ESTIMATION AND COSTING

COURSE CODE:-15ECVC307

Unit 2
Chapter 6

Analysis of
Rate
Presented by:-
Shashwath M. Nanjannavar
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
1
KLETU, Hubballi
COURSE OUTCOME ADDRESSED
After the completion of this chapter you must be able to:-

CO4
Work out the rates of different items of work and perform rate analysis
of various civil engineering works.

2
WHAT IS ANALYSIS OF RATE ???

• The basis of arriving at a correct and reasonable rate per unit work or
supply, for a particular item following its specification and detailed
survey of materials, labour, equipment etc., as required for the unit
work and their prevailing rates.

3
PURPOSE OF RATE ANALYSIS:
Purposes of rate analysis is to :-

 Determine current rate per unit of an item at the locality.

 Examine the viability of rates offered by contractors.

 Calculate the quantity of materials and labour strength required for project
planning.
 Fix up labour contract rates.

4
HOW TO FIX UP RATE PER UNIT
OF AN ITEM ??
Quantity of materials and costs
Labour costs
Costs of equipments or Tools and Plant (T. and P.)
Overhead or Establishment charges (including incidental)
Profit

Concept:-The above five sub-heads are estimated and summation of

these is the rate per unit of an item.

5
QUANTITY OF MATERIALS AND
COST:
Quantities of materials are those required per unit rate of work
delivered at work site and its cost include:

• First cost
• Freight
• Transportation
• Sales tax
• Insurance charges as arises in question.

6
LABOUR COST:

To obtain labour costs, the number and wages of the different
categories of labourers , skilled, and unskilled , namely mason or
carpenter, mazdoor, boy (helper), etc., required for each unit of work
to be known and to be multiplied by the respective wage per day

7
COST OF EQUIPMENTS, TOOLS AND
PLANT (T AND P):

The cost of operating a concrete mixer should be spread over those

items of rates for which for which it is used.

In some cases it is difficult to assign the cost of equipments hence a

percentage is considered as overhead charges.

8
FACTORS EFFECTING THE RATE
ANALYSIS:
1) Specification of the item which indicates the quality and proportion
of materials , the methods of construction and protection of work.
2) The present rate of materials for the item of work up to the worksite.
3) Daily wages of different categories of labourer at the locality with
their respective outputs.
4) The range of lead and lift required for deposition of materials to carry
out the item or work.
5) Percentage charge for overheads which includes insurance and the
possibility of theft or loss etc.,
6) The range of profit and availability of water.
9
PRE-REQUISITES TO PERFORM
RATE ANALYSIS
1. Weight of 1 bag of cement = 50 kg
2. Volume of 1 bag cement = 0.035 m3
3. Weight of steel = 7850 kg/m3
4. Weight of cement in 1m3 volume = 28.8 bags = 1440 kg
5. 1m3 = 30 bags of cement (Practical consideration)
6. M5 = 1:5:10, M7.5 = 1:4:8, M15 = 1:2:4, M20 = 1:1.5:3, M25= 1:1:2

10
PRE-REQUISITES TO PERFORM
RATE ANALYSIS
Brick work = 1m3 = 500 Nos.

Standard Brick Size = 20 cm * 10 cm * 10 cm

= 0.2 m * 0.1 m * 0.1 m
= 0.002 m3

Number of Bricks = 1 m3 = 500 Nos

0.002 m3

hence, for 2m3, = 2 * 500 = 1000 Nos 11

PRE-REQUISITES TO PERFORM
RATE ANALYSIS
Steel work = 1m3 = 7850 Kg
Density of Steel = 7850 Kg/m3
Quantity of Steel used in:
Column = 1 to 5%
Beam = 1 to 2%
Slab = 0.7 to 1%

Footing = 0.5% to 0.8% (Usually taken as 0.5%)

12
PRE-REQUISITES TO PERFORM
RATE ANALYSIS
Cement = 1 Bag = 50 Kg
= 1 bag = 0.035m3
= 1m3 = 28.5 Bags

Percentage of mortar in Brickwork :

= 30% cement mortar
= 35% lime mortar

13
Initial Assumptions for Cement
concrete/ Reinforced cement concrete:

 In practice for analysis of rates, the reduction in volume of finished

concrete over the sum total volume of ingredient materials is taken
as 50% to 55%. For 100 cum of finished concrete, the sum total
volume of dry ingredient materials is taken as 152 cum. Hence for
10 cum it is taken as 15.2 cum

14
Initial Assumptions for Cement
concrete/ Reinforced cement concrete:

 Sum total quantity of determining the quantity of materials for 10

cum concrete is to divide 15.2 by the sum of numerals of the
proportion of materials which gives quantity of cement in cum.

