FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

CENTRE OF STUDY FOR CONSTRUCTION

AP246 (5B)

BUILDING SERVICES AND ENGINEERING II (BCM543)

AIR CONDITIONING : CENTRALISED SYSTEM

GROUP MEMBERS

MUHAMMAD LUQMAN BIN MOHD ALI 2014631162

SAIFULHISHAM BIN MOHAMAD SHAFFIE 2014822846
MUHAMMAD FIQREE NAZREEN BIN SAAD 2014422816
MUHAMMAD AZRY BIN SAMSUDIN 2014648518
ABDUL WAHID BIN SOPIASAH 2014645866
MOHD DZULHANAFIE BIN NASRAN 2014240452

PREPARED FOR : PUAN JULITA BINTI YUNUS

SUBMISSION DATE : 15 MAY 2015

Table of Content

Acknowledgement 1

CHAPTER 1: Introduction 2

CHAPTER 2 : Theoretical study 3-6

CHAPTER 3 : Case study 7

3.1 Nature of business 7-8

3.2 System applied 9-24

3.3 Problem and solution 25-31

CHAPTER 4 : Conclusion 32

References 33

Appendix
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First praise is to Allah, the Almighty, on whom ultimately we depend for sustenance and
guidance. In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guideline of some
respected persons, who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this assignment
gives us much pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude to our lecturer Ms. Julita binti
Yunus as a Course Instructor for BCM 543 Building Services Engineering for giving us a
good guideline for assignment throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to
expand our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us in
writing this assignment.

In addition, a thank you to Mr. Chandran Govindan as a Maintenance Manager in Empress

Hotel that willing to share, guide and accept us to perform our case study in this hotel. Many
people, especially our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable comment
suggestions on this assignment which gave us an inspiration to improve our assignment. We
thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our assignment.

1
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

“Mechanical ventilation refers to the use of life-support technology to perform the work
of breathing for patients who are unable to do so on their own.” This is the definition of
mechanical ventilation according to Cook, Meade, and Guyatt (2000).

The demands on the building ventilation are fundamentally different today, compared
to the situation 100 years ago. At that time, all buildings were naturally ventilated. At the
middle of the 1970’s, approximately 95 % of all new residential buildings were equipped with
mechanical ventilation (Orestål 1992).

The purpose of ventilation is to provide fresh (or at least outdoor) air for comfort and to
ensure healthy indoor air quality by diluting contaminants. Historically people have ventilated
buildings to provide source control for both combustion products and objectionable odors
(Sherman, 2004). Currently, a wide range of ventilation technologies is available to provide
ventilation in dwellings including both mechanical systems and sustainable technologies.

In simply words, mechanical ventilation system is one of the important consideration in

designing for a new building.

Objective
There is several objectives that we need to know and identified while performing our case
study such as:-
1. To know what is physical building/nature of the business of the case study.
2. To identify what system and types are applied into the building whether it is 100%
natural ventilation or 100% mechanical ventilation or both.
3. To identify what problem is occur and how the company solve the circumstances
occur in order to maintain the building in the good shape.

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 CHAPTER 2 : THEORETICAL STUDY

Central air conditioning is a method of structural cooling in which a centralized unit cools and
dehumidifies air before circulating it throughout a building. This is in direct contrast with
systems that rely on individual units in rooms or suites of rooms. Central air, as it is also
known, is often bundled with a heating system, as both rely on similar amounts of electrical
power and ductwork to distribute cooled or heated air. This type of air conditioning is
generally seen in large structures, or in homes in extremely hot, humid climates.

With central air, the main unit is often located outdoors or in an isolated area of a building
because a great deal of noise is generated during the refrigeration cycles that cool the air
and help to extract humidity. The unit connects to ductwork that runs throughout the building,
with blowers pushing cold air out of the ducts to cool down rooms. The air conditioner also
vents to the outdoors to get rid of excess heat and moisture.

