9 Parts of

Speech

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 Noun
A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea.

Kinds of Noun
Common Noun: A general name for a person, place, or thing.
Example: dog, city, book.
 The dog barked at the mailman.
 The city skyline was beautiful at night.
 The book was a thrilling mystery.
Proper Noun: A specific name for a person, place, or thing.
Example: John, Paris, Coca-Cola.
 John went to Paris for vacation.
 The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark in Paris.
 Coca-Cola is a popular soda brand.
Abstract Noun: A noun that refers to an idea, concept, or emotion.
Example: love, anger, courage.
 Love is a powerful emotion.
 His anger boiled over when he heard the news.
 She had the courage to face her fears.
Concrete Noun: A noun that refers to something physical and tangible.
Example: table, car.
 The table was made of oak wood.
 The car drove down the street.

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Collective Noun: A noun that refers to a group of people or things.
Example: team, flock, herd.
 The team won the championship.
 A flock of birds flew overhead.
 The herd of cattle grazed in the field.
Countable Noun: A noun that can be counted.
Example: cat, dog, book.
 I have two cats.
 She adopted a new dog.
 He borrowed five books from the library.
Uncountable Noun: A noun that cannot be counted.
Example: water, air, love.
 She drank a glass of water.
 We need air to breathe.
 Love is an important emotion.
Possessive Noun: A noun that shows ownership.
Example: John's, the cat's, the team's.
 John's car is in the garage.
 The cat's fur was soft.
 The team's victory was well-deserved.
Compound Noun: A noun made up of two or more words.
Example: toothpaste, baseball, greenhouse.
 He brushed his teeth with toothpaste.
 They played baseball in the park.
 The greenhouse was filled with plants.

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Gerund Noun: A verb used as a noun.
Example: running, swimming, reading.
 Running is good exercise.
 Swimming is her favorite hobby.
 Reading is a great way to relax.
Proper Adjective Noun: A noun that is made up of a proper adjective and a
common noun.
Example: American, French, Chinese.
 She loves American football.
 He enjoys French cuisine.
 They celebrated Chinese New Year.
Material Noun: A noun that refers to a material or substance.
Example: wood, steel, water.
 The table was made of wood.
 The building was constructed with steel.
 Water is essential for life.
Appositive Noun: A noun that renames or explains another noun.
Example: The singer, Beyoncé, performed at the concert.
 The car, a red Ferrari, drove past us.
 My best friend, a doctor, is very busy.
Mass Noun: Another term for an uncountable noun.
Example: milk, rice, sand.
 She poured a glass of milk.
 He cooked rice for dinner.
 The children played in the sand.

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Verbal Noun: A noun that is formed from a verb.
Example: swimming, eating, singing.
 Swimming is great exercise.
 Eating too much junk food is bad for your health.
 Her singing was beautiful.
Predicate Noun: A noun that comes after a linking verb and renames the subject.
Example: She is a doctor.
 He became a teacher.
 They are a great team.
Abstract Noun of Action: An abstract noun that refers to an action.
Example: love, laughter, conversation.
 Their love was strong.
 The sound of their laughter filled the room.
 They had a long conversation about their future.
Concrete Noun of Action: A concrete noun that refers to an action.
Example: kick, dance, swim.
 She kicked the ball across the field.
 They danced all night long.
 He learned how to swim.
Abstract Noun of Quality: An abstract noun that refers to a quality.
Example: kindness, intelligence, beauty.
 Her kindness was much appreciated.
 He was praised for his intelligence.
 The beauty of the sunset was breathtaking.
Concrete Noun of Quality: A concrete noun that refers to a quality.
Example: sharpness, sweetness, hardness.
 The sharpness of the knife made it easy to cut.

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  The sweetness of the fruit was delicious.
 The hardness of the rock made it difficult to climb.
Collective Noun: A noun that refers to a group of people or things.
Example: team, flock, herd.
 The team won the championship.
 A flock of birds flew overhead.
 The herd of cattle grazed in the field.
Indefinite Noun: A noun that does not refer to a specific person, place or thing.
Example: someone, something, somewhere.
 Someone left a message for you.
 I need something to eat.
 Let's go somewhere for vacation.
Interrogative Noun: A noun used to ask questions.
Example: who, what, where.
 Who is coming to the party?
 What time is it?
 Where are we going for dinner?