Ex: To find materials for 10 cum of cement of 1:4:8 proportion.

Cement = 15.2/ (1+4+8) = 15.2/13 = 1.17 cum = 1.15 cum
Sand = 1.15 * 4 = 4.6 cum
Ballast = 1.15 * 8 = 9.20 cum
15
16
17
Rates of labour:

1) Head Mason = Rs 400/- per day

2) Mason = Rs 350/- per day

3) Male mason = Rs 200/- per day

4) Boy / Women coolie = Rs 150/- per day

5) Bhisti = Rs 250/- per day

18
Cost of materials:

1) Cement = Rs 350 per bag

2) Sand = Rs 1000 per m3

3) Aggregate = Rs 1200 per m3

4) Brick (1st class) = Rs 4 per brick

5) Steel = Rs 50 per Kg

6) Binding wire = Rs 40 per Kg

19
RATE ANALYSIS FOR CONCRETE
WORKS
1. Perform rate analysis for Lime concrete in foundation with 25mm
down brick chips with 1 lime and 2 Surki mortar proportion 1:2:5.5

Soln : - Assuming for 10 m2

Calculation of materials:- Summation of 1+2+5.5 = 8.5
Lime = 15.5/8.5 = 1.8 cum,
Surki = 1.8 x 2 = 3.6,
Brick chips = 1.8 x 5.5 = 9.9 say 10 cum

20
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Brick chips 10 cum 670.45 per cum 6704.50
Surki 3.6 cum 440.00 per cum 1584.00
Stone lime (slacked) 1.8 cum 3165.00 per cum 5643.00
B Labour:- Head Mason ½ no. 125.00/ day 62.50
Mason 1 no. 115.00/day 115.00
Mazdoor and Bhisti 20 nos. 80/day 1600
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum 78.55
Total 15787.55
C Water charges:- @1% of total 157.88
Total 15945.43
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total 1594.54
GRAND TOTAL Rs. 17539.97/-

Therefore Rate per cum = 17539.97/10 = Rs. 1754.00

21
2. Perform rate analysis for lime concrete in foundation 40mm down
stone ballast, lime and sand Prop. 1:2:4

Soln:- Assuming 10 m3
Calculation of materials:- Summation of 1:2:4 = 7

Lime = 15.4/7 = 2.2 cum

Surki = 2.2 x 2 = 4.4 cum
Brick chips = 2.2 x 4 = 8.8 cum

22
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Stone ballast 8.8 cum 670.45 per cum 6704.50
Sand 4.4 cum 440.00 per cum 1584.00
Stone lime (slacked) 2.2 cum 3165.00 per cum 5643.00
B Labour:- Head Mason ½ no. 125.00/ day 62.50
Mason 1 no. 115.00/day 115.00
Mazdoor and Bhisti 20 nos. 80/day 1600
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum 82.42
Total 16.566.92
C Water charges:- @1% of total 165.67
Total 16,733.59
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total 1673.36
GRAND TOTAL Rs. 18406.95/-

Therefore rate per cum = 18406.95/10 = Rs. 1840.70

23
3. Perform rate analysis for cement concrete 1:2:4 with graded stone
chips from 20mm down to 6mm R.C. works excluding shuttering and
reinforcement.

Soln:- Assuming 10 m3
Calculation of materials:- Summation of 1:2:4 = 7

Lime = 15.4/7 = 2.2 cum

Surki = 2.2 x 2 = 4.4 cum
Brick chips = 2.2 x 4 = 8.8 cum

24
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Stone chips 8.8 cum 670.45 per cum
Sand 4.4 cum 440.00 per cum
Cement 2.2 cum = 66 bags 3165.00 per cum
B Labour:- Head Mason ½ no. 125.00/ day
Mason 3 no. 115.00/day
Mazdoor and Bhisti 22 nos. 80/day
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum
Total 16,566.20/-
C Water charges:- @1% of total
Total 16,721.76/-
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total
GRAND TOTAL 18,393.93/-

