Where the outdoor conditions are comfortable then the outdoor air can be pushed

into the interiors to cool the interiors. Or in some cases the outdoor air can be
passed through heating or cooling devices before introducing into the room.
However, sometimes the requirements of heating and cooling may vary for
different seasons or for different times of the day. Moreover often The air needs to
be cleaned and distributed properly. While in some cases, controlled env is
required eg. Manufacturing of goods, medicine, textiles, etc. in These conditions
mechanical ventilation is not sufficient. Air conditioning is required.

1
Type of ventilation but here air is conditioned to control simultaneously the
physical and chemical conditions of the air

Willis Carrier, - inventor

It is defined as a process which heats, cools, cleans, circulates and controls its
moisture content simultaneously and on a year round basis. It provides and
maintains desirable internal atmospheric environment irrespective of external
conditions.

2
Air cooling is a method of dissipating heat. It works by expanding the surface area
or increasing the flow of air over the object to be cooled, or both. An example of
the former is to add cooling fins to the surface of the object, either by making
them integral or by attaching them tightly to the object's surface (to ensure
efficient heat transfer). In the case of the latter, it is done by using a fan blowing air
into or onto the object one wants to cool. The addition of fins to a heat
sink increases its total surface area, resulting in greater cooling effectiveness.
In all cases, the air has to be cooler than the object or surface from which it is
expected to remove heat. This is due to the second law of thermodynamics, which
states that heat will only move spontaneously from a hot reservoir (the heat sink)
to a cold reservoir (the air).

3
- The CPU generates heat; this heat is absorbed through a conductive baseplate or
directly touching heatpipes on the heatsink.
- The heat causes liquid within the heatpipe to undergo a phase change, resulting
in its transition to a gas. A significant amount of energy is consumed during this
phase change (in the form of heat), this is responsible for a lot of the heat
reduction we experience. We then move to the dissipation stage...
- The heat (gas) travels up the pipe and eventually reaches the condensor, which
condenses the gas back into liquid form and uses capillary action to transport it
back to the evaporator.
- During its trip through the pipe, heat is absorbed by the adjoining (hopefully
large) heatsink, where it is dissipated through the fins and cooled by the new, cool
air being injected by the fan.
- The liquid is guided back down to the evaporator section of tubing (atop the CPU)
through sintered, grooved, mesh, or composite tubing (explained further below),
called a "wick" or "capillary structure." Capillary pressure is created by the wick,
forcing coolant to return to the evaporator where it can be re-used.

4
Temperature
Humidity
Air-movement
Air-distribution
cleanliness

5
6
Temp most suited to majority of people varies in summer and winter.
Temp of any substance depends on volume. Due to this reason the air
conditioning in room plays very vital role for heat load calculations and the ac area
is often reduced using false ceiling, etc.

7
Humidity is the amount of moisture present in air. It varies from place to place and
time to time. Coastal areas are more humid. De humidification is the removal of
excess moisture from the air and humidification is adding moisture to any volume
RH – is the ratio of the amount of water vapour present in air to maximum amount
of vapor the air can hold in a given temperature. It changes when temperature
changes. 100% indicates the saturation level.

Low humidity indicates that the air has very less moisture content. In this stage the
air has the tendency to absorb moisture from surroundings. High humidity reduces
evaporation process through skin and in turn cooling of the body. The body will
then maintain comfort by perspiration. Such experience is felt in coastal weather

8
Keeps the body comfortable in hot weather – inc in air movement results in inc of
evaporation process as the moisture of skin evaporates fast; air movements
results in increase of convection process as warm air next to body is carried up
fast; air movement results in increase in radiation process due to removal of heat
from surrounding surface whereas dec in air movement result in decrease in
conduction, convection and radiation which decreases heat removal process from
our body. This keeps our body comfortable in winter.

In air conditioning system, air movement is created by using fans or blowers. In

large areas, the conditioned air is carried through ducts and distributed evenly.
Ventilation in ac areas requires the supply of fresh air. The same air cannot be re-
circulated again and again. Fresh air can be suppled through a cowl (small opening)
in AHU room. Rooms provided with window AC system some fresh air can always
be allowed in.

9
Dust enters ac areas through openings like door, through occupants, etc. Air that
enters a conditioned space should be free from dust, dirt and other impurities. As
1. clean air is essential for breathing and human health, 2. germs cab create
harmful effects especially in food manufactured in such zones,3. clean air needed
in manufacturing process, 4. clogging of dirt may cause serious hazards to machine
parts. The maintain purity different kinds of filters are used:

Viscous impingement filter – sticky coating is applied

on a filter media
HEPA – filtering media is a sheet of extremely fine glass
fiber, interwoven in diverse directions and mixed with
resins.
Electrostatic filter – the air to be filtered is passed
along an electrostatic field strong enough to charge
particles in the air stream. The charged particles are
attracted to positively or negatively charged plates.
Once the positively charged particles are attached to
the negatively charged plates, they lose their charge
and fall off…sometimes the plates are coated with a
sticky material.
10
Face velocity of filter (air in m/s centering the efficiency of face of filter)
Resistance i.e. difference between static pressure upstream and downstream
specified for clean and dirty conditions

Location and installation of filters - Located before cooling coil so that cooling coil
is protected from dust
Where high degree of filtration is required, two filters can be used – pre-filters at
down stream and regular filters before cooling coil
Fresh air intake through roof surface to be avoided as the air is often dusty. So
must the air with fumes or odors be avoided
The filters should be accessible for servicing. Monometer after filter helps to
determine when the filter has to changed or cleaned. All ducts should be clean
before the filters are cleaned. The filter frame must be air tight to prevent the
intrusion of unfiltered air.