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 Pronoun
A word that replaces a noun or noun phrase. Adjective: A word that describes or
modifies a noun or pronoun.

Kinds of Pronouns
Personal pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to refer to a specific person
or thing, including the speaker (first person), the person being addressed (second
person), or a third party (third person).
Examples:
 "I am going to the store." (first person singular)
 "You are my best friend." (second person singular)
 "They are happy." (third person plural)
Possessive pronouns: These are pronouns that show ownership or possession of
something or someone.
Examples:
 "This is mine." (first person singular)
 "That is hers." (third person singular)
 "Our team won the game." (first person plural)
Reflexive pronouns: These are pronouns that reflect back to the subject of the
sentence.
Examples:
 "I hurt myself." (first person singular)
 "He cut himself." (third person singular)
 "We enjoyed ourselves." (first person plural)
 Demonstrative pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to point out or
demonstrate a specific person or thing.
Examples:

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  "This is my favorite book." (referring to something nearby)
 "That is a beautiful sunset." (referring to something farther away)
 "These are the shoes I want to buy." (referring to something nearby,
plural)
Interrogative pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to ask questions about
a person or thing.
Examples:
 "Who is coming with us?" (asking for a person)
 "What is your favorite color?" (asking for a thing)
 "Which one do you prefer?" (asking for a choice between options)
Relative pronouns: These are pronouns that connect a clause or phrase to a noun
or pronoun.
Examples:
 "The person who called me was my sister." (referring to a person)
 "The book that I'm reading is very interesting." (referring to a thing)
 "The city where I grew up is very different now." (referring to a place)
Indefinite pronouns: These are pronouns that refer to an unspecified or unknown
person or thing.
Examples:
 "Somebody left their phone here." (referring to a person)
 "Anything is possible." (referring to a thing)
 "Everyone should do their part." (referring to people in general)
Reciprocal pronouns: These are pronouns that show a mutual relationship
between two or more people or things.
Examples:
 "We talked to each other for hours." (referring to two or more people)
 "The teams respected one another's abilities." (referring to two or more
groups)

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Distributive pronouns: These are pronouns that refer to each individual in a group
or to a choice between two options.
Examples:
 "Each of the students received a certificate." (referring to each individual in
a group)
 "Either of the options is acceptable." (referring to a choice between two
options)
Emphatic pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to emphasize a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
Examples:
 "I myself wrote the report." (emphasizing the subject)
 "She herself saw the accident." (emphasizing the object)
Intensive pronouns: These are pronouns that are used to emphasize a noun or
pronoun in a sentence.
Examples :
 "The president himself signed the bill." (emphasizing the subject)
 "I myself don't believe it." (emphasizing the object)
Emotive pronouns: These are pronouns that express feelings or emotions.
Examples:
 "Alas, it is too late now." (expressing sadness)
 "Hurray! We won the game!" (expressing excitement)
Adjective pronouns: These are pronouns that are used as adjectives in a
sentence.
Examples:
 "The blue one is mine." (describing a specific thing)
 "Both of them are great." (describing two things)

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Object pronouns: These are pronouns that replace the object of a sentence.
Examples:
 "She gave him the gift." (replacing the object of a sentence with a pronoun)
 "They thanked us for our help." (replacing the object of a sentence with a
pronoun)
Subject pronouns: These are pronouns that replace the subject of a sentence.
Examples:
 "We are going to the park." (replacing the subject of a sentence with a
pronoun)
 "He likes to play tennis." (replacing the subject of a sentence with a
pronoun)
Exclamatory pronouns: These are pronouns that express surprise or emotion.
Examples:
 "Nothing could have prepared me for this!" (expressing surprise)
 "Everyone, come look at this!" (addressing a group of people)
Nominal pronouns: These are pronouns that act as a noun in a sentence.
Examples:
 "Who are you?" (acting as a noun in a sentence)
 "What did she say?" (acting as a noun in a sentence)
Gender-neutral pronouns: These are pronouns that are used as a gender-neutral
alternative to "he" or "she".
Examples:
 "They went to the store." (using "they" as a gender-neutral alternative to
"he" or "she")
 "Ze is a talented musician." (using "ze" as a gender-neutral alternative to
"he" or "she")

