research which contributes to social and

cultural change)
MODULE 5 ➔ Social Placement (students are recognized
for their hard world and talent regardless of
Social Institutions: their social background)
➔ Refers to a complex, patterned, integrated, ➔ Latent functions: child care and
and relatively stable cluster of statuses, development of social relationships
roles, groups, norms, and values that work Economy
together to fulfill some specific needs that An institution in society that focuses on production,
society must satisfy. distribution, and consumption of goods and services
➔ Manages The survival of any society that that are instrumental in the cervical of the members of
will depend on its ability to provide basic the society.
needs, reproduction, the transmission of
knowledge, and provisioning. Religion
Major Social Institutions Set of beliefs and practices that members recognize
1. Family as sacred or supernatural which give them a sense of
2. Education order and meaning.
3. Economy ● Emile Durkheim - religion plays 3 important
4. Health care functions in society:
5. politics/state ○ providing meaning and purpose
(gives members a reason to live in
Family a world full of suffering and despair)
➔ A social group characterized by common ○ Promoting social cohesion
residence, economic cooperation, and (provides a sense of
reproduction (Peter Murdock, 1949) belongingness)
➔ Two or more adults related by blood, ○ Ensuring conformity (ensures that
marriage, or affiliation, who cooperate everyone follows rules and
economically, who may share a common regulations)
dwelling place, and who may rear children Health Care
(Newman 2009) Defined by WHO - health is the state of combined
Types of a family physical, mental, and social well-being and merely the
★ Nuclear - father, mother, children. “Core absence of disease.
group” Different aspects of healthcare:
★ Single-parent families - composed of single ★ Physical health (determined not only on the
parents basis of the absence of a serious health
★ Extended Families - aunts, uncles condition, but also by lifestyle choices)
★ Childless families ★ Social health ( ability to develop healthy
★ Stepfamilies relationships with others and the ability to
★ Grandparent families adjust and behave appropriately in different
★ Same-sex families social situations)
★ Psychosocial Health (state of mental,
Education emotional, social, and spiritual well-being)
➔ The social institution is primarily responsible ★ Spiritual health (having a purpose in life
for teaching basic skills, imparting and being positive, hopeful, and peaceful)
knowledge, and inculcating norms to children The right of health is part of the basic right of a person
in society. regardless of sex, gender, age, and culture.
Manifestations of Education (real intent) ❖ Universal access - access to affordable and
➔ Socialization comprehensive health care)
➔ Social integration (regardless of social ❖ Availability (provides adequate health
differences, students are given equal facilities, supplies, and service and trained
opportunities to learn in the classroom) service providers)
➔ Social and cultural innovation ❖ Adequate healthcare infrastructure
(encourages new knowledge through ❖ Acceptability and dignity
❖ Quality
 ❖ Non-discrimination
❖ Transparency (health information must be
provided and made accessible to everyone)
❖ Participation (everyone must be able to
take an active role in decisions that affect
their own health)
❖ Accountability government and private
sectors are accountable to provide a system
in monitoring, evaluating, and ensuring that
human rights are enforced and violations are
addressed)
A contrasting view about social institutions is that
they are legitimate institutions that serve and
maintain power in capitalist-dominated economies.
Values taught in the major social institutions
support those in power and are maintained by
political institutions.
MODULE 6
The State - political structure or institution is defined
as an organized way in which power and authority are
distributed and decisions are made within a society.
★ Different from chiefdoms because it has a
bureaucratic structure that stands between
those in power or the ruling elite and the
commoners creating a three-level system.
★ Beureuracy is the apparatus that ensures
the vital functioning of states on a daily
basis.
○ People
○ Territory
○ Sovereignty (can stand on its
own)
○ Government
Power - is defined as the ability to accomplish desired
objectives even if there is resistance or opposition
from others.
Authority - power that people vest or place in
someone that they agree to follow.
Types of Authority:
a. Rational-legal authority - power derived
from rules and regulations that are enacted
legally.
b. Traditional Authority - found mostly in
pre-modern or pre-industrial societies, where
values and beliefs are shared by virtually
everyone in society.
➔ Authority is handed (Vatican City)