11
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14
Prior to the development of mechanical air conditioning systems, societies used
natural heating and cooling methods – such as shading, thermal mass, and natural
ventilation – to achieve thermal comfort. Such methods have been used for
thousands of years.
the ancient Babylonians used evaporative cooling to condition their dwellings as
far back as 2,000 BC. Individuals would spray water onto exposed surfaces at night;
the combined evaporation and drop in night time temperatures provided a simple
and effective method to get relief from the heat.4 Ancient Indians would hang wet
grass mats on the windward side of their homes to achieve a cooler indoor
temperature.
In traditional building design, a trade-off usually exists between capital
expenditures, operating costs, and occupant thermal comfort.

In 1902, the first mechanical cooling system was built.6 Four years later, the first
office building was designed for air conditioning.7 In 1929, the first room cooler
went on the market and 1931 marked the first time that year-round central air
systems became available for homes.8 By 1947, the window air conditioning unit
was being mass-produced and after World War II mechanical systems flourished
with the large-scale and rapid development of homes.9 Due to these achievements
over the course of the 20th century, the mechanical air conditioning industry led
the market in growth in energy use in buildings.

1970 energy crisis happened

While air conditioning systems had previously been designed for a specific
building, over time they became standardized. Now, we are witnessing a desire to
return to using passive systems, often in tandem with specifically designed 15
mechanical systems. New energy efficient methods that consider the occupants in
https://ssb2012dmw6jn.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/assignment-8-draft/

Based on the psychrometric chart, buildings in Singapore should utilize specific

design strategies to reduce energy loads. Singapore’s relatively constant climatic
conditions allow architects to design for specific weather phenomena. In the case
of Beach Road, the mean temperature is around 82 degrees while the relative
humidity remains about 78 percent. Thermal comfort is understood to be
between68 and 78 degrees and between 20 and 60 percent humidity. Although
the humidity is almost at an ideal place, average temperature exceeds the normal
comfort zone. To lower temperature and humidity, Beach Road incorporates a
series of ventilation shafts through the vertical length of the structure. These
shafts carry warm air all the way up the building and exhausts it out through exit
openings at different levels of the structure. Every 10 floors or so, there are green
spaces which filter circulating air as it makes its way up the and out of the
building. The top of the structure is made porous to capture the abundant rainfall
that occurs in Singapore. The rain is collected and funneled through the
structure. As it travels, it is evaporated, helping cool the building and reducing its
energy load. Singapore’s average temperature and relative humidity are in a good
range for natural ventilation and evaporative cooling to have a substantial affect on
total energy consumption. To also help relive energy loads, Norman incorporates
solar shading along the east and west facades to combat heat gain and produce
energy for the building. Both passive and active systems are at work to benefit
building design. It is clear that Foster and Partners have considered all site
conditions and have deeply planned the city block so it is seamlessly integrated
into the existing natural environment. Although the development has not been
constructed, it is said that it will achieve a platinum rating for green building and
sustainability, Singapore’s highest ranking. 16
There are many systems at work in the development proposed by Norman
17
18
In the design and analysis of air conditioning plants, the fundamental requirement
is to identify the various processes being performed on air. Once identified, the
processes can be analyzed by applying the laws of conservation of mass and
energy. All these processes can be plotted easily on a psychrometric chart. This is
very useful for quick visualization and also for identifying the changes taking place
in important properties such as temperature, humidity ratio.

Psychrometrics is used to help select the proper air conditioning equipment and
determine the environmental conditions that affect human thermal comfort. It is
also useful to help understand : a building’s regional climatic context and better
address , human occupancy and use, and structural considerations. The increased
interest in replacing the current traditional comfort standards with variable indoor
temperature standards to has resulted in wider scale employment of
psychrometrics in HVAC design. With proper HVAC design using psychrometrics,
building energy consumption can be reduced while still achieving thermal comfort.
The study and analysis of psychrometric properties is especially important in
applications where moisture and heat transfer in air are critical.

19
Atmospheric air – most of the air conditioning units working environment is the
atmospheric air. Therefore we should understand the properties of air and ability
to analyze the various processes involving air is fundamental to a/c design.
Atmospheric air is the mixture of various gases, water vapour and pollutants.