Adjective
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 - a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun

Kinds of Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives describe the qualities or characteristics of
a noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 The cute puppy was playing in the park.
 She wore a beautiful red dress to the party.
 The old man walked slowly down the street.
Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives describe the amount or quantity of a
noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 I ate several slices of pizza for lunch.
 We need more chairs for the meeting.
 There are only a few apples left in the basket.
Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives point out or indicate a specific noun
or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 This book is mine, not yours.
 Those shoes are too big for me.
 That dog is barking loudly.

Possessive Adjectives: These adjectives show ownership or possession of a noun

or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 My brother has a new car.
 Her house is very big.

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  Their dog is very friendly.

Interrogative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to ask questions about a noun
or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 Which shirt should I wear to the party?
 Whose bag is this on the floor?
 What book are you reading?
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: These adjectives are used to compare or
rank two or more nouns or pronouns.
Example sentences:
 The red apple is sweeter than the green apple.
 She is the tallest girl in the class.
 This is the most delicious pizza I've ever had.
Indefinite Adjectives: These adjectives describe nouns that are not specific or not
known.
Example sentences:
 Many people came to the concert.
 Any book will do for me to read.
 Several students were absent from the class.

Proper Adjectives: These adjectives are derived from proper nouns and describe a
specific person, place, or thing.
Example sentences:
 Italian food is my favorite cuisine.
 The American flag is red, white, and blue.
 The Shakespearean play was very engaging.

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Participial Adjectives: These adjectives are formed from verb participles and
describe the state or condition of the noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 The broken vase needs to be fixed.
 The excited children ran to the park.
 The exhausted athlete finished the race.
Compound Adjectives: These adjectives are formed by combining two or more
words to describe a noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 The fast-paced city life can be overwhelming.
 The red-haired boy played soccer in the park.
 The state-of-the-art technology impressed the investors.
Emphasizing Adjectives: These adjectives are used to add emphasis to a noun or
pronoun, and they usually come before the noun.
Example sentences:
 That was an absolutely amazing performance!
 He is a truly talented musician.
 It's a completely ridiculous idea.

Evaluative Adjectives: These adjectives express an opinion or judgment about a

noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 The boring lecture put me to sleep.
 She's a brilliant scientist.
 The film was a terrible disappointment.
Color Adjectives: These adjectives describe the color of a noun or pronoun.

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Example sentences:
 The blue sky looked beautiful today.
 Her green eyes sparkled in the sunlight.
 The yellow flowers were in full bloom.
Spatial Adjectives: These adjectives describe the spatial relationship of a noun or
pronoun to other objects.
Example sentences:
 The book is on the table.
 The cat is under the bed.
 The painting is above the fireplace.
Temporal Adjectives: These adjectives describe the time-related qualities of a
noun or pronoun.
Example sentences:
 The annual conference is in May.
 She has a daily routine that she follows.
 The ancient civilization existed thousands of years ago.

Verb
- A word that expresses an action or a state of being.

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 Kinds of Verb
Action Verbs - These verbs describe a physical or mental action that is performed
by the subject.
Example sentences:
 She is running in the park.
 He writes articles for a newspaper.
 They played a game of chess.
 We studied for our exams last night.
Linking Verbs - Linking verbs connect the subject to a noun, pronoun, or adjective
that describes it.
Example sentences:
 The coffee smells amazing.
 She looks tired after the long day.
 He appears to be upset about something.
 They seemed happy with the result.
Helping Verbs - Helping verbs are used with the main verb to indicate tense,
mood, or voice.
Example sentences:
 I have finished my homework.
 She is writing a novel.
They will be arriving at the airport soon.
We could have gone to the concert.
Modal Verbs - Modal verbs express possibility, ability, permission, or obligation.
Example sentences:
 You should take care of your health.
 He can speak Spanish fluently.
 They may not be able to come to the party.

