Formula book for Structural Analysis- TC50312E

Contents
A. Loads and Actions........................................................................................................................... 2
B. Bending stresses in beams: elastic behaviour ................................................................................. 3
C. Universal beam properties .............................................................................................................. 4
D. Compression Members ................................................................................................................... 6
E. List of Symbols ............................................................................................................................... 7
F. Material properties .......................................................................................................................... 9
G. Durability of concrete ................................................................................................................... 11
H. Design of Singly Reinforced Flexural Members .......................................................................... 23
I. Design of Beams for Shear ULS ................................................................................................... 24
J. Linear Interpolation: ..................................................................................................................... 26
K. Design of beams for SLS deflection: ............................................................................................ 27
L. Design of compression members (columns): ................................................................................ 29
M. Rectangular section in bending with compression reinforcement at the ultimate limit state .......... 36
N. McCaulay's Method for the Defection of Beams ............................................................................ 41
O. Characteristics of ground snow load map ........................................................................................ 43

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 A.Loads and Actions
𝐴−100
Snow Load: Sk = (0.2 + 0.1𝑍) + ( ) Where Z = Zone Number and A =
525
Altitude above sea level.

Equation 6.10

1.35Gk+1.50Qk,1+1.50ψ 0Qk,2
1.35Gk+1.50ψ 0Qk,1+1.50Qk,2

Equation 6.10a and 6.10b

1.35Gk+1.50ψ 0Qk,1+1.50ψ 0Qk,2 (EC0 equation 6.10a)

1.15Gk+1.50ψ 0Qk,1+1.50Qk,2 (EC0 equation 6.10b with ζ=0.925)
and
1.15Gk+1.50Qk,1+1.50ψ 0Qk,2 (EC0 equation 6.10b with ζ=0.925)

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The limit state philosophy, applies to reinforced concrete as
follows.

• For checking ultimate limit states (ULS)

γ G G k + γ Q Q k= 1.35G k + 1.50Q k
• For checking serviceability limit states (SLS)
γ G G k + γ Q Q k = 1.00G k + 1.00Q k

The partial safety factors used for materials are:

• For checking ULS of bending, shear and compression
γ m =1.50 for concrete, γ m = 1.15 for steel.
• For checking SLS of cracking and deflection
γ m = 1.00 for concrete, γ m = 1.00 for steel

B. Bending stresses in beams: elastic behaviour

𝑀 𝑓 𝐸
= =
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅
M bending moment. (N.mm)
I second moment of area of the beam, which is a geometric property of the beam shape.(mm4)
f stress in the material. (N/mm2)
Y distance from the NA. (mm)
E Young’s modulus of elasticity for the material. (N/mm2)
R radius of curvature after bending. (mm)

𝑏𝑑2
The elastic section modulus of a rectangular beam: Wel = 6

Internal MR (f Wel) ≥ External BM

𝑁
fyk= 500 (𝑚𝑚2 )

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C.Universal beam properties

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 D.Compression Members
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝜆 =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐼
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √
𝐴

Effective Length:

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E. List of Symbols

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 F. Material properties

Table 3: Tensile properties of steel reinforcing bars

Table 5: Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)

Table 6: Sectional areas per metre width for various bar sizes
and spacing (mm 2/m)

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Table 7: Concrete grades to BS 8500 and BS EN 206

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G. Durability of concrete

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H. Design of Singly Reinforced Flexural Members
𝑀
1. Find the factor K (should be less than 0.167):
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

2. Find z/d (should be less than 0.95): 0.5(1 + √1 − 3.53𝐾 )

3. Find z. d(z/d)
𝑀
4. Find As.
0.87 𝑧 𝑓𝑦𝑘
5. Check that As is not less than the minimum percentage.

6. Choose some reinforcement bars with at least an area of As.

7. Check that the area of bars used is not more than the maximum
percentage.

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I. Design of Beams for Shear ULS

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J. Linear Interpolation:

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K. Design of beams for SLS deflection:

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L. Design of compression members (columns):

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 𝑙0 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 6.19 × √
𝑏 𝑁𝐸𝑑

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 𝑙0 𝑙0 𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜆= < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 6.19 × √
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏 𝑁𝐸𝑑

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M. Rectangular section in bending with compression
reinforcement at the ultimate limit state
(a) Derivation of basic equations

It should be noted that the equations in this section have been derived for the case of zero moment
redistribution.

