columns-1:2:4

slab-1:1:2
when different mixture, measure it separately.
separate pricing for beams and slabs.
higher the strength, the higher the cost.
concrete should be workable.
early strength 7 days. ultimate strength 28 days.
Inches to Meters, we use approximate.
Concrete proportion, weight method & volume method

factors that affect accuracy of estimate:

1. inaccurate volume of aggregates
2. dumping aggregates on ground surface and grass areas.
3. improper measuring of aggregates during the mixing operation. (manual mixing)
4. grouting are overlooked in estimates.
5. cement waste.
6. pure cement powder on plastering is not considered in estimating.(consider in
estimating)
7. pilferage of materials.(who checks of the quantity is the warehouseman)

Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be specific as to:

1. kind of gravel
2. minimum and maximum size of stone
3. screening of aggregates.

concrete slab:
-volume method(use plates, compute for the volume then multiply to its respective
components)

essential for concrete is the volume is enough to compute for orders.

manual mix, break down csg

Unit Weight of steel=7850kg/m^3

splicing-dugtong of rebars
how to determine the splice length:
1. tension bars 25xbar size+150mm
2. compression bars 20xbar size+160mm

Hook and Bend allowance:

Hook length=L+h

estimating rebars, direct counting method

consider additional length of hook, bend, and splices.

FOOTIngs and COlumns

concrete(volume method)
formworks(area method)
di kasama ibabaw sa surface area kasi ibubuhos pa.