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  We must finish this work on time.
Transitive Verbs - These verbs take a direct object that receives the action.
Example sentences:
 She bought a new dress for the party.
 He fixed the leaking faucet in the kitchen.
 They built a new house in the countryside.
 We wrote a letter to our friends.
Intransitive Verbs - These verbs do not take an object.
Example sentences:
 She laughs at every joke.
 He sleeps for eight hours every night.
 They danced all night long.
 We ran to catch the bus.
Phrasal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a verb and one or more
prepositions or adverbs.
Example sentences:
 She turned off the TV before going to bed.
 He looks after his sick mother every day.
 They ran into each other at the grocery store.
 We came up with a great idea for the project.
Dynamic Verbs - These verbs describe an ongoing action or process.
Example sentences:
 The flowers are growing in the garden.
 She is learning how to drive a car.
 They are renovating their old house. We are discussing the new plan.
Stative Verbs - These verbs describe a state or condition that is not an action.
Example sentences:
 She loves to read books.
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  He owns a house in the suburbs.
 They believe in equal rights for everyone.
 We know the answer to the question.
Transitive Phrasal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a verb, a
preposition, and a direct object that receives the action.
Example sentences:
 She turned down the invitation to the party.
 He put off doing his homework until the last minute.
 They brought up the topic of politics at dinner.
 We look forward to hearing from you.
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a verb and
a preposition, and do not take an object.
Example sentences:
 She always looks out for her younger sister.
 He gave up smoking last year.
 They ran away from the scene of the accident.
 We woke up early to catch the sunrise.
Reflexive Verbs - These verbs indicate that the subject is both the doer and the
receiver of the action.
Example sentences:
 She washed herself before going to bed.
 He cut himself while shaving this morning.
 They blame themselves for the mistake.
 We enjoyed ourselves at the party.
Reciprocal Verbs - These verbs describe an action that is mutually done by two or
more subjects.
Example sentences:
They hugged each other tightly after a long time.
 She and her sister always help each other with their homework.
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  We often call each other on the phone to stay in touch.
 He and his friend taught each other how to play guitar.
Phrasal Modal Verbs - These are multi-word verbs that consist of a modal verb
and a particle.
Example sentences:
 You should go ahead and take the day off. She can't help but feel nervous
before a performance.
 They might as well cancel the trip due to the bad weather.
 We must get back to work after the lunch break.
Non-finite Verbs - These are verbs that are not limited by time or subject.
Example sentences:
 To dance is her passion. He enjoys playing tennis in his free time.
 They plan on studying abroad next year.
 We need to finish our project before leaving.
Gerunds - These are verbs that function as a noun and end in "-ing".
Example sentences:
 Running is good for your health.
 He enjoys cooking dinner for his family.
 They couldn't resist singing along to the song.
 We need to practice speaking English more often.
Infinitives - These are verbs that are not limited by time, subject or tense and are
often preceded by the word "to".
Example sentences:
 She wants to learn how to play the guitar.
 He needs to finish his homework before going out.
 They decided to start their own business. We hope to travel to Japan next
year.
Participles - These are verbs that can function as adjectives and are formed by
adding "-ed" or "-ing" to the base verb.
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Example sentences:
 The broken vase needs to be fixed.
 He was amazed by the stunning view from the mountain top.
 They were greeted by a friendly host at the hotel.
 We were inspired by the thought-provoking speech.
Causative Verbs - These verbs indicate that the subject is causing or enabling
another person to perform an action.
Example sentences:
 She had her hair cut at the salon.
 He got his car repaired at the mechanic shop.
 They made their children do their homework before playing video games.
 We had our house painted by a professional.
Impersonal Verbs - These verbs do not have a specific subject and are often used
in impersonal constructions.
Example sentences:
 It is raining heavily outside.
 There seems to be a problem with the computer.
 It takes courage to stand up for what you believe in.
 There is no need to worry about the situation.
Modal Verbs - These verbs express the attitude or degree of certainty of the
speaker and are followed by the base form of the main verb.
Example sentences:
 She can swim very well.
 He should go to bed early tonight.
 They might come to the party if they finish their work on time.
 We would like to have dinner at the restaurant.
Auxiliary Verbs - These verbs are used to form various tenses, moods, and voices
of other verbs and include "be", "do", and "have".
Example sentences:

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  She is studying English grammar.
 He did his homework before going to bed.
 They have been waiting for the train for an hour.
 We will have finished the project by next week.
Phrasal Verbs with a Separable Object - These are multi-word verbs that consist
of a verb and a particle that can be separated by an object.
Example sentences:
 She turned the TV off when the show was over.
 He put his shoes on before leaving the house.
 They took the dishes out of the dishwasher and put them away.
Phrasal Verbs with an Inseparable Object - These are multi-word verbs that
consist of a verb and a particle that cannot be separated by an object.
Example sentences:
 She always looks up to her parents for guidance. He came across an
interesting book at the library.
 They decided to go through with the plan despite the risks.
 We need to go over the details of the proposal one more time.
Dynamic Verbs - These verbs indicate an action or process that is ongoing or in
progress.
Example sentences:
 She is writing a book about her life experiences.
 He is playing the piano in the music room.
 They are building a new house on the hill.

Adverb
- A word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

Kinds of Adverb
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Adverbs of Time - These adverbs indicate when an action takes place and include
words like "today", "yesterday", "now", "soon", and "later".
Example sentences:
 I will see you later today. We went to the beach yesterday.
 He is busy right now, please call back later.
 She will start her new job soon.
Adverbs of Frequency - These adverbs indicate how often an action takes place
and include words like "always", "never", "often", "sometimes", and "rarely".
Example sentences:
 I always brush my teeth twice a day.
 We never eat fast food.
 He often goes to the gym after work.
 She sometimes forgets her keys at home.
 They rarely take vacations.
Adverbs of Place - These adverbs indicate where an action takes place and
include words like "here", "there", "everywhere", and "abroad".
Example sentences:
 I am here to help you with your homework.
 We want to travel abroad next year.
 He left his phone over there on the table.
 She looked everywhere for her missing keys.

Adverbs of Manner - These adverbs indicate how an action takes place and
include words like "slowly", "quickly", "carefully", and "happily".
Example sentences:
 She danced gracefully across the stage.
 He ran quickly to catch the bus.
 They drove carefully on the icy roads.
 We laughed happily at the funny movie.

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Adverbs of Degree - These adverbs indicate the intensity or degree of an action
and include words like "very", "almost", "completely", and "extremely".
Example sentences:
 She is very talented at playing the piano.
 He almost missed the train this morning.
 They were completely surprised by the news.
 We are extremely excited about the upcoming concert.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation - These adverbs indicate agreement or
disagreement and include words like "yes", "no", "certainly", "definitely",
"undoubtedly", "never", and "not".
Example sentences:
 Yes, I can help you with that.
 No, I don't think that's a good idea.
 She certainly knows how to bake a delicious cake.
 He definitely won the race, he was the fastest.
 They undoubtedly worked hard to achieve their success.
 We never want to see that happen again.
 She is not happy with the results of the test.

Adverbs of Interrogation - These adverbs are used to ask questions and include
words like "why", "how", "when", "where", and "what".
Example sentences:
 Why did you decide to move to a new city?
 How did you learn to speak French so fluently?
 When is your flight to New York?
 Where did you put my keys?
 What did you do last weekend?

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Adverbs of Probability - These adverbs indicate the likelihood of something
happening and include words like "probably", "possibly", "likely", and "unlikely".
Example sentences:
 She will probably arrive at the airport on time.
 He possibly forgot his phone at home.
 They are likely to get a promotion this year.
 We think it is unlikely to rain tomorrow.
Adverbs of Conjunction - These adverbs are used to connect ideas or clauses and
include words like "however", "therefore", "nevertheless", and "moreover".
Example sentences:
 She is a good student; however, she needs to work harder.
 He missed his flight; therefore, he had to take a later one.
 They lost the game; nevertheless, they played well.
 We finished our work early; moreover, we helped our colleagues with their
tasks.

Adverbs of Frequency Placement - These adverbs indicate how often something

occurs and can be placed before or after the main verb.
Example sentences:
 She always arrives early for her appointments.
 He rarely eats meat. They often go on camping trips in the summer.
 We sometimes have pizza for dinner.
Adverbs of Duration - These adverbs indicate how long something lasts and
include words like "briefly", "temporarily", and "permanently".