Figure 4.8 Section with compression reinforcement

From the section dealing with the analysis of a singly reinforced section and for concrete class not
greater than C50/60 when

the design ultimate moment exceeds the moment of resistance of the concrete (Mbal) and therefore
compression reinforcement is required. For this condition the depth of neutral axis, x ≤ 0.45d, the
maximum value allowed by the code in order to ensure a tension failure with a ductile section.
Therefore

For equilibrium of the section in figure 4.8

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so that with the reinforcement at yield
𝑓𝑦𝑘 ∝𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
(Reminder: = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 as γs = 1.15 and = = 0.567 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
γs γc 1.5

and taking moments about the centroid of the tension steel

Multiplying both sides of equation 4.13 by z = 0.82d and rearranging gives

Hence the areas of compression steel, A's , and tension steel, As ,can be calculated from equations 4.15
and 4.16.

Substituting Kbal = 0.167 and K = M/bd2 fck into these equations would convert them into:

In this analysis it has been assumed that the compression steel has yielded so that the steel stress fsc=
0.87 fyk. This is because depth of the neutral axis considered as, x ≤ 0.45d, the maximum value
allowed by the code in order to ensure a tension failure with a ductile section.

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From the proportions of the strain distribution diagram:

At yield with fyk = 500 N/mm2, the steel strain εsc = εy= 0.00217. Therefore for yielding of the
compression steel

The ratio of d'/d for the yielding of other grades of steel can be determined by using their yield strain
in equation 4.19, but for values of fyk less than 500 N/mm2, the application of equation 4.21 will
provide an adequate safe check.

If d'/d > 0.171, then it is necessary to calculate the strain εsc from equation 4.19 and then determine fsc
from

This value of stress for the compressive steel must then be used in the denominator of equation 4.15 in
place of 0.87fyk in order to calculate the area A's of compression steel.

The area of tension steel is calculated from a modified equation 4.16 such that

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The above equations apply for the case where the concrete class is less than or equal to C50/60. For
concrete classes greater than C50/60 similar equations, with different constants, can be derived based
on the EC2 requirement for these classes. The constants for concretes up to class C50/60 are tabulated
in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Limiting constant values

(b) Design charts

The equations for the design charts are obtained by taking moments about the neutral axis. Thus

Reminder: Eq 4.13

or with s= 0.8 × x
0.87 fykAs= 0.567 ×0.8 fckbx+0.87fyk A’s

This equation and 4.13 may be written in the form

𝐴𝑠 𝑥 𝐴′𝑠
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 0.521𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑑

For specified ratios of A's/bd, x/d and d'/d, the two non-dimensional equations can be solved to give
values for As/bd and M/bd2 so that a set of design charts such as the one shown in figure 4.9 may be
plotted. Before the equations can be solved, the steel stresses

fst and fsc must be calculated for each value of x/d. This is achieved by first determining the relevant
strains from the strain diagram (or by applying equations 4.2 and 4.3) and then by evaluating the
stresses from the stress-strain curve of figure 4.2. Values of x/d below 0.45 will apply when moments
are redistributed. It should be noted that EC2 does not give design charts for bending. Hence although
it is possible to derive charts as indicated, it may be simpler to use the equations derived earlier in this
note or simple computer programs.

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Figure 4.9 Typical design chart for doubly reinforced beams

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N. McCaulay's Method for the Defection of Beams
In elastic analysis the deflected shape of a simply supported beam is normally assumed to be
a circular arc of radius R (R is known as the radius of curvature), as shown in Figure N.1.

Consider the beam AB to be subject to a variable bending moment along its length. The beam
is assumed to deflect as indicated.

Figure N.1 Deflected shape of a simply supported beam

R is the radius of curvature,

L is the span,

I is the second moment of area about the axis of bending,

E is the modulus of elasticity,

ds is an elemental length of beam measured a distance of x from the left-hand end

M is the value of the bending moment at position x.

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 M f E
The slope of the beam at position x is given by: (reminder = = )
I y R

dy M
slope = =  dx
dx EI

Differentiating the slope with respect to x gives:

d2y M
= and hence:
dx 2 EI

d2y
EI 2 = M Equation (1) –bending moment (Mx)
dx

Integrating Equation (1) with respect to x gives

dy
dx 
EI = M dx Equation (2) –EI x slope (EIθ)

Integrating Equation (2) with respect to x gives

EI y =   (M dx ) dx Equation (3) –EI x deflection (EIδ)

Equations (1) and (2) result in two constants of integration A and B; these are determined by
considering boundary conditions such as known values of slope and/or deflection at positions on the
beam.

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O. Characteristics of ground snow load map

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