➔ One generation to another
➔ Monorchrial societies
c. Charismatic authority - power legitimized
by a person’s extraordinary qualities that
convince others to follow him or her despite
great adversities.
4 types of Political Organizations
1. Bands - made up of family or a small
number of extended families, usually
nomadic, that cooperate to survive by
foraging or hunting.
a. This is headed by a headman who
is chosen by the members on the
basis of skills and prowess like
bravery or proficiency in hunting.
2. Tribes - compromised of extended families
and scattered self-sufficient communities or
villages in different locations that are
politically integrated on te basin of either
kinship(related clans or lineages) or
non-kinship (ages sets)
a. Familial ties by virtue of birth or
marriage become the basis of
membership.
3. Chiefdom - centralized in structure and is
headed by a chief who formally exercises
authority over all other or commoners within
his realm.
a. The position of the chief is often
hereditary wherein males are
usually given the position.
b. A chief holds the top position on
the basis of supernatural powers,
hence, making him a secular and
spiritual leader.
4. State - has a centralized structure with a
three-level system in which bureaucracy
stands between those in power or the ruling
elite and the commoners.
a. The state ruler exercises his power
by delegating certain tasks to
bureaucrats who are given limited
power and authority to act on behalf
of the ruler.
States in the modern world are categorized according
to their political systems:
a. Monarchy - a political system in which one
person rules all over society. A result of
succession that has been in place for
generations within the same family.
 - Absolute - absolute power to the
leader
- Consitutional - it has a separate
body called a parliament. The
monarch is not alone in making
decisions.
- the ability to pass and make
legislation is in the hands of the
Parliament.
- British Monarch
b. Democracy - a political system where
powers rest largely on the people in the
society.
★ Presidential - the citizens vote for
the head of government
○ Not responsible to the
legislature, and the
legislature cannot dismiss
the president.
○ Ph and USA - the power in
the Philipines is equally
divided into its three
branches:
Executive(president, vice,
cabinet members),
legislative(responsible for
creating laws), and
judicial(supreme court and
lower court).
★ Parliament - a fusion of powers of
the executive and the legislative
branch.
○ Prime minister or
chancellor
★ Presidential Parliament - in such
systems there is both a directly
elected president with substantial
executive powers and a certain perceived needs or advancing an
presidentially appointed prime
minister, who must retain majority
support in the legislature.
★ Republican Democracy - Based
on the constitution of the chapter.
c. Authoritarianism - prohibits people from
participating in the governance of society.
★ No Fair voting
★ Can be broken through revolution
d. Totalitarianism - a highly centralized
political system where people's lives are
constantly monitored and regulated by those
in power.
Non-state organizations
Banks and Corporations
★ A corporation - is a legal entity with rights
and liabilities that are separate from that of
its members.
★ Transnational or multination corporations are
based in one country but their market in the
entire world.
★ Global corporations operate in less
industrialized countries because of their rich
natural resources as well as the availability
of cheap skilled labor.
★ Bank is an important non-state institution in
a capitalist economy in which money is
stored, created, and distributed. Saving
banks focus more on residential mortgages
and other types of consumer loans while
commercial banks put greater focus on
businesses are their clients.
Cooperative and Labor Unions
1. Cooperatives - business owned and
controlled by their members themselves.
2. Labor Unions are organizations of workers
seeking to improve wages, benefits, and
working conditions through various means
ranging from negotiations or strikes.
3. Most capitalist economies do not encourage
unionism among their workers since from
their view, this affects the company’s profits.
Labor unions are also known as trade unions
and are usually only for regular employees,
not for contractual ones.
Civil Society and Advocacy groups
1. The term civil society refers to a distinct part
of a society comprising a number of social
groups apart from those of the state and the
government. They are concerned with
agenda or cause or promoting specific
interests of the general public or segment of
society.
- ensure the quality of life of
individuals and groups by
increasing their capability to meet
their own needs
- Involves finding ways to respond to
social needs including nutrition,
health, care, clean water, shelter,
protection of rights, and among
others.