20
Psychrometry is the study of the properties air.
As mentioned before the air to be processed in air conditioning systems is a
mixture of dry air and water vapour. While the composition of dry air is constant,
the amount of water vapour present in the air may vary from zero to a maximum
depending upon the temperature and pressure of the mixture (dry air + water
vapour). At a given temperature and pressure the dry air can only hold a certain
maximum amount of moisture. When the moisture content is maximum, then the
air is known as saturated air

21
X asis – DBT
Purple lines – wbt – associated with water content
Green – RH
Y axis – humidity ratio
Saturation temperature
enthalpy

22
Contemporary models of thermal comfort recommend that a narrow temperature
range be applied equally across all building types, climatic zones, and populations.
This narrow range of thermal comfort was imposed by mechanical ventilation
systems. However, even though it meant it was now possible to have a
comfortable indoor environment in any climate, it also led to design that
completely ignored varying climatic conditions. For example, New York-style town-
homes were built in New Orleans. This caused buildings that had functioned
efficiently in one environment to consume excessive amounts of energy in another.
Essentially, we began to build less efficient buildings that used more energy.
Therefore it is imp to combine the passive techniques with the mechanical systems
for energy efficient sustainable building design.

23
24
DBT is the temp we talk about when we say it is 20 deg today
WBT – is the associated with the water content in the air. Measured with a wet
bulb thermometer wrapped in a wet cloth. As water evaporates from cloth there's
is cooling effect. So wbt < dbt except when rh=100%. At this stage WBT=DBT . The
wet-bulb temperature is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in
water-soaked cloth over which air is passed.
Enthalpy – Is the measure of heat energy in air due to sensible and latent heat.
Sensible heat is the temperature of air and latent heat is the moisture in the air
Sensible heat is the energy absorbed or released from a substance when there are
changes in the temperature of the body or system.
Latent heat is the energy absorbed by or released from a substance during a phase
change from a gas to a liquid or a solid or vice versa.

RH is amount of water air can hold at certain temp. warm air can hold more water
than cold temp
Absolute humidity – humidity ratio – is the mass of water vapor per unit mass of
dry air (actual amount of water of air)
Dew point temp – is the temp at which water will begin to condense out of moist
air. Dew point temperature of air - The dewpoint temperature is
the temperature at which the air can no longer "hold" all of the water vapor which
is mixed with it, and some of the water vapor must condense into liquid water.
Specific volume – volume that a certain wt of air occupies under specific
conditions
Vapour pressure – relates to the number of water vapour molecules per cubic
meter and It is linearly related to absolute humidity. Vapour pressure effects
humidity rate. When the humidity is high the vapour pressure is high. This is why
there is very little evaporation in humid climates 25
Video- titus timeout podcast – how to read a psychometric chart
Sensible cooling - During this process, the moisture content of air remains constant
but its temperature decreases as it flows over a cooling coil. For the moisture
content to remain constant, the surface of the cooling coil should be dry and its
surface temperature should be greater than the dew point temperature of air.
Sensible heating - During this process, the moisture content of air remains
constant and its temperature increases as it flows over a heating coil.
Cooling and dehumidification - When moist air is cooled below its dew-point by
bringing it in contact with a cold surface, some of the water vapor in the air
condenses and leaves the air stream as liquid, as a result both the temperature
and humidity ratio of air decreases. This is the process air undergoes in a typical air
conditioning system.
Heating and humidification - During winter it is essential to heat and humidify the
room air for comfort. As shown in Fig.28.5., this is normally done by first sensibly
heating the air and then adding water vapour to the air stream through steam
nozzles.
Cooling & humidification - As the name implies, during this process, the air
temperature drops and its humidity increases. As shown in the figure, this can be
achieved by spraying cool water in the air stream. It can be seen that during this
process there is sensible heat transfer from air to water and latent heat transfer
from water to air
Heating and demudification - This process can be achieved by using a hygroscopic
material, which absorbs or adsorbs the water vapor from the moisture. If this
process is thermally isolated, then the enthalpy of air remains constant, as a result
the temperature of air increases as its moisture content decreases. This
hygroscopic material can be a solid or a liquid. In general, the absorption of water
by the hygroscopic material is an exothermic reaction, as a result heat is released
during this process, which is transferred to air and the enthalpy of air increases. 26
27
NBBJ designers devised a plan for symbiotic cohabitation between workers and
plants at the Amazon’s new headquarters at Seattle. NBBJ is a global architectural
firm which recently celebrated their 75 years
Located at the base of Amazon’s Tower II serve as an iconic gathering spot and
ancillary workspace for company employees
“The Spheres are a place where employees can think and work differently
surrounded by plants,” declares Amazon’s website devoted to the project.

28
For the Spheres design team, the key was to align the long-term occupancy needs
of both humans and plants. “In order to quantify our goal, we used a
psychrometric chart to discover what people find comfortable,” Sadinsky says. By
overlaying the environmental conditions of various plants with the acceptable
range of conditions for human comfort, the team determined that high-
altitude equatorial plants occupied the sweet spot of the intersection. Found that
eco-system found in mountains overlapped with human comfort range. Interiors
containing these plant species tells an interesting story of diversity that is also
visually interesting. The env within the spher is controlled by mechanical system to
provide a place to work or relax in a comfortable space that replicates a tropical
mountain env. The temp and humidity has been optimised to 1. provide thermal
comfort to people, 2. healthy environment for plants, 3. maximize occurrence of
condensation

29
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32
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Air cycle is an integral part of a/c system. Refrigeration cycle is part of air cycle. The
treatment of air to bring it to comfortable conditions includes cooling of hot air, or
heating of cool air or adding or removing moisture or creating air movement, etc.
The major components of the air cycle are Fan, Supply air duct, supply air grille,
space to be conditioned, return air duct, return air grille with filter, heating or
cooling coil.