Ductless air conditioning can also be used to cool air in large areas, but instead of relying on
ductwork, it uses individual wall units that pull out moisture and hot air, and pump in cool air.
This form of air conditioning can be more environmentally friendly, as people can control the
climate in individual rooms or groups of rooms, rather than using a single central unit to
maintain a desired temperature. Because temperatures can vary considerably across a
structure, central air conditioning can use a lot of energy in its attempt to keep the air
comfortable.

For large buildings, central air conditioning is critical, because the air can grow quite
oppressive, especially in warm weather. Heat from the weather can make the building warm
up, as can the heat from the bodies in the building, and moisture also accumulates as a
result of respiration. Using central air will keep a building comfortable for people to work in
and make it more pleasant for visitors who may be entering the building, such as customers
entering a department store.

Homes in hot climates may also benefit from central air. Using this type of air conditioning
system eliminates the need for wall or window units, which are often unsightly and can be
difficult to manage. Central air, much like central heat, can also be calibrated to keep
temperatures within a stable range while retaining energy efficiency. This is especially true
when central air or heat is combined with measures such as insulating a home to help it
resist external temperature changes and designing a home that is suited for its climate.
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-central-air-conditioning.htm
3
How Does the Central Air Conditioning Works

When a liquid turns into a gas or “evaporates” it absorbs heat. This is why pouring water
over your skin makes you feel cooler in hot weather. Air conditioners use a chemical
compound known as refrigerant that turns from liquid to gas at low temperatures. Refrigerant
move through the air conditioning system, absorbing heat from your house and transferring it
outdoors in a continuous cycle.

1. Cold refrigerant is pumped through the evaporator coil. A fan blows air over the coil,
and the refrigerant in the coil absorbs heat from the air. The now-cool air is blown into
your ducts to be distributed through your home. As the refrigerant absorbs heat, it
evaporates into a low-pressure gas.
2. Hot, low-pressure refrigerant gas moves to the compressor, which increases the
pressure and temperature of the gas.
3. Hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas moves to the condenser. The gas releases heat and,
as it does so, it condenses back into a liquid.
4. The liquid refrigerant flows to the expansion valve, which regulates how much
refrigerant gets through to the evaporator. From here, the refrigerant flows to the
evaporator to start the cooling cycle over again.

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Component of Central Air Conditioning System

NO DESCRIPTION PICTURES
1 The air conditioner compressors, located
outdoor within the condenser unit is
responsible for providing the pressure
difference in an air conditioner system.

The compressor pulls in low-pressure,

temperature from the evaporator and
compresses that gas to high-pressure, high
temperature superheats to the condenser.

2 Air conditioner condenser, it’s a square (or

round) metal box located outdoor. It
receives the high-pressure, temperature
vapor refrigerant from the compressor and
rejects that heat to the surrounding air
(medium).

As a result of condensing the hot vapor

heat, the refrigerant turns to liquid.

3 The air conditioner evaporator, located

indoor within the air handler or furnace is
responsible for absorbing heat from
whatever places that needs to be cool.

5
 4 Air Conditioner Refrigerant copper tube- Its
copper tube that connects the compressor,
the condenser, the metering device, and
the evaporator.

Once the refrigerant’s tube connects to

these components, and we add refrigerant
in it; It is now known as refrigeration cycle
(close- loop air conditioner units).

5 The air conditioner expansion valve (meter

devices) is located indoor in the air handler
or furnace. The meter devices are near the
evaporator coil which is within the air
handler. It acts as a restriction. It’s
responsible for providing the correct
amount of refrigerant to the evaporator coil.

http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/Central_air_conditioner.html

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 CHAPTER 3 : CASE STUDY

3.1 Physical or Background of Hotel

Empress Hotel is a 3 star business hotel in Sepang is located just 15 minutes away
from the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), unfolds true Malaysian hospitality in an
innovative setting surrounded by interesting local activities. The hotel was built since 1997
and located in the Sepang. The hotel is only 4 km from the Sepang Circuit. Hotel housed
331 rooms and suites. Then, the hotel have 9 floor for guest which are every floor have a 37
room except level 8 only have 35 room. The other floor is for function room which capable to
control 10 to 1,200 people, a full range of facilities and equipment is at your disposal, along
with professional assistance for meeting planners to ensure guest meeting is a success.

