
2 Symbols
3 Material Following factors determine the durability of reinforced concrete.
Properties
4 Durability (a) The shape and bulk of the concrete.
5 Resistance (b) The environmental conditions to which the concrete
to Fire
will be exposed.
6 Minimum
Cover to (c) The amount of concrete cover to the reinforcement.
Reinforcement (d) The quality of the concrete, including cement type
7 Limits on and content, water/cement ratio, and aggregate type.
Areas of (e) The workmanship necessary to deliver and place the
Reinforcement
and Bar
concrete in the mould in good condition.
Spacing (f) The workmanship necessary to ensure proper
compaction, protection and curing of the placed
concrete.
1 Design of
4.1 Shape and Bulk of Concrete
Reinforced If the concrete will be exposed when the building is finished,
Concrete
the shape and bulk of the members should be designed to
2 Symbols
encourage natural drainage and avoid standing water.
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
Figure. Concrete wall cracking as steel
reinforcing corrodes and swells
1 Design of
4.2 Concrete Cover to the Reinforcement
Reinforced All reinforcement must have sufficient cover to prevent
Concrete
corrosion and to protect the reinforcement in the event of a
2 Symbols
fire. Cover to protect against fire is discussed in next section.
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
The amount of cover necessary to protect reinforcement
5 Resistance
to Fire
against corrosion depends on the
6 Minimum 1. exposure conditions
Cover to
Reinforcement 2. quality of the concrete
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
EC2 defines 20 different exposure conditions, and Table 9
Reinforced below shows a selection of these covering for common
Concrete situations.
2 Symbols
Table 9.
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Durability depends on a combination of concrete grade and
Reinforced concrete cover.
Concrete
In some situations a thick cover of lower grade concrete can
2 Symbols
achieve the same durability as a thinner cover of higher grade
3 Material
Properties concrete.
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 Table in next slide gives recommended covers and concrete grades for
1 Design of the exposure conditions in previous Table.
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols Each entry in the table comprises three items:
3 Material – The grade of concrete
Properties
4 Durability – The maximum water/cement ratio
5 Resistance – The minimum cement content in kg of cement per m3 of
to Fire
concrete
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
This Table is for mixes made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
7 Limits on
Areas of EC2 gives guidance on the use of other cement types which may
Reinforcement achieve the required durability with lower cover or with mixes
and Bar
Spacing containing a smaller quantity of cement.

Note: Various types of cements are used in the construction industry.

1 Design of
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols Table 10:
3 Material Nominal concrete
Properties cover to
4 Durability
reinforcement for
5 Resistance
to Fire
concrete made
6 Minimum with OPC for a
Cover to 50-year design
Reinforcement
life
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
5 Resistance to Fire
 5 Resistance to Fire

5 Resistance to Fire
1 Design of
Reinforced Buildings require fire resistance for several reasons, such as:
Concrete
– To prevent spread of fire within the building or compartment
2 Symbols
– To prevent spread of fire to adjacent properties
3 Material
Properties – To preserve the loadbearing capacity of the building
4 Durability
5 Resistance Eurocode 2 Part 1-2 gives three methods for verifying that a
to Fire structure has adequate fire resistance.
6 Minimum Use of tabular data
Cover to
Reinforcement Use of simple calculation methods
7 Limits on Use of advanced calculation methods, normally involving
Areas of computer modelling.
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
This notes describes the use of tabular data.
1 Design of
it will be necessary for the structural elements to have a certain
Reinforced degree of passive fire resistance so that loadbearing capacity is
Concrete maintained for a suitable period.
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties The UK building regulations set down the method for determining
4 Durability the period required, which depends on the size of the building
5 Resistance and on its usage.
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to This is expressed in minutes, 30, 60 … up to 240. The structural
Reinforcement
designer should know this period at the start of the design
7 Limits on
Areas of process.
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
The required resistance may be stated in one of three ways:
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols – R30 or R60,… fire resistance class for the loadbearing
3 Material criterion for 30, or 60… minutes in standard fire exposure.
Properties – E30 or E60,… fire resistance class for the integrity
4 Durability
criterion for 30, or 60… minutes in standard fire exposure.
5 Resistance
to Fire – I30 or I60,… fire resistance class for the insulation
6 Minimum criterion for 30, or 60… minutes in
Cover to standard fire exposure.
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of In most cases design for the R requirement will be sufficient.
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
In most cases design for the R requirement will be sufficient.
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing

London Grenfell Tower- June2017

1 Design of
Concrete is a good insulator and is inherently fire resistant, but
Reinforced steel soon loses its strength if it is heated.
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material The most effective way to provide reinforced concrete
Properties elements with fire resistance is to ensure that
4 Durability
• the steel bars are covered by a sufficiently thick
5 Resistance
to Fire
layer of concrete, and
6 Minimum • Concrete maintain a minimum cross-section.
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing

Local buckling of beams- Corner fire test

1 Design of
Table 11: Resistance to fire: minimum sizes and minimum axis
Reinforced distances for columns and for simply supported slabs
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
* More cover will be required to ensure adequate durability.
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Table 12: Resistance to fire: minimum sizes and minimum axis
Reinforced distances for simply supported beams exposed to fire on three
Concrete faces
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Table 12 (continued): Resistance to fire: minimum sizes and
Reinforced minimum axis distances for simply supported beams exposed
Concrete to fire on three faces
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 Class question