Return air grille – allow used air to escape through outlets, normally best location
is opposite supply air grille
Return air duct – from the return air duct the air passes through the duct and
passes through filter to the cooling coil; can be avoided if plenum I used
Fan – creates air movement, forces air from supply duct to room, can be regulated
to prevent draft; main purpose – proper circulation
Cooling/heating coil – located only after filter to prevent accumulation of dust or
dirt over coil; can be located over fan so that the hot or cool air can be forced into
supply air duct; if the air is too dry, moisture can be added with a shallow pan of
water in the supply air duct; coling coil can be used for cooling air or to reduce
humidity
Filters – to clean or filter the air by removing dust, dirt, pollutants, contaminants,
etc, ; normally located at end of return air duct; materials may be spun glass,
plastic etc; attract and capture dust particles with the help of electricity
Return air grille – allow used air to escape through outlets; normally opposite
supply air grille
Return air duct – air passes through the duct and through filter o the cooling coil; it
can be eleiminated if plenum is used

36
37
VIDEO – Refrigeration Cycle Tutorial_ Step by Step, Detailed and Concise!
Refrigerant – gas with special properties that makes it suitable for refrigeration;
boils at low temperature as low as -40 deg c; eg: ammonia; refrigerants cause
damage to ozone layer – hence ozone friendly refrigerants are used now
Refridgeration cycle
The refrigerant EVAPORATES IN THE COOLING COIL (EVAPORATOR). The cooling
coil is in contact with air (or water) surrounding it, thereby cooling it. Fins are used
to increase the contact surface area. The cold refrigerant liquid moves through
cooling coil and picks heat from surrounding air. The cold refrigerant boils and
returns to vapor. Once cooled this air(water) is distributed to the spaces that
require cooling. The hot refrigerant comes back to evaporator again in a cycle as a
cold refrigerant. The refrigerant movement from evaporator to compressor in the
form of gas is called as suction line.
Compressor
The hot refriderant vapor from the cooling coil through the suction line moves to
the compressor. The compressor compresses the hot vapour into a high-pressure
vapour. This increases the temperature of the vapor further. The compressor
automatically maintains low pressure condition in cooling coil and creates high
pressure condition in condenser.
Condensor
The high pressure hot vapor refridgerant moves to the condenser. The condenser
motor drives a condenser fan where the blown air receives all the heat and the
refridgernt vapour turns into liquid. This liquid is collected in a receiver. If air is
used to remove heat it is an air cooled condenser, if water is used to remove heat
it is a water cooled condenser. Next, the liquid refridgerant moves to the
evaporator thru the liquid line.
Expansion valve – now the liquid regridgerant under high pressure flows through 38
an expansion valve which lowers the pressure and consequently the temperature
39
 R717 - Natural refrigerants are chemicals which occur in nature's bio-chemical
processes. They do not deplete the ozone layer and make a negligible - or zero in
the case of R717 (ammonia) - contribution to global warming. The high efficiency
of natural refrigerants also means that they make a lower indirect contribution to
global warming.
These products were used as refrigerants prior to the 1950s, before fluorocarbon
refrigerants became commonplace. They are now being used more extensively due
to their low impact on the environment

40
Ammonia is used as a refrigerant for large air conditioners which can kill if exposed
to a leak. I don’t know if this has happened in AC systems, but it just happened in
Canada in a hockey arena where an ammonia leak from the ice cooling systems
killed 3 workers hired to repair the leak

Deaths Due to Accidental Air Conditioner Compressor Explosion: A Case Series –

case report by two doctors – uncommon effect but causes immediate death

41
Nolan Gray and Antonio Voce mapped the world cities on the basis of whether
they need ac or not

Broken cities into four categories - cities where you probably don't need either
heating or air conditioning: average summer temperatures are shy of 26.5C (80F)
and the hottest hours of an average summer day are less than 28C (82F), while the
winter average is no colder than 13C (55F) and the coldest days no less than 7C
(45F). Second, cities that are warmer in the summer, meaning you probably want
air conditioning but can still get by without heating. Third, the opposite: cold in
winter, not too warm in summer. Lastly, cities with hot summers and cold winters,
where you probably want both air conditioning and heating.

42
Using data from the Climate Impact Lab, we have modelled how climate change
might affect temperatures globally, making more people dependent on air
conditioning in cities where it is currently strictly a luxury.

43
Requirement is to remove humidity and cool air
Steps
Air is passed through filter to remove the dust
Next, passed through cooling coil
Water vapour is removed in form of water droplets as air is cooled below dew
point temp (the surface temp of cooling coil is always maintained below dpt for
dehumidification. The quantity of air removed is controlled by the cooling coil
surface temp which is controlled by controlling the quantity of coolent passed
throgh the coil. As the temp of the air leaving the cooling coil is considerably lower
than the required temp for comfort, it is necessary to heat the air. – passeed
through a heating coil – heating is controlled by controlling the resistance of the
heating coil. The air coming from heating coil is supplied to space. The quantity of
air passed through the air conditioning system is controlled with the help of air
dampers as per the load in the air conditioned space.