This hotel also provide place for rest and recreation, like roof top swimming pool
provides pure relaxation in tranquil surroundings and Fitness Room is also at convenience
for prefer more physical recreation. All areas are Wi-Fi enabled so guest can surf internet. All
rooms and suites are furnished for maximum comfort and full convenience for the conduct of
business. Furthermore, this hotel have a gen set for standby if any blackout happen like
before. It is because, it may affect the income of hotel when they have no electric supply.
The workers work in 3 shift per day which are shift A from 7 am-3pm, shift B from 3pm-11pm
and shift C from 11pm-7am. When they want service the air-conditioner or cooling tower, the
technician will make it without pay other people to do it. The cooling tower weight is 750 tan
and has been used for 17 years.

Next, in a 12 storey of this hotel, they also provide services such as astro channels,
international direct dial access, hair dryer, minibar, coffee and tea making facilities. At level
10 on the back of hotel, they used a blower to absorb the hot air because the area are
closed and the air-conditioner can be not cool. In several areas, they used split unit to
support the room to produce cool air because the sunlight straight to the room. Besides,
most of the guest are foreign and come to stay here for a while. It is because, the hotel near
the KLIA and KLIA2 and the price also not too expensive. Several room in this hotel can be
combined. Usually, the family outing will rent the room. The guest cannot controlled the
temperature of air-cond because this hotel used Centralised air-conditioner. To adjust the
temperature, the will adjust the louver of air-cond inside the room.

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Photo Of Empress Hotel

8
3.2 SYSTEM APPLIED

The air-conditioning system used at the empress hotel comprises two systems which
are split unit and water cooled package unit. The major system used in the building is water
cooled package unit start from main lobby until to the topmost level. Meanwhile, the split unit
system only used for support at the last rooms because the water cooled package unit does
not efficient enough to give cooling effect to the room and also as consideration for human
comfort. The reason why they used water cooled package unit in this building because to
minimize the cost, installation, and maintenance. This is because the building is categorized
as high rise building which more suitable use this water cooled package system to avoid
wastage if other system is used.

The cold air distribution on a floor level from the AHU.

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Water Cooled Package System

Operational

1. Storage tank

Function of the tank is to supply the water to the cooling tower, the location of the tank is
located at level 10 in the building and indoor space. The water storage tank plays a roles not
merely to supply the water to the cooling tower but to all part of the building such as toilet,
bathroom, sink and others sanitary fitting. Storage tank will distribute the water to the cooling
tower when there is not enough water in the cooling process.

2. Cooling tower

Cooling tower main function is to produce cold water which the source comes from water
tank and also circulated water by dissipating water vapor with help of fans. In this building,
they provide two cooling tower that located on level 10 of the building. There are important
components consist in the cooling tower such as sprinkler system, blower and the water filter
that made from polymer fiber which make it operate smoothly. Sprinkler work as a sprayer to
spray the water and blower works to release water vapor to the atmosphere.

Two cooling tower located at topmost of the hotel.

In the cooling tower, there is inlet and outlet of water which is the inlet come from storage
tank and circulated water from the AHU. Whereby the outlet is to distribute cool water to
AHU which provide 18-20°C and it return back 25-27°C.

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 Example of sprinkler head that take out for maintenance.

Top view of the cooling tower that show sprinkler work by motor.

3. Pump

To support the flow rate of the water to distribute to all AHU that located in every level, the
location of the pump is at same level with cooling tower. For this system, it supported by
three pumps, but only two worked and one pump in standby condition.

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 Three pumps in the pumps room.

4. Air handling unit

The air handling unit is an integrated piece of equipment consisting of fans, heating and
cooling coils, air-control dampers, filters and silencers. Air handling units are often called in
short form term as AHU. The purpose of this equipment is to collect and allows 20-30% mix
outdoor air with that returning from the building space. The air mixture is then cooled after
which it is discharged into the building space through a ducting. Air handling unit is
associated with heating/cooling (HVAC) system so that enables the system give maximum
cooling effect to the occupant.