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Example sentences:
 She spoke briefly about her recent trip to Europe.
 He will be away temporarily for a work assignment.
 They moved permanently to a new city.
 We stayed at the hotel for a week.
Adverbs of Comparison - These adverbs indicate the degree of difference
between two things and include words like "more", "less", "better", and "worse".
Example sentences:
 She sings more beautifully than her sister.
 He speaks less confidently than his colleagues.
 They perform better under pressure.
 We cook worse than our grandmother.
Adverbs of Purpose - These adverbs indicate the reason for doing something and
include words like "in order to", "so as to", and "for".
Example sentences:
 She studies hard in order to get good grades.
 He practices every day so as to become a better athlete.
 They save money for their future travels.
Adverbs of Emphasis - These adverbs are used to add emphasis to a sentence and
include words like "absolutely", "certainly", "definitely", and "indeed".
Example sentences:
 She is absolutely the best candidate for the job.
 He certainly knows how to make a great cup of coffee.
 They definitely need more time to finish the project.
 We are indeed looking forward to the party.
Adverbs of Frequency with Quantifiers - These adverbs indicate how often
something occurs and are used with quantifiers like "once", "twice", "three
times", etc.
Example sentences:

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  She goes to the gym three times a week.
 He brushes his teeth twice a day.
 They have dinner together once a month.
 We visit our grandparents every other week.
Adverbs of Cause and Effect - These adverbs indicate the cause or reason for
something happening and include words like "therefore", "consequently",
"accordingly", and "thus".
Example sentences:
 She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam.
 He forgot his wallet; consequently, he couldn't buy anything.
 They missed the train; accordingly, they had to take a taxi.
 We saved money; thus, we were able to go on a vacation.
Adverbs of Certainty - These adverbs indicate the level of certainty or doubt
about a statement and include words like "certainly", "probably", "possibly", and
"definitely".
Example sentences:
 She will certainly finish her work on time.
 He probably forgot his phone at home.
 They possibly can't come to the party tomorrow.
 We definitely want to go to the concert.

Adverbs of Manner with Adjectives - These adverbs describe the manner in which
something is done and are formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives.
Example sentences:
 She sang beautifully at the concert.
 He cooked the pasta perfectly.
 They spoke softly to not wake up the baby.
 We walked slowly along the beach.
Adverbs of Recurrence - These adverbs indicate the repetition of an action and
include words like "repeatedly", "continuously", and "incessantly".
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Example sentences:
 She repeatedly asked him to stop interrupting her.
 He continuously checked his phone during the meeting.
 They talked incessantly during the movie.
 We practiced the song until we got it right.
Adverbs of Proximity - These adverbs indicate the location or distance of
something and include words like "here", "there", "near", and "far".
Example sentences:
 She is sitting here beside me.
 He left his coat over there on the chair.
 They live near the park. We can see the mountains far in the distance.

Preposition
- A word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other
words in a sentence.

Kinds of Preposition
Time Prepositions - These prepositions indicate when something happened or will
happen.

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Examples include: "at", "on", "in", "since", "for", "during", "by", "until".
Example sentences: We have class at 10am. I'll see you on Monday.
 She was born in May.
 I have been studying English since last year.
 We will be here for a few days.
 During the movie, we ate popcorn.
 The assignment is due by Friday.
 I'll be here until you finish.
Place Prepositions - These prepositions indicate where something is located or
happened.
Examples include: "at", "on", "in", "over", "under", "beside", "behind", "in front
of", "among".
Example sentences:
 I am at the store.
 The book is on the table.
 The pencil is in the drawer.
 The bird flew over the house.
 The cat is under the chair.
 The car is parked beside the building.
 He is standing behind the tree.
 The dog is in front of the door.
 She found the toy among the clothes.
Direction Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the direction of movement.
Examples include: "to", "from", "toward(s)", "into", "onto", "off", "out of",
"through".
Example sentences:
 She walked to the park.
 He drove from the office to the store.
 The children are running towards the playground.
 He jumped into the pool.