MODULE 7
Stratification and Its Impact on Social Inequality
Differentiation - method of relating people in terms of
certain social characteristics and then classifying
them into social categories based on these
characteristics.
Does not involve ranking!
★ Sex
★ Age
★ Occupation
★ Religion
★ Race
★ intelligence
Social Stratification - a system of ranking categories
of people in a hierarchy.
- Layering of social categories into the higher
and lower positions of prestige or respect.
According to Max Weber’s theory of stratification, a
person’s status or position within a stratified
social system is determined by his or her power,
prestige, and wealth.
1. Wealth - people’s properties as well as
materials assets and investment capital like
money.
2. Power - the capacity to influence or control
the behavior of individuals and institutions,
whether by persuasion or coercion.
3. Prestige - defined as esteem, respect, or
approval for culturally valued acts or
qualities.
Social mobility - an individual’s ability to move from
one place to another in the stratified position of
society.
- The ease of an individual moving is highly
dependent on the type of society he or she
lives in.
Two kinds of society
1. Open Society - a type wherein stratification
is based on social classes, where people’s
social position or status is determined by
economic wealth and income.
- Facilitates social mobility based on
personal efforts and individual
achievement.
- Presents freedom to move from the
button of the social ladder through
individual efforts and success.
2. Closed Society - the type wherein social
mobility is limited, and in some societies
even prohibited.
- Cultural norms laid down through
laws, prohibit a person from moving
upward on the social ladder.
- Any violation is punishable through
death
- The caste system is an example.
Social hierarchy is passed down
through families.
Social Inequality exists when individuals and
institutions are categorized or differentiated according
to classes or distinct groups.
- Occurs when a person’s position in the social
hierarchy is tied to different access to
resources,
- Global inequality includes the concentration
of resources in certain powerful countries
while other countries are left behind. This
affects the opportunities and lives of people
in less powerful countries.
- Globalization creates unbalanced
outcomes. While wealth is created in
powerful economies and countries, some
people and countries are unable to enjoy the
benefits of globalization.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND INQUALITIES
1. Economic Stratification - Poverty
2. Ethnic Stratification - Discrimination
3. Gender Stratification
4. Age Stratification
5. Political Stratification
MODULE 8
Social, Cultural, & Political Changes
A. Sources of Social Change
1. Invention
2. Discoveries
3. Diffusion - the spread of information from
one society to another
4. Assimilation - an aspect of culture that
disappears and is replaced by another
5. Acculturation - when the original culture is
mixed
B. Political Change
Changes in the political institution in terms of
structure, function, and leadership constitute.
Participatory democracy - a discourse of collective
behavior, which values the contribution of people to
generate change or transformation in society. Cultural
views on critical issues have been laden with
elements of participatory democracy in the
Philippines, especially the debate on the
Reproductive Health Law.
Election - a political exercise wherein people choose
leaders to occupy strategic government positions.
➔ In 2010, Philippine elections have been
automated making results more property and
reliable.
Social movements - could be either organized or
loosely-created group action that focuses on specific
political or social issues.
● Reform movements - a type of social
movement that aims to change specific
aspects of society in a gradual manner. They
seek reforms in policies or programs of a
given social order rather than radically
changing its structure.
● Revolutionary movements - a type of
social movement that is more radical as it
seeks fundamental changes in political
power and structures. These are to forcibly
overthrow the present social order in favor of
a new system.
C. Society and the Environment
Understanding the relationship between the
well-being of a society and the quality of the
environment is crucial.
We have made changes in our physical environment
to suit our development plans; greater productivity,
greater surpluses, a better economy, and a better
standard of living.
- We have done so many alterations to our
environment which include the destruction of
forests and excessive cutting of trees, too
much underground water, improper waste
disposal, and massive amounts of carbon
dioxide.
- In effect, undesirable health outcomes are
