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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In the present day, as the population increases, the need for comfort also
increases. The human being needs more comfort because of inferior environment (like
light, sound, machine which produce heat). Sound, light and heat affect human
comfort a lot. They may adversely affect the human comfort positively or negatively.
Researchers suggest that, human body is used to be comfortable at a temperature of
22℃ to 25℃. When the temperature of room is lower or higher than this
temperature, than the human body feels uncomfortable. This is because, the human
body is structured in a way that, it should receive a certain amount of light, failure to
which it can cause sunburns and other skin conditions. Air conditioning (often
referred to as air on, AC or A/C) is the process of altering the properties of air
(primarily humidity and temperature) to favorable conditions, typically with the aim
of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space is to improve comfort. In the
most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology
humidification, de-humidification, heating, cooling, cleaning, ventilation, or air
movement that modifies the condition of air.
There are many types of air conditioning system like window air conditioners,
split air conditioners etc. but these AC’s system are used in small room or office
where cooling load required is low. When the cooling load required is very high like
multiplex building, hospital etc. central AC’s systems are used. In central AC’s
system, the cooled air is directly not distributed to the rooms. The cooled air from the
air conditioning equipment must be properly distributed to rooms or spaces to be cold
in order to provide comfort condition. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly
from the air conditioning equipment to the spaces to be cooled, then the ducts are
installed. The duct systems convey the cold air from the air conditioning equipment to
the proper air distribution point and also carry the return air from the room back to the
air conditioning equipment for reconditioning and recirculation.
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As the duct system for the proper distribution of cold air, costs nearly 20% to
30% of the total cost of the equipment required. It is necessary to design the air duct
system in such a way that the capital cost of ducts and the cost of running the fan.
The system proposed consists of electrostatic precipitators for filtration,  an oversized
heat exchanger  to reduce  pressure  loss and  improve  heat  recovery  efficiency,
ceiling ventilation  for  air  distribution,  and  a  static 
pressure reset control system tocontrol the airflow to the individual rooms. 
The chief requirements of an air conditioning duct system are:
1. It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed locations
2. It should be economical in combined initial cost, fan operating cost and
cost of building space
3. It should not transmit or generate objectionable noise
Generally, at the time of designing an air conditioning duct system, the
required airflow rates are known from load calculations. The location of fans and air
outlets are fixed initially. The duct layout is then made taking into account the space
available and ease of construction. In principle, required amount of air can be
conveyed through the air conditioning ducts by a number of combinations. Hence, it
is essential to identify the relevant design parameters and then optimize the design.
[02Chu]

1.1 Aims and Objectives

The aims of this thesis are
1. To design the duct system of central air conditioning system for
mechanical workshop building of Technological University, Hpa-an.
2. To construct detail drawing of the building (using REVIT).
The objectives of this thesis are
1. A determination of how much air flow will be required to ensure that
each room remains at a desirable and comfortable temperature.
2. Nearly having zero losses associated with heat transfer or air leakage.
3. To provide comfortable and healthy environment for people.

1.2 History and Background

Most evidence indicates that the Chinese were the first to store natural ice and
snow to cool wine and other delicacies. Evidence has been found that ice sellers were
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used as early as 1000 B.C. in China. Early Greeks and Romans also used underground
pits to store ice, which they covered with straw, weeds, and other materials to provide
insulation and preserve it over a long period.
The modern ductwork we use as the creation of flues and chimneys used by
the Chinese and Greek in the 7th century. These helped to keep a building warm
without filling it with smoke, but the first recorded central heating came from the
Romans. Around 300 B.C. the Romans used a series of vertical tubes underneath a tile
floor to heat a room. The vertical tubes were connected to a central wood furnace, and
the warm air was then sent through ducts into the room being warmed.
  During the Renaissance the idea to send steam or hot water through pipes was
developed to provide heat for a building, which is the early predecessor of a modern
radiator. This concept was used all the way through the 19th century as the primary
way to heat buildings.
  People in warm areas wanted a way to cool off inside though. In ancient Egypt
people hung wet reeds in their windows which cooled the air that blew over them. In
1758 Benjamin Franklin found that the evaporation of alcohol can cool something
down enough to freeze water; around the same time Michael Faraday found the same
results using compressed and liquefied ammonia.
  In 1902 a device was developed for a publishing company to blow air over
cold coils to keep the temperature and humidity at levels that kept paper from
wrinkling- this became the Carrier Air Conditioning company that is still around. In
1906 the invention of the atomized sprayer, which is a group of water filled ducts that
spray a mist that subsequently cools the air through evaporation, was developed to
cool the air inside textile manufacturing plants. This lowered the temperature during
the hot summer months and made the yarn easier to spin, and gave birth to the name
‘air conditioning’.
  In 1930 Freon was developed and began being produced, where it was used in
air conditioners to evaporate and condense, drawing the heat and moisture out of the
air and blow the cool air back into the building. Originally this was found in the
recognizable window units, which cost the equivalent of $150,000 today. After World
War 2 air conditioning became a standard choice, and central air eventually was
developed.
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1.3 Implementation Program

1. Studying the theoretical background knowledge of central air conditioning
system
2. Learning the basic principles of duct designing for central air conditioning
system.
3. Studying the effective condition, duct shapes, all dimensions, duct
components and materials are recorded.
4. Carrying out of the theoretical calculation and planning layout of the duct
system.

1.4 Outline of Thesis

There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter one includes the introduction of
the air conditioning system. Chapter two describes duct design for air conditioning
system. Duct design theory is discussed in chapter three. Design calculations of duct
design are mentioned in chapter four. Finally, discussion and conclusion are described
in chapter five.