For this building, it has AHU for each level that consists of 37 rooms for each level. That
means one AHU supporting 37 rooms for a level. Technician will monitor the AHU by looking
at the temperature and pressure of the water. The technician must control the pressure of
the water because the hotel is multi storey building so that it distributed uniformly. Inside the
AHU room, there is also has a thermostat which work to control the production of cool air to
cooling the building.

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 Air handling unit in the room.

Thermostat located in AHU room, to control the temperature for the level.

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 5. Ducting, diffuser and extractor.

Ducting is a connector between inlet/outlet and AHU room and work as distributer of the cool
air and return hot air back to the AHU room. Material used for ducting made by aluminum
and installed inside the ceiling. For the air outlet in guest room, there is louver to control cool
air volume rate. If the opening is wide, the volume of the cool air will be huge volume.

Outlet of cool air supply for the guest room in vertical axis(wall or suspended ceiling)

Inlet for hot air return for the guest room in horizontal axis (wall or suspended ceiling)

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Advantages water cooled package unit

i. Able to cooling large room space

ii. Long lifespan
iii. Fast cooling effect to room space
iv. Use water as natural medium to cooling (environmental friendly)
v. Uniform air distribution

Disadvantages water cooled package unit

i. Need specialist to do maintenance work

ii. High cost because use of water, refrigerant, AHU component, and ducting
iii. Problem of water leaking
iv. Difficult to identify damages because large system
v. Need large space for the installation of the component such as AHU room, area for
cooling tower and distribution path for ducting.
vi. The process is more complex between split units.
vii. Cannot control the temperature for the small room like guest room.

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Maintenance

Water cooled package need to frequent maintenance so that the components always
in good condition. Empress Hotel already have their technician to do maintenance work, for
the air conditioning system, the technician will cover all the maintenance work except
checking the water condition and any broken component. Checking water condition done by
selected contractor because it is specialist work. Every week the contractor comes to take
sample of the water to check the condition of water in term of the pH value, algae, corrosion
and chlorine. The contractor will maintain the condition of the water. For the volume of water,
the hotel technician will do the inspection every an hour.

Maintenance for this system is Wash out the filter for makes sure the water filtered is
clean. This process will do every a month by the technician. There have their in own
schedule for the inspection and maintenance work, and it arrange in weekly schedule. As
example, for his week the technician will cover about the AHU and next week it will change
the maintenance work like cooling tower. In six months, Chemical will be added for every six
months to maintain the coolness of the air and the coil copper in the AHU washed by brass
to make sure it do not slow down the flow of cooled water.

1. Pump system

Pump system important in this system because it needs to distribute water from storage tank
to cooling tower, and AHU rooms. These are checklist to do for pump maintenance:

a) Check unit for proper operation

b) Check for leaks on suction and discharge piping
c) Check for seals, packing gland, etc
d) Check motor and pump operation for excessive vibration, overheating, noise
e) Check operation of pressure controls
f) Lubricate pump and motor
g) Clean exterior of pump, motor

2. Cooling tower

Cooling tower as we know plays big roles in the system because without it cooling and
heating process of water cannot occur efficiently. Here is checklist for cooling tower
maintenance:
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 a) For a month, the water used in this process will be services like add on to fulfill the
quantity of the cooling tower.
b) Check and clean wet deck, remove all debris and dispose of properly
c) Remove dirt or dust from all interior parts
d) Pressure wash cooling tower and tower structure
e) Inspect and adjust motor, and belts for proper operation
f) Lubricate motor and fan bearings
g) Flush cooling tower if the tower has accumulated excessive debris during the
operation season
h) Clean distribution nozzles and screens, adjust bleed, float, and central valve for
desired water level
i) Check electrical wiring for loose connections
j) Check drains line for restrictions
k) Start unit and observe operation
l) Lubricate all bearing. Remove old or excess lubricant
m) Check fans and air inlet screens and remove any dirt or debris