1 Design of
Why 30, 60 or 90 minutes fire resistance is specified?
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 Class question

1 Design of
Why 30, 60 or 90 minutes fire resistance is specified?
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols • Fire resistance can give employees, residents, visitors or
3 Material other persons enough time to safely escape a fire.
Properties • These levels of protection are usually used on structural
4 Durability
elements of a building to help maintain its integrity during a
5 Resistance
to Fire
fire.
6 Minimum • Building fire resistance also gives emergency services
Cover to more time to control the outbreak of fire.
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Example.
Reinforced Figure below shows two ways of ensuring that a beam
Concrete
satisfies the requirement for R60 fire resistance
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing

Figure : Two ways of ensuring that a beam has R60 fire resistance
6. Minimum Cover to Reinforcement
 6. Minimum Cover to Reinforcement

1 Design of 6.Minimum Cover to Reinforcement

Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols In addition to the requirements of durability and fire resistance,
3 Material there must be
Properties
– sufficient space between the bar and the formwork to
4 Durability
allow proper placing and compaction of the concrete
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum – sufficient concrete surrounding a reinforcing bar to
Cover to
Reinforcement develop good bond between the two materials.
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 6. Minimum Cover to Reinforcement

1 Design of 6.Minimum Cover to Reinforcement

Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
Congested reinforcement in bridge plinth
showing gaps available for “flow” of concrete
1 Design of Table 13 shows requirements for these two factors, and also
Reinforced summarises the other factors determining minimum cover.
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material Table 13: Factors determining minimum cover to reinforcing
Properties bars
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of Figure illustrates the different factors for the main and shear
Reinforced reinforcement in a beam.
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on A = cover to a single main bar, not less than bar diameter + 10 mm. Determined by
Areas of requirement for concrete compaction and for bond.
Reinforcement
B = cover to all reinforcement, determined by durability requirements.
and Bar
Spacing C,D = axis distance to main bar, determined by fire resistance requirement.
E = cover to group of 2 bars, not less than 1.4 bar diameters + 10 mm. Determined by
requirement for concrete compaction and for bond.
Figure : Factors determining cover to reinforcement
 7. Limits on Areas of Reinforcement and Bar Spacing

1 Design of 7.1 Minimum Reinforcement and Maximum Bar Spacing

Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols As concrete dries and shrinks it develops microcracks, and
3 Material these cracks enlarge when tensile stress is applied. If these
Properties cracks became too wide the effects would include
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire – loss of durability
6 Minimum – loss of fire resistance
Cover to
Reinforcement – unattractive appearance.
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of • A crack width of 0.3 mm is generally regarded as
Reinforced acceptable, and reinforcement is required to prevent larger
Concrete
cracks.
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties • It is important to realise that the function of the
4 Durability reinforcement is to control cracking not to prevent it, as a
5 Resistance
to Fire
number of fine cracks are more acceptable than a single
6 Minimum
wide crack.
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
• If watertight concrete is required for a reservoir or a
Areas of basement then a lower crack width limit will be needed.
Reinforcement
and Bar
EC2 Part 3 gives guidance on this.
Spacing
1 Design of If watertight concrete is required for a reservoir or a basement
Reinforced then a lower crack width limit will be needed. EC2 Part 3 gives
Concrete
guidance on this.
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of • For normal structural concrete, crack widths can be
Reinforced controlled by providing at least the required minimum
Concrete
amount of reinforcement, as in Table 14 (Next slide).
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties • The percentage should be based on the gross area of the
4 Durability concrete, not the effective area; for example, in a beam the
5 Resistance
to Fire
percentage should be based on b x h, not on b x d. In
6 Minimum
slabs this should be provided in both directions.
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
Concrete Slab
Reinforcement
1 Design of Table 14: Minimum percentage of tensile reinforcement in
Reinforced beams and slabs
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
If the amount of reinforcement given in Table 14 was provided as a
Reinforcement few large bars spaced widely apart it would not be effective in
7 Limits on controlling cracks, especially cracking of concrete remote from a bar.
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar Restrictions on the maximum bar spacing and/or the maximum bar
Spacing size for beams and slabs are given in Tables 15 and 16 (Next slides).
1 Design of
Reinforced Table 15: Maximum bar size or maximum bar spacing for 0.3-mm
Concrete
2 Symbols
crack width limit for load-induced cracking in beams and in slabs
3 Material
more than 200 mm thick
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Reinforced
Concrete
Table 16: Maximum bar spacing: other provisions
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
7.2 Maximum Reinforcement and Minimum Bar Spacing
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
Proper compacting of the concrete will not be possible if there is too
much reinforcement in a member or if the bars are too close together.
3 Material
Properties The requirements are given in Tables 17 and 18 .
4 Durability
5 Resistance Table 17: Maximum amount of reinforcement
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
7.2 Maximum Reinforcement and Minimum Bar Spacing
Reinforced Table 17: Maximum amount of reinforcement
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
 7.2 Maximum Reinforcement and Minimum Bar Spacing

1 Design of
SimGrip® System – Lap replacement
Reinforced
Concrete
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement SimGrip® System is a steel sleeve which is
7 Limits on internally threaded.
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
1 Design of
Reinforced
Concrete Table 18: Minimum clear space between bars
2 Symbols
3 Material
Properties
4 Durability
5 Resistance
to Fire
6 Minimum
Cover to
Reinforcement
7 Limits on
Areas of
Reinforcement
and Bar
Spacing
Thank you for your attention