44
Requirement is to remove humidity and cool air
Steps
Air is passed through filter to remove the dust
Next, passed through cooling coil
Water vapour is removed in form of water droplets as air is cooled below dew
point temp (the surface temp of cooling coil is always maintained below dpt for
dehumidification. The quantity of air removed is controlled by the cooling coil
surface temp which is controlled by controlling the quantity of coolent passed
throgh the coil. As the temp of the air leaving the cooling coil is considerably lower
than the required temp for comfort, it is necessary to heat the air. – passeed
through a heating coil – heating is controlled by controlling the resistance of the
heating coil. The air coming from heating coil is supplied to space. The quantity of
air passed through the air conditioning system is controlled with the help of air
dampers as per the load in the air conditioned space.

45
Requirement is to remove cool air and to humidify it
Steps
Air is passed through filter to remove the dust
Next, passed through cooling coil. Air is cooled ot required temp here.
Next, air is passed through humidifier. Here the water is pumped and sprayed.
Adding humidity to air. The same water is recirculated with the help of a pump
next, air is passed through eliminator to remove the water particles

The air coming is supplied to space. The quantity of air passed through the air
conditioning system is controlled with the help of air dampers as per the load in
the air conditioned space.

46
Requirement is to heat the air – but heating will reduce RH – therefore necessary
to increase RH – therofer requirement is heating and humidification
Heating is done in two stages – air is passed through air filter to remove dust, then
passed through heating coil – the energy input ot he coil controls the temperature
of the air coming out of the heating coil. Next, air passed through humidification
chamber where it is humidified with the help pf air sprays – next, air is passed
through eliminator to remove the water particles. – then the temp of the air is
further inc to the required level with the help of energy input given to second
heating coil. Then the air is supplied to space. The quantity of air passed through
the air conditioning system is controlled with the help of air dampers as per the
load in the air conditioned space.

47
Requirement is to heat the air – but heating will reduce RH – therefore necessary
to increase RH – therofer requirement is heating and humidification
Heating is done in two stages – air is passed through air filter to remove dust, then
passed through heating coil – the energy input ot he coil controls the temperature
of the air coming out of the heating coil. Next, air passed through humidification
chamber where it is humidified with the help pf air sprays – next, air is passed
through eliminator to remove the water particles. – then the temp of the air is
further inc to the required level with the help of energy input given to second
heating coil. Then the air is supplied to space. The quantity of air passed through
the air conditioning system is controlled with the help of air dampers as per the
load in the air conditioned space.

48
An HVAC zoning system (also referred to as “zoned HVAC”) is a heating and cooling
system that uses dampers in the ductwork to regulate and redirect air to specific
areas of the home. This allows for the creation of customized temperature zones
throughout the home for increased comfort and efficiency.

Adopted for large areas and they are broken into zones with separate ducts
feeding into each zone to cope with different conditions in different part of the
house
Eg: a/c load requirements more on sunny part than on shaded part or different
functions require different air conditioning requirements

Zoning allows you to precisely control the temperature in every room or (zone) of
your home. How? By placing a thermostat in every room and an automatic damper
in the duct controlling airflow to that room.

What do I need to install zoning to my existing system?

1. Zone Control Panel: The Zone Control Panel is the central control that will
communicate between thermostats, dampers and your HVAC equipment. It is
mounted by your equipment and is the brains of the entire zoning application.
2. Thermostats: Thermostats read the air temperature in each room (or zone) of
your house. If the temperature is too cold or too hot for your liking, the thermostat
will send a signal to the control panel to either bring on cool or warm air to that
room or zone.
3. Zone Dampers: Dampers are placed in your ducts to control the airflow to
certain rooms (or zones) of your home. The dampers are wired to a specific zone
on the control panel, which is controlled by a specific thermostat in your home.
Dampers automatically open and close depending on which thermostats are 49
calling.
While for residential, commercial (such as offices) and in vehicles, the air
conditioning is required to improve the comfort, heath, convenience and working
condition of occupants, in industries a/c is required to preserve the quality of
industrial product and to create and maintain working processes of electronic
equipment, medicine, textile, etc. In industries, a/c in certain spaces can be to
maintain the health and convenience of the workers
Industries
Air filtration – upto 5 microns
Stand –by a/c required in case of failures
a/c performs round the clock
Equipment and machine load play vital role in heat load calc
Humidification or dehumidification may be done depending on requirement of
specific applications
Zoning- very imp as requirements in different places may vary in temp and
humidity
Drafts should be avoided
Industries with low humidity requirement
Eg: pharmaceutical labs, printing industry, seed storage, leather industry
Moisture creates serious problems in industries – rubber based paint or aluminium
cladding etc can be used
Ways to reduce humidity
Normal evaporative cooling will be adopted along with demudification equipment
or chemical demunidification
1. When air is cooled, the humidity is automatically lowered – later the air can be
heated to required temperature
2. Air can be blown across cooling coil and suitable brine solution is sprayed –
brine absorbs excess moisture and brine will get diluted. The brine solution should 50
be maintained at fixed concentration
Centre to develop policy for energy efficient equipment

http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/centre-to-develop-policy-for-energy-
efficient-equipment-315537

The Centre is all set to develop a policy enabling the electronic equipment
manufacturers to adopt the most advanced technology to produce energy efficient
equipment. This is one of the most important steps towards protecting the
environment,
He also said the number of various cooling machines used in households and
commercial buildings will soon go up in the country. According to an estimate, the
number will be doubled by 2030. Around 60 lakh air-conditioning machines were
sold for household purposes across the country in a year and the number may
soon go up to 1.5 crore due to huge demands of such machines in the market.

Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2017 has already been chalked out by
the Union power ministry that would be implemented for commercial purpose.
Using of advanced technology-based equipment will reduce the demands of
energy

HOW ENERGY CONSERVATION IS POSSIBLE BY REDUCING THE HEAT LOAD ON AIR

CONDITIONING SYSTEM?
A. Orientation of Building: Since the heat from the Sun is major source of load,
the directional orientation of building can affect significantly on the heat load.
As India lies between the Equator and Tropic of Cancer. Hence the heat from
Sun enters in the building essentially from eastern and western direction. By 4 51
p.m. heat load within building reaches its peak. Hence the afternoon Sun seem
When we buy an applicane we should not just look at the capital cost but also at
the operating cost. must understood is how much electricity that the appliance will
consume once it is purchased. An understanding of how much extra money we
may need to pay for an appliance that consumes less energy will prove useful in
the long run. Under a program by GoI, the manufacturers are required to place a
label showing how much electricity the appliance will consumer under certain
conditions. More is the stars more efficient is the appliance.

due to the latest innovations, AC machines which were earlier getting 4-star
category tags are now getting 1-star tag

52
Air conditioning load is the amount of heat that must be added or removed from a
space to maintain the desired design conditions.

53
Sources of heat ? = A building or room gains heat from many sources. Inside
occupants, computers, copiers, machinery, and lighting all produce heat. Warm air
from outside enters through open doors and windows, or as ‘leakage’ though the
structure. However the biggest source of heat is solar radiation from the sun,
beating down on the roof and walls, and pouring through the windows, heating
internal surfaces.

The sum of all these heat sources is know as the heat gain (or heat load) of the
building, and is expressed either in BTU (British Thermal Units) or Kw (Kilowatts).

For an air conditioner to cool a room or building its output must be greater than
the heat gain. It is important before purchasing an air conditioner that a heat load
calculation is performed to ensure it is big enough for the intended application

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TR stands for tons of refidgeration

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The area exposed shall be multiplied by a factor, which varies depending on
material and exposure

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The heat gain through walls may be reduced by insulation, light exterior colour,
shading through roof over hangs, trees, other buildings, etc
The heat gain through roof may be reduced by under deck or over desk insulation,
roof construction like roof thickness, materials, etc

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Heat gain from windows depends on orientation, hence multiplying factor varies
for each direction
the heat gain through windows may be reduced by double pane glass, stained or
tinted glass, awnings, blinds, screens, sun shades, etc

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To reduce heat gain through light fitting, numbers can be reduced by providing as
much natural lighting as possible

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1 TR - 12000 BTU/hr

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480 btu/hr

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It has two units – indoor (IDU) and outdoor unit (ODU). The two units are
connected by refrigeration tubing and electrical cables. ODU is mounted outside
the room and houses the condensor, fan and compressor. This also helps in
reducing the inside noise. IDU houses the evaporator and blower fan. Advantage
over window units – elegant, suits interiors aesthetics, no requirement of a
window on the exterior wall, less noisy interiors – best suited for executive cabins,
showrooms, noise less commercial spaces, etc, easy to maintain

Available upto 5 TR – can be used as multiple units to cool 2 or 3 adjacent rooms –

Dis adv : costly compared to window unit- ODU occupies outside space – do not
provide fresh air supply unless window or door is opened which makes it
inefficient for cooling arge spaces

Piping between IDU and ODU

Ensure right distance between the two units. If distance is more the following
disadvantages may occur – 1. the refrigerant pressure drops and decreases cooling
capacity, 2. the lubricant oil does not return to compressor and damages the
compressor, 3. extra unevaporated refrigerant may flow to the compressor and
damage it 4. insulation cost increases for refrigerant piping

Condensate water – when air around the evaporator is cooled, the moisture of the
air accumulates as water under the evaporator – this has to be collected in pan
and drained out by gravity to a pump – hence sloping drain or tube is must.