3. Air Handling Unit

Inside of Air Handling Unit there are consist of many elements need to be check and monitor
as follows:

a) Every six months the coil copper in the AHU washed by brass to make sure it do not
slow down the flow of cooled water.
b) Check unit for noise and vibration
c) Clean filters
d) Drain and clean condensation pan
e) Lubricate, greasing motor and blower bearings
f) Clean coil with vacuum, water pressure, brushing
g) Use fin comb to straighten coil fins if need
h) Clean fan blades and interior unit surfaces
i) Chemical will be added for every six months to maintain the coolness of the air.
j) Check motor belt and pully for proper operation
k) Check unit bypass valve for proper work

4. Piping and Ducting

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For piping and ducting the most important thing to monitor is water and gas leakage.
Ways to check the condition of piping and ducting are by using bubble test. Put the water
soap along the ducting and observe the surfaces of ducting whether it form a bubble or
not. If the bubble appears at surface it show there is leakage at piping/ducting. The
solution to this problem is welding the holes that cause leakage or cover with the gum.

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Split Unit Air-Conditioning

Operational

Split unit system mainly used for small capacity usage only. In the Empress Hotel building
the split unit was used only at the last rooms of each floor level. Types of the split unit that
the building used is split system single unit which is single compressor for the single output it
using York brand. The medium used for cooling the room is refrigerant gas and it differ from
water cooled package which have water and refrigerant gas as cooling medium. Split unit air
conditioning consist four important elements which are:

1. Outdoor unit

A. Compressor

The compressor is considered as the heart of the cooling cycle. The cycle begins when the
compressor draws in cool, low-pressure refrigerant gas from the indoors. The motor-driven
compressor’s sole function is to "squeeze" the refrigerant, raising its temperature and
pressure so that it exits the compressor as a hot, high-pressure gas before entering
condenser coil. Compressor located in outdoor unit because when it works the noise will be
produced due to vibration when compressing the air. So the design is takes consideration for
human comfort as well so that not being interrupted.

Compressor located at outdoor unit.

B. Condenser

The condenser is a heat exchanger for superheated refrigerant gas in the system.
Refrigerant containing heat that is compressed after being passed through the compressor
and, in both a high pressure and high temperature gases state flow through condenser coil.
After the high pressure gas passed through the condenser coil, the outside air passing over

19
the coils and fans help removes the high pressure gas to outside. The gas state changes
from high pressure gas to low pressure gas after passed through condenser coil and will
move along tube before enter next component which called expansion valve.

Outdoor unit consist of compressor and condensor.

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 2. Indoor unit

A. Expansion valve

The expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant state to allow expansion or
change of state from a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator. The high-pressure liquid
refrigerant entering the expansion valve is quite warm. This may be verified by feeling the
liquid line at its connection to the expansion valve. The liquid refrigerant leaving the
expansion valve is quite cold. The orifice within the valve does not remove heat, but only
reduces pressure. Heat molecules contained in the liquid refrigerant are thus allowed to
spread as the refrigerant moves out of the orifice. Under a greatly reduced pressure the
liquid refrigerant is at its coldest as it leaves the expansion valve and enters the evaporator.

Pressures at the inlet and outlet of the expansion valve will closely approximate gauge
pressures at the inlet and outlet of the compressor in most systems. The similarity of
pressures is caused by the closeness of the components to each other. The slight variation
in pressure readings of a very few pounds is due to resistance, causing a pressure drop in
the lines and coils of the evaporator and condenser.

B. Evaporator

The evaporator’s plays a function to absorb heat from cooling space. After the heat inside
room space has been absorbed by evaporator then at the same time cooling gas will be
release to give cooling effect to the space. The evaporator for split unit of air conditioning
comes in the form of tubing coil. There is a difference in the evaporator temperature for
different applications from air conditioning to very low temperature freezing. Temperature
different is a function of the different between air entering the evaporator and the
temperature of refrigerant inside the evaporator tubing. The greater the temperature
different, the more moisture is removed from the air by the evaporator. There are three terms
used to describe evaporator heat as follows:

 Latent heat - is the heat absorbed in the evaporator by changing the state of the
refrigerant, without a change in the temperature of the refrigerant
 Sensible heat – is the heat absorbed in the evaporator after all refrigerant has been
evaporated. There is a change in refrigerant temperature as sensible heat is
absorbed.