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  She climbed onto the roof.
 The cat jumped off the table.
 He came out of the house.
 We walked through the park.
Agent Prepositions - These prepositions indicate who or what caused the action.
Examples include: "by", "with".
Example sentences:
 The book was written by Stephen King.
 She fixed the car with a wrench.
Purpose Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the purpose or goal of an
action. Examples include: "for", "to".
Example sentences:
 She bought a gift for her friend's birthday.
 They are studying to pass the exam.
Cause Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the reason why something
happened.
Examples include: "because of", "due to".
Example sentences:
 The game was cancelled because of the rain. He missed the flight due to
traffic.
 Manner Prepositions - These prepositions indicate how an action is done.
Examples include: "by", "like", "with".
Example sentences:
 He drew a picture with a pencil.
 She danced like a ballerina.
 He walked by himself.
Possession Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the ownership or
possession of something.

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Examples include: "of", "with".
Example sentences:
 The house is the property of the bank.
 She was born with blue eyes.
Accompaniment Prepositions - These prepositions indicate something that comes
along with or is accompanied by something else.
Examples include: "along with", "together with", "in addition to", "except for".
Example sentences:
 She brought her friends along with her to the party.
 We went to the beach together with our families.
 In addition to his job, he also volunteers at a charity.
 I like all vegetables except for mushrooms.

Comparison Prepositions - These prepositions indicate comparison between two

things.
Examples include: "like", "unlike", "similar to", "different from", "compared to".
Example sentences:
 She sings like a bird.
 Unlike her sister, she is very outgoing.
 The climate here is similar to that of Florida.
 This car is different from the one we saw yesterday.
 This year's sales are high compared to last year's.
Separation Prepositions - These prepositions indicate separation or distance
between two things.

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Examples include: "from", "away from", "out of", "off of".
Example sentences:
 I got this book from the library.
 He moved away from his hometown.
 She took the cookies out of the oven.
 Please get off of the couch.
Source Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the origin or source of
something.
Examples include: "from", "out of", "off of", "of".
Example sentences:
 The letter is from my penpal.
 The apple fell off of the tree.
 The cat jumped out of the window.
 She made the dress out of silk.

Agent Prepositions - These prepositions indicate the person or thing responsible

for an action.
Examples include: "by", "through", "with".
Example sentences:
 The book was written by John Green.
 She solved the problem through her perseverance.
 He won the race with his speed and agility.
Possession Prepositions - These prepositions indicate possession or ownership.
Examples include: "of", "with".
Example sentences:

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  The color of the dress is beautiful.
 He took a picture with his new camera.
Exception Prepositions - These prepositions indicate an exception to a rule or
norm.
Examples include: "except", "but".
Example sentences:
 Everyone came to the party except for Sarah.
 She works hard but also enjoys having fun.

Conjunction
- word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Kinds of Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions: These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or
clauses of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions are:
 For: indicating a cause or reason.
 And: adding more information or items.
 Nor: indicating a negative idea.
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  But: indicating a contrast.
 Or: presenting alternatives.
 Yet: indicating a contrast.
Example: I will have coffee and cake for breakfast.
Subordinating conjunctions: These conjunctions connect clauses that are not
equal in importance. The most common subordinating conjunctions are:
 Because: indicating a cause or reason.
 If: indicating a condition.
 Although: indicating a contrast.
 Unless: indicating a condition.
 While: indicating a contrast.
 Since: indicating a cause or reason.
Example: I will have coffee for breakfast if I have time.
Correlative conjunctions: These conjunctions are pairs of words that work
together to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The most
common correlative conjunctions are:
 Either/or: presenting alternatives.
 Neither/nor: indicating a negative idea.
 Both/and: adding more information or items.
 Not only/but also: indicating a contrast.
Example: I will either have coffee or tea for breakfast.
Compound conjunctions: These are conjunctions made up of two or more words.
Some examples include:
 As long as: indicating a condition.
Example: You can come with me, as long as you don't complain.
 In order that: indicating a purpose.
Example: She studied hard in order that she could get good grades.
 So that: indicating a purpose.

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Example: She wrote a note so that he wouldn't forget.
 Even if: indicating a condition.
Example: I will go to the party, even if you don't come.
 Provided that: indicating a condition.
Example: You can borrow my car, provided that you return it on time.

Interjection
- A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion.