created, and the majority of poor households
suffer the consequence.
D. Global Warming
Modernization is viewed as a qualitative change in
the organization of society, culture, and even in the
individual itself. These are manifested in global
warming and migration.
Global warming - occurs when there is a sudden
heating up of the earth's surface brought by excess
hydrocarbons and pollutants emitted from industries
which in turn can destroy the ozone layer.
Climate change - a result of meteorological and
climatic imbalance primarily caused by global
warming and changing atmospheric phenomena often
manifested through erratic weather conditions like
heavy rains and thunderstorms during dry season.
As greenhouse gas emissions reach alarming levels -
governments have begun to create new
environmental policies to protect the Earth and
address the effects of global warming.
❖ Communities affected by calamities due to
global warming and climate change are often
displaced and dislocated. Proactive policies
on disaster preparedness and response can
be drawn from experiences in the field to
charter courses for political and social
change.
E. Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs)
The individuals and groups move from one place to
another for security and satisfaction needs. For
Filipinos, migration to other countries is closely
associated with the search for greener pastures. This
phenomenon is known as transnational migration.
Transnational Migration - a global phenomenon that
is mounting scope, complexity, and impact. It can be
an agent of social, cultural, and political change.
Moreover, this can also be a representation of social
mobility.
For Filipinos - working abroad as OFWs is a
blessing because it is a means to alleviate the family
at the same time helping the Philippine economy
through their remittances every year. The existence of
modern technology such as the Internet and other
social media sites helps them ease the pain and
anxiety of separation through digital simulacrum.
F. Natural Hazards and Disasters
Natural hazards are the results of natural processes
and can have dramatic risks to humans and all living
creatures.
➔ These hazards are unplanned which include
floods, landslides, droughts, volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons, and
extreme weather.
Disasters - a combination of exposure to a natural
hazard, the conditions of vulnerability that are
present, and the insufficient capacity to cope with
potentially negative consequences (Section 3 R.A.
No.10121).
- Cannot be stopped
People may find more effective ways to reduce the
impact by engaging in positive and
environment-friendly activities such as proper
disposal of garbage and planting more trees and
developing effective and community-specific warning
systems.
The combined effects of climate change and natural
hazards have long-term effects not only on human
populations but also species of animal life.
communicating with groups of people using the
internet, especially through websites that are specially
designed for this purpose.
the use of social media popular as it becomes an
instrument for people to communicate and share their
ideas. Some of the forms of media with social
dimension include Facebook, Tiktok, Youtube, and
alike.
The disadvantages of social media include
cyberbullying and identity theft. In 2012, the
Cybercrime Prevention Act Of 2012 (Republic Act
No. 10175) was enacted with the aim to address
cybercrime offenses which include child pornography,
identity theft, illegal access to data, and libel.

G. Social Movements

Social movements - activities organized by groups of

people intended to create effects beyond their own
group.

- often created when people are dissatisfied

with their social conditions and unable to
meet their daily needs.
- focuses on specific political and social
issues. Some social movements work for
reforms, while others are considered
revolutionary.
- The reform movement aims to achieve
change in the specific aspect and to improve
the conditions of the individuals. It seeks
reforms in policies or programs that are not
effective and have caused issues like
corruption and the abuse of power.

H. New Forms of Media And Social Networking

Fast and reliable internet connections gave people

equitable access to information and ideas. Access to
the internet benefits everyone in terms of information
and updates around the world however, the
unregulated access and use of the internet can be
detrimental as easy access to information allow
hackers to easily acquire important personal
records and accounts.

- It becomes a platform for others to discuss

the important issues in our community
through videos and articles being shared
online.

Social networking - is defined in the Cambridge

dictionary as the activity of sharing information and