Mounting ODU
ODU requires good air circulation space and hence is to be located in an open
space without obstruction for air movement 67
It should be as close as possible to IDU
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Kept on floor or platform as a elegant unit with grills on upper part
Air throw is upward – may affect furniture layout
Occupies floor spaces – hence not very user friendly

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Normally fixed 2 m above fllor on the wall
Controlled by cord or cordless remote unit
Saves floor space, good for conjested soace
Most widely used

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Unit directly fixed to ceiling
Resembles floor mounted type
Easy to fix
Do not require false celing
Controlled by cord or cordless remote unit

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Hidden in a box-like unit or in the false ceiling
Additional cost makes it uneconomical
Interior looks bright and uniform
Controlled by cord or cordless remote unit

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Mounted above false ceiling
Outlet grill flush with surface of false ceiling
Very slim and occupies less space
Can be placed directly above the required area
Multiple units can be provided fro large areas
Controlled by cord or cordless remote unit

Condensate draining is not possible in this by gravity – so a small motorized pump

is used to rain out condensate water

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most commonly used
cheapest type of air conditioners
To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall, and
there should also be some open space behind the wall.This system extends around
two feet beyond the wall in the back side; hence behind the wall some free space
should be available so that the hot air can be thrown easily from the condenser.
The dew collected from the room is also thrown from the back of the air
conditioner. Thus window air conditioners can be used only if there is place
available in the wall to make the slot, and there is free space behind the wall for
dissipating the heat and dripping water.
Window air conditioners are comprised of components like the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve or expansion coil, and the evaporator or the cooling
coil, all housed in a single box. There is also a motor which has shafts on both
sides. On one side of the shaft the blower is connected, which sucks hot air from
the room and blows it over the cooling coil, thus cooling it and sending it to the
room. On the other shaft the fan is connected, which blows the air over Freon gas
passing through the condenser.

However, these sizes may change depending upon the number of people
occupying the space, its alignment with respect to sun, and other sources of
heat generation inside the room.

One of the complaints that window air conditioners have had is that they tend to
make noise inside the room. But this problem has been greatly overcome by the
present day efficient and less noisy rotary compressors, which also consume less
electricity. Today a number of fancy and elegant looking models of window air
conditioners are available that enhance the beauty of your rooms. 75
 Split and window AC are used to cool small spaces where air conditioning
capacities is upto 5 tons. . The central air conditioning systems are used for where
the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons. The packaged air conditioners are used
for the cooling capacities in between these two extremes

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The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7,
10 and 15 tons. Adopted for areas : 500 to 1500 sq ft

All the components - compressor, cooling coil, air handling unit and the air filter
are all housed in a single casing and assembled at the factory location.
Economical instead of going for non-ductable split units
Types
water cooled condenser
air cooled condenser

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condenser is cooled by the water
condenser is of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the tube side
and the cooling water flowing along the shell side. The water has to be supplied
continuously in these systems to maintain functioning of the air conditioning
system. The shell and tube type of condenser is compact in shape and it is
enclosed in a single casing along with the compressor, expansion valve, and the air
handling unit including the cooling coil or the evaporator. This whole packaged air
conditioning unit externally looks like a box with the control panel located
externally. compressor is located at the bottom along with the condenser (refer
the figure below). Above these components the evaporator or the cooling coil is
located. The air handling unit comprising of the centrifugal blower and the air filter
is located above the cooling coil. The centrifugal blower has the capacity to handle
large volume of air required for cooling a number of rooms. From the top of the
package air conditioners the duct comes out that extends to the various rooms
that are to be cooled. All the components of this package AC are assembled at the
factory site. The unit can be transported very easily to the site and is installed
easily on the plane surface. Since all the components are assembled at the factory,
the high quality of the packaged unit is ensured.

REQUIRES A SMALL PLANT ROOM, HENCE SERVICE AND MAINTAINANCE IS EASY

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condenser of the refrigeration system is cooled by the atmospheric air.
There is an outdoor unit that comprises of the important components like the
compressor, condenser and in some cases the expansion valve
The outdoor unit can be kept on the terrace or any other open place where the
free flow of the atmospheric air is available. The fan located inside this unit sucks
the outside air and blows it over the condenser coil cooling it in the process. The
condenser coil is made up of several turns of the copper tubing and it is finned
externally. The packaged ACs with the air cooled condensers are used more
commonly than the ones with water cooled condensers since air is freely available
it is difficult maintain continuous flow of the water. The cooling unit comprising of
the expansion valve, evaporator, the air handling blower and the filter are located
on the floor or hanged to the ceiling. The ducts coming from the cooling unit are
connected to the various rooms that are to be cooled.

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Central air conditioning plants are used for applications like big hotels, large
buildings having multiple floors, hospitals, etc, where very high cooling loads are
required – LARGE AREAS HAVE TO BE COOLED
REQUIRES LARGE AIR CONDITIOINING PLANT ROOMS
PLANT ROOM CAN BE ADJACENT TO BUILDING OR IN A SEPARATE UNIT OR ON
BASEMENT OR TERRACE
In the central air conditioning systems there is a plant room where large
compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept
in the large plant room. They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical
refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger in size and have higher
capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple cylinders
and is cooled by the water just like the automobile engine. The compressor and
the condenser are of shell and tube type. While in the small air conditioning
system capillary is used as the expansion valve, in the central air conditioning
systems thermostatic expansion valve is used. The chilled is passed via the ducts to
all the rooms, halls and other spaces that are to be air conditioned. Thus in all the
rooms there is only the duct passing the chilled air and there are no individual
cooling coils, and other parts of the refrigeration system in the rooms. What is we
get in each room is the completely silent and highly effective air conditions system
in the room. Further, the amount of chilled air that is needed in the room can be
controlled by the openings depending on the total heat load inside the room.