Kinds of Interjection
Expressive interjections: These are interjections that are used to express strong
emotions such as surprise, joy, anger, or pain.
 Wow!: expressing surprise or amazement.
Example: Wow! That's an incredible view!

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  Yay!: expressing joy or excitement.
Example: Yay! We won the game!
 Ouch!: expressing pain.
Example: Ouch! I just stubbed my toe!
 Oh no!: expressing disappointment or concern.
Example: Oh no! I forgot my keys at home!
 Damn!: expressing frustration or anger.
Example: Damn! I can't believe I missed the train!
Greetings and farewells: These are interjections that are used to greet someone
or bid them farewell.
 Hello: used as a greeting.
Example: Hello! How are you today?
 Goodbye: used as a farewell.
Example: Goodbye! See you soon!
 Hey: used as an informal greeting or to get someone's attention.
Example: Hey! What's up?
Exclamatory interjections: These are interjections that are used to add emphasis
to a statement or to show enthusiasm.
 Indeed: used to express agreement or affirmation.
Example: Indeed, that is a very good point.
 Bravo: used to express praise or admiration.
Example: Bravo! That was an amazing performance!
 Hooray: used to express excitement or joy.
Example: Hooray! We won the championship!

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Interjections expressing doubt or confusion: These are interjections that are used
to express doubt or confusion.
 Hmm: used to express thoughtful consideration or uncertainty.
Example: Hmm, I'm not sure what to make of this.
 Umm: used to express hesitation or uncertainty.
Example: Umm, I think I may have forgotten something.
 Er: used to express hesitation or to indicate an error.
Example: Er, I meant to say something else.
Interjections of agreement: These are interjections that express agreement or
approval.
 Absolutely: expressing complete agreement or approval.
Example: "Do you agree that the view is stunning?"
"Absolutely!"
 Yes: expressing agreement or affirmation.
Example: "Do you want to come with me?" "Yes, I'd love to!"

 Right: expressing agreement or confirmation.

Example: "The meeting is at 3 pm, right?" "Yes, that's correct."
Interjections of disbelief: These are interjections that express doubt or disbelief.
Really?: expressing disbelief or surprise.
Example: "I won the lottery!" "Really?"
 You're kidding!: expressing disbelief or shock.
Example: "I just got a job offer in Paris!" "You're kidding!"
 No way!: expressing disbelief or denial.
Example: "I just saw a UFO!" "No way!"

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Interjections of apology: These are interjections that express regret or apology.
 Sorry: expressing regret or apology.
Example: "I'm sorry I'm late."
 Excuse me: used to apologize for interrupting or to gain attention.
Example: "Excuse me, could you repeat that?"
Pardon me: used to apologize for a mistake or to ask for forgiveness.
Example: "Pardon me for bumping into you."
Interjections of agreement: These are interjections that express agreement or
approval.
 Fantastic: expressing enthusiasm or excitement.
Example: "We got the job!" "Fantastic!"
Great: expressing approval or enthusiasm.
Example: "We're going on vacation!" "Great!"
 Awesome: expressing enthusiasm or approval.
Example: "I aced my exam!" "Awesome!"

Article
- A word used to indicate whether a noun refers to a specific or general item.

Kinds of Article
Definite article ("the")

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The definite article "the" is used when referring to a specific noun that has
already been mentioned or is known to the listener/reader. Here are some
examples:
 "I'm going to the store to buy some milk." (referring to a specific
store)

 "The dog chased the cat up a tree." (referring to a specific dog and
cat)

 "I met the president of the company yesterday." (referring to a

specific person)

Indefinite articles ("a" and "an")

The indefinite articles "a" and "an" are used when referring to any one of a
group of nouns. "A" is used before nouns that begin with consonant
sounds, while "an" is used before nouns that begin with vowel sounds.
Here are some examples:
 "I need to buy a car." (referring to any car, not a specific one)
 "She is an excellent musician." (referring to any musician who is
excellent)
 "I have a question." (referring to any question)
 "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." (referring to any apple)
Note that indefinite articles are not used with non-countable nouns, such
as "water", "sugar", or "advice", because they are not countable. Instead,
we would say "I need some water", "I need some sugar", or "I need some
advice".

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