Therefore rate per cum = 1839.39/-

25
ANALYSIS OF RATES FOR
BRICKWORK
• Calculation of materials per 10 cum volume of brickwork:-
Number of metric brick having size with mortar 10 cmx10 cmx20 cm
= (10 /(0.1x0.1x0.2)) = 5000 nos.
• The size of one metric brick without mortar is 9 cm x 9 cm x 19 cm
• Mortar required per 10 cum = 10 – (5000 x 0.09 x 0.09 x 0.19) = 2.3 cum
• Due to frog filling, brick bonding and wastages add 15% extra
• Hence volume will be = 2.3 + (2.3 x 0.15) = 2.64 cum (wet mortar)
• For dry mortar increase by 1/3rd = 2.64 + (2.64 x (1/3)) = 3.50 cum
• In case of lime mortar the above value is increased to 4.00 cum
26
4. Perform rate analysis for first class brickwork in lime and Surki
mortar (1:3 in foundation and plinth).

Soln:- Assuming 10 cum

Calculation of materials:- Summation of 1:3 = 4

Lime = 4/4 = 1.0 cum

Surki = 1.0 x 3 = 3.0 cum

27
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Metric 20cm x 10cm x 10cm 5,000 nos 2900.00 nos 14500.00
Traditional 125.4cm x 12.7cm x 7.6cm 4,100 nos
22.9cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm 5,000 nos
Surki 3.00 cum 440.00 per cum 1320.00
Lime 1.00 cum 3060.00 per cum 3060.00
B Labour:- Head Mason Nos. 125.00/ day 62.50
Mason 8 nos. 115.00/day 920.00
Mazdoor and Bhisti 17 nos. 80/day 1360
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum 105.31
Total 21,327.81
C Water charges:- @1% of total 213.28
Total 21541.09
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total 2154.11
GRAND TOTAL Rs. 23695.19/-

Therefore rate per cum = Rs.2369.52/-

28
5. Perform rate analysis for first class brickwork in cement mortar (1:6)
superstructure first floor.

Soln:- Assuming 10 cum

Calculation of materials:- Summation of 1:6 = 7

Cement = 3.5/7 = 0.5 cum

Sand = 0.5 x 6 = 3.0 cum

29
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Bricks (kiln) 20cm x 10cm x 10cm 5,000 nos 2900.00 per % nos 14500.00
(For 25.4cm x 12.7cm x 7.6cm) 4,100 nos
(For 22.90cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm) 5,000 nos
Sand Cum 300.00 per cum 900.00
Cement = 0.5 cum = 15 bags 15 bags 180.00/ bag 2700.00
Scaffolding L.S. L.S. 120.00
B Labour:- Head Mason ½ Nos. 125.00/ day 62.50
Mason 9 nos. 115.00/day 1035.00
Mazdoor and Bhisti 20 nos. 80/day 1600.00
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum 104.50
Total 21022.09
C Water charges:- @1% of total 210.22
Total 21232.3
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total 2123.2
GRAND TOTAL Rs. 23355.5/-
30
Therefore rate per cum =
6. Perform rate analysis for half brick i.e., 10 cm brick wall in cement mortar (1:3) with H:B netting in every
third layer (Ground floor).

Soln:- Assuming 100 sq. m

Calculation of materials:- Summation of 1:3 = 4
Bricks = 100/(0.10 x 0.20) = 5,000 nos
Sand = 0.5 x 6 = 3.0 cum
 Volume of mortar = 35% to the volume of work,
hence 100 x 0.10 x 0.35 = 3.5 cum. H.B. Netting Source: Google

 Due to half brickwork, volume of mortar becomes 10% less than 3.5 cum. Therefore, 3.5 – 0.35 = 3.15 cum
 Hence, Cement = 3.15/4 = 0.79 cum ; Sand = 0.79 x 3 = 2.37 cum.
 Wire netting for every third layer i.e., 30 cm intervals. Considering a wall 10 m length x 10 m height :
10 x 10/0.03 = 334 m
 With 10 cm wide, area of netting = 334 x .010 = 33.4 sq m

