➢Republic of the Sudan is a country in Northeast Africa.

➢It has a population of 45.7 million people as of 2022.

➢The name Sudan means LAND OF THE BLACKS in Arabic language
➢The official state religion of Sudan is Islam, mostly Sunni muslims.
➢Sudan was governed by British till 1956.
➢The Republic of the Sudan formally attained its independence from the United Kingdom
and Egypt on 01 January 1956 & Sudan was duly declared an independent state.

➢Sudan was governed by Sovereignty Council From 1956-1958, Prime Minister Ismail Al Azhari
➢1958-1964 Ibrahim Abboud (A military leader) was the President
➢Jaafar Nimeiry, the leader of the newly formed Sudanese Socialist Union, assumed the position of president in 1971,
➢In 1973 Jaafar Nimeiry drafted a new constitution which declared Sudan to be a democratic, socialist state and gave
considerable power to the office of President. He served as the president of Sudan from 1969 to 1985.
➢Omar al-Bashir, a Sudanese military officer who led a revolt that overthrew the elected government of Sudan in 1989. He
served as president of Sudan from 1993 until 2019.

❖But between 1989 and 2019, Sudan experienced a 30-year-

long military dictatorship led by Omar al-Bashir, who was
accused of human rights abuses, including torture, persecution
of minorities, allegations of sponsoring global terrorism,
and ethnic genocide due to its actions in the War in the Darfur
region that broke out in 2003.

❖SUDAN AND SOUTH SUDAN SPLIT IN 2011 AFTER YEARS OF

CONFLICT AND NEGOTIATION BETWEEN THE TWO REGIONS:
Differences in language, religion, and political power erupted in
a civil war between government forces, influenced by the National
Islamic Front (NIF), and the southern rebels, whose most
influential faction was the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA),
which eventually led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011.

The people of South Sudan are mostly Christian or animist, while the people of Sudan are mostly Muslim. The two regions also have
different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and have been in conflict for decades.
Abdalla Hamdok was appointed as Prime Minister by the Transitional Sovereignty Council on 21 August 2019 as part of an agreement
with the military. On 2 January 2022, Hamdok resigned as prime minister. Osman Hussein is the acting PM from 19 Jan 2022. The
ongoing conflict has raised concerns about Sudan’s transition to democracy, which has been underway since the 2019 overthrow of
long-serving authoritarian President Omar al-Bashir.

SUDAN CRISIS:
➢The 2023 Sudan conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between rival factions of the military government of Sudan.
➢On 15 April 2023, the RSF launched a surprise attack on multiple Sudanese Army bases across the country, including in the capital
Khartoum. At 12:00
➢On February 19, 2023, a violent conflict erupted in Khartoum, Sudan's capital, between the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary
group, and the country's army, resulting in the deaths of at least 185 people and injuring around 1,800 others

➢Thirty-one tribals belonging to ‘Hakki-Pikki’ are stranded in Sudan, where violent clashes between a powerful paramilitary force and
the country's armed forces are going on.

➢Hakki-Pikki are a semi-nomadic tribal group belonging to the state of Karnataka. In Kannada, the word ‘Hakki’ stands for ‘bird' and
‘Pikki’ stands for the verb ‘to catch’. The community is known as the ‘bird catcher,’ which is their traditional occupation.

Two IAF aircraft on standby in Saudi to evacuate Indians from Sudan: The Centre said it is
making all out efforts to ensure safety of Indians stranded in Sudan. The government said
that it is in touch with Sudan, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt and the US for the safe return
of Indians. Two Indian Air Force C-130J aircraft are positioned on standby in Jeddah and
INS Sumedha has reached Port Sudan.

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 GK / CA Apr2023

THE QUADRILATERAL SECURITY DIALOGUE (QSD),

commonly known as the Quad.

The Quad is a strategic grouping of four countries –

The United States,
Japan,
India, and Australia

It is aimed at promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific region.

The Quad was first initiated in 2007, by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, but it was disbanded after a few meetings
due to various factors, including China's opposition to the grouping.

In recent years, the Quad has been revitalized, with the four countries holding a series of meetings and dialogues focused
on issues such as regional security, economic development, and humanitarian assistance.

The Quad has also expanded its engagement with other countries in the Indo-Pacific region, including New Zealand,
South Korea, and Vietnam. It is believed that if Chinese aggressions increase on the borders, India can take the support of
the other QUAD members to counter the Chinese.

India can take advantage of its naval front (unlike the continental front where China and Pakistan surround the country)
and conduct strategic explorations in the Indo-Pacific region.

The Quad's primary focus is on promoting a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific region, which includes respect for
international law, freedom of navigation, open and transparent trade, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. The Quad
members have also pledged to work together on issues such as climate change, infrastructure development, and cyber
security.

The Quad has been viewed by some as a response to China's growing assertiveness in the region, particularly in the South
China Sea. However, the Quad members have emphasized that the grouping is not aimed at containing China, and have
expressed their willingness to engage with China on issues of mutual interest and concern.

Overall, the Quad is seen as an important initiative for promoting regional stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific
region, and for ensuring a balance of power in the region. However, the Quad also faces challenges, including divergent
interests and priorities among the member countries, and concerns about China's reaction to the grouping.

CHALLENGES
China’s Territorial Claims: China claims that it has historical
ownership over nearly the entire region of South China Sea, which
gives it the right to manufacture islands. However, the
International Court of Arbitration rejected the claim in 2016.
China’s Closeness to ASEAN: The ASEAN countries also have a well-
knit relationship with China. The Regional Cooperation Economic
Partnership (RCEP) is a recent example of China’s increasing
influence over ASEAN nations.
Economic Power of China: Considering the economic might of
China and the dependence of Quad nations like Japan and Australia
Australian Prime
on China, the Quad nations cannot afford to have strained
Minister Anthony
relations with it.
Albanese has selected
Convergence among Quad Nations: The nations in the Quad
his home-town Sidney
grouping have different aspirations, aims at balancing their own
for hosting the QUAD
interest. Therefore, coherence in the vision of Quad nation as a
summit mid-2023
grouping is absent.

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