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This type of system is more useful for large buildings comprising of a number of
floors. It has the plant room where all the important units like the compressor,
condenser, throttling valve and the evaporator are housed. The evaporator is a
shell and tube. On the tube side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low
temperature, while on the shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing
through the evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is pumped to the
various air handling units installed at different floors of the building. The air
handling units comprise the cooling coil through which the chilled brine flows, and
the blower. The blower sucks hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it
over the cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied to the space to be cooled
through the ducts. The brine solution which has absorbed the room heat comes
back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is again pumped back to the air handling
unit.

AC plant room is required in which water is cooled through evaporator surrounded

by water
Heat exchange takes place between water and cold refrigerants and water
becomes chilled water
This chilled water acts as a secondary refrigerant and is pumped to all AHU or fan
coil units (FCU) through insulated pipes
In the AHU or FCUs, chilled water is passed through the cooling coils cooling the air
which is circulated to all spaces through ducts
This works with both air cooled and water cooled condensers
If water cooled condenser is used a cooling tower is required
This system is preferred when multi-zones are to be cooled
AC plant room can be placed on terrace, basement or as a detached unit
Plant room is noisy and requires constant maintenance and servicing 81
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Water is used to cool the condenser
Location – close to ac plant room and where there is good air circulation eg.
Terrace
Water is pumped from cooling tower to condenser
It has two types – atmospheric or natural draft cooling tower and forced draft
cooling tower
If planned properly water can be cooled by aeration ie fountain, jet of water etc in
a pool becoming an additional feature of the building
Heat picked up from the refrigerant has to be rejected where heat rejection is not
objectional – in air cooled condenser, the heat rejection takes place directly to
atmosphere
In water cooled condenser, the heat is absorbed by cold water , and in turn water
becomes hot – and for the next condenser process the hot water has t be replaced
with cold water – easily carried out by throwing the hot water to drainage
provided there is no objection from the local municipal rules – costly process due
to scarcity of water – best alternative is to cool the water by brining it in contact
with air by means such as cooling tower or spray ponds – the air movement over
the hot water cools the water and this water can eb recirculated to the water
cooled condenser.

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Duct carries conditioned air to distribute to all areas uniformly – this distribution of
air helps to maintain even temp and humidity
These ducts are called supply air ducts and are insulated and made air tight so that
conditioned air is not leaked or mixed with any other air on the way
The supply duct ends with the suppyl grille for uniform distribution of air
Architect or interior designer takes special core of the layout and position of grills
The air from the conditioed space will go back to the AHU through duct or plenum.
If duct is used it is called return air duct

Material for ducts – galvanised iron sheet, aluminimum hsset, stainless steel sheet

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The conditioned air arrives through he duct and enters the room through diffusers.
The diffusers or registers are attached to the false ceiling and are available for
different air distribution needs

Grille – covering for any supply outlet

Register – grille fitted with a damper for controlling the quantity of air passing
through it – these are adjustable types – fixed louver register is factory set to direct
air in a specific unchanged direction
Damper – device to control air flow – manually or automatically operated – placed
in ducts to control direction, velocity and volume of circulating air
Ceiling diffuser – a square or circular opening that covers the supply opening in a
ceiling.

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The space in which the temperature, humidity, particle counts, airflow pattern is
controlled and is pressurized is called a ‘clean room’.
Air acts as a carrier of bacteria and dust brought in by the movement of people,
materials , etc.
Clean room environment is required in cases where the health of the occupants
are important and also where quality ad accuracy of sophisticated manufactured
products and processes are required. This calls for specially constructed
environmentally controlled air conditioned spaces to keep down the concentration
of air borne contaminants along with the regulation of temperature and humidity.
It is also required to maintain suitable air pattern and keep the area at a desired
pressure with respect to outside or adjacent area. For example – when the clean
room is pressurerised, it prevents the ingress of outside air and its contaminants
into the space and protects the inside processes. When the space is maintianed at
lower pressure than outside, it prevents toxic contaminants from escaping the
space into the outside area.

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The dirtiest thing going in and out are in fact the cleanroom users! Consequently,
this means suiting up, from head to toe, in a garment a bit like a full coverage
painting suit. There is a strict protocol to follow when dressing yourself to ensure
that you minimise any outside contaminants entering the cleanroom.
Inside the cleanroom, with everyone wearing this same suit and a mask covering
their nose and mouth, it is not so easy to distinguish between different people.
Eventually, you start to pick out your colleagues by the way they walk and move, or
by which piece of equipment they frequent.

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This goal is impossible. Thus, clean rooms are classified according to a numerical
count of particles of specified dimension (sizes) and above in unit volume of air.
Clean rooms control particles of sizes as low as 0.5 micron and above. There are
also ultra clean rooms which specify particle sizes of 0.1 micron and above.

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Pharmacuetical industry has different classification for clean rooms. Another
prominent standard is the European Union Guidelines to ‘Good Manufacturing
practice” – one of the most prominent standards for medicinal products for human
veterinary use.

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Air change rate is commonly used to define the recirculation process. When the
whole volume of air in the room is changed in one hour, it is said to have 1 air
change per hour

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