31
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Bricks (kiln) 20cm x 10cm x 10cm 5,000 nos 2900.00 per % nos 14500.00
(For 25.4cm x 12.7cm x 7.6cm) 4,100 nos
(For 25.90cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm) 5,000 nos
Sand (Medium) 2.37 cum 300.00 per cum 711.00
Cement = 0.79 cum = 23 bags 23 bags 180.00/ bag 4140.00
H.B Wire Netting 33.4 sq. m 75.00 per sq. m 2505.00
Scaffolding L.S. L.S. 125.00
B Labour:- Head Mason ½ Nos. 125.00/ day 62.50
Mason 14 nos. 115.00/day 1610.00
Mazdoor and Bhisti 21 nos. 80/day 1680.00
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum 126.67
Total 25460.17
C Water charges:- @1% of total 254.60
Total 25714.77
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total 2571.48
GRAND TOTAL Rs. 28286.25/-
32
ADDITIONAL LABORS FOR RCC
WORKS
• Bending, cranking and binding for steel bars
• Blacksmith – 1 no/per quintal
• Mazdoor - 1 no/per quintal
• T and P – Lumpsum

• Centering and shuttering

• Carpenter – 3 nos/10 sq.m
• Mazdoor – 4 nos/10 sq.m
• T and P – Lumpsum

33
7. Perform rate analysis for R.C.C. work of 1:1.5:3 for beam with 2.0 %
steel.

Solution: Assume work of 10 cum

For concrete – Cement = 15.4/5.5 = 2.8 cum
Sand = 2.8 x 1.5 = 4.2 cum
Aggregates (stone chips) = 2.8 x 3 = 8.4 cum

Steel @ 2% = 10 x 0.02 = 0.2 cum @78.5 q/cum = 15.7 quintal

Binding wire @ 1 kg/quintal = 15.7 kgs.

34
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Stone chips 20mm down 8.4 cum 900.00 per cum
Sand (course) 4.2 cum 350.00 per cum
Cement 2.8 cum = 80.7bags
Steel 15.7 Qtl. 2620.00 per Qtl.
Binding wire 15.7 kg 25.00 per kg
B Labour:- Head Mason 1.5 Nos. 125.00/ day
Mason 3 nos. 115.00/day
Mazdoor and Bhisti 22 nos. 80/day
Blacksmith 15 nos. 125.00/day
Mazdoor 15 nos. 80.00/day
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum
C Centering and shuttering :-
(hire charge) including removing @ 5% Lump-sum
cost of materials (A)
Carpenter 10 nos. 125/ day
Mazdor 10 nos. 80/day
Nails @ 10% of hire charge Lump-sum

35
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
C Water charges:- @1% of total
Total
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total
GRAND TOTAL

Hence rate per cum = Rs.

36
8) Perform rate analysis for 2.5 cm thick cement concrete 1:2:4 Damp
proof course.

Solution:- Assume 100 sq. m of work

Calculation of materials: Volume of concrete = 0.025 x 100 = 2.5 cum
Summation of proportions = 1+2+4 = 7
Cement = 15.4/7 = 2.2 (this value is for 10 cum) , hence divide by 10
Therefore cement = (2.2/10) x 2.5 = 0.55 cum = 16.5 bags
Sand = 0.55 x 2 = 1.10 cum
Stone chips = 0.55 x 4 = 2.20 cum

Water proofing compound = 3% by wt. of cement = 25 kg (approx.)

37
SN Particulars Quantity Rate (Rs.) Amount (Rs.)
A Materials:-
Stone chips 2.20 cum 900.00/cum
Sand 1.10 cum 350.00/cum
Cement 16 bags 180.00/bag
Water proofing compound 25 kg 27.00/kg
B Labour:- Head Mason ½ Nos. 125.00/ day
Mason 08 nos. 115.00/day
Mazdoor and Bhisti 09 nos. 80/day
Formwork L.S Lump-sum
Contingencies, T & P etc L.S ½ % (A+B) Lump-sum
Total 7741.00
C Water charges:- @1% of total 77.11
Total 7818.41
D Profit including overhead:- @10% of total 781.8
GRAND TOTAL Rs. 8600.00/-

Hence rate per sq. m = Rs. 86.00 38

References
• Chakraborti, N., Estimating, Costing, specification and
valuation in Civil Engg., M. Chakraborti publication 24
ed ,Calcutta, 2010.

• Dutta B.N., Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering:

Theory and Practice Including Specifications and
Valuation, 28Rev., ed., UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt.
Ltd., 2016.

39
THANKYOU

40