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 Superheat – is a measurement of the sensible heat after all the refrigerant has boiled
off. It is an indication of the efficiency of the coil and whether the evaporator is
starving or flooding.

Indoor unit that consist of cooling coil and expansion valve.

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Advantages split unit air-cond

i. Easy to install
ii. Low maintenance cost
iii. Easy to remove to other space because small
iv. Cheap/reasonable price
v. Small energy consumption
vi. Easy to identify problem because small unit
vii. Easy to guest control the temperature follows their need.

Disadvantages split unit air-cond

i. Less cooling effect compared to large unit like centralized.

ii. Noise at outdoor unit because vibration produces by compressor.
iii. Use Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gas as refrigerant medium.
iv. Slow cooling effect.
v. Less capability to cooling large space.
vi. Less aesthetic value for the hotel building.

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Maintenance

Split unit air conditioning even a small unit it need for periodic maintenance as well so that it
can work efficiently without problem and can give comfortability to human. Maintenance for
this system not complicated as centralized which more component need to be check. Among
basis component that always checked are:

a) Filter

Take out filter from the unit for cleaning process. Remove the dust that sticks on the filter by
spraying water or vacuum cleaning to the dust until it clear. After that, placed the filter at
outside area until dried by radiation and next step is reinstall again.

b) Electrical/electronic check

Inspect the system electrical wiring and check for loose connections. Replace the wiring if
need when the wire has been torn or damaged. Besides that, check electronic devices like
capacitor, fuse, resistor, etc. Replace the devices if found out has been damaged or remain
used the devices if still function.

c) Refrigerant charge

Refrigerant will be added if the system cannot give maximum cooling effect as usual. Check
system refrigerant charge. Before checking the charge makes sure the indoor conditions
must be within 20-24 degree Celsius of the desired comfort conditions. Ensure adequate
indoor airflow before checking charge. Run the system until the operating conditions stabilize
(about 5 minutes). If the system is undercharged, add refrigerant. If overcharged, remove
refrigerant.

d) Ductwork inspection
Inspect the ductwork and detect any leakage by observation and know the temperature
supply for the room. If there is any leakage for the ducting, the technician will check by put
the soap solution along the ducting. It will show the position of ducting that leakage and the
maintenance will seal the ducting to covering the leakage.

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3.3 PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
NO PICTURE PROBLEM
1 Starter problem At the tank their provide 3 pump which
is duty pump,standby pump and jockey
pump and the problem that occur is the
pump was broken because the
operation work for this 3 pump are non
stop which is there overheating
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SOLUTION
The soution that have taken by this empress
hotel which is there arrange the schedule for
working pump for example duty pum and
jockey pump are work and standby pump are
will be prepare incase there have any broken
pump and then for the next week the jockey
pump and standby pump were working and
the duty pump will be prepare and for the the
next week the same rotation will be working
this system name is rotation pump system
which is this system can avoid from
overheating the pump that working 24 hours
non stop.
2 Sprinkler head are not function In the cooling tower there have access This hotel decide to change the sprinkler head
of water to flow which is called sprinkler and it is high cost to repair the sprinkler heat
head. The sprikler head were control because if their take that action it may not
the amount of water enter in the cooling support the high pressure of water flow at the
tower. The common problem that occur long time.
is the sprinkler head was broken or
break, it is because the pressure of the
water are high that cannot support the
high pressure in the long time and the
other problem is that sprinkler are long
time used with 24 hours non stop to
flow the water enter the cooling tower.

26
3 Complaint from guest Commonly the complaint that come
from guest that used room at the end of
hotel which are not cold, because at the
end of room the air conditioning are not
support to supply the temperature.
Their install the both system which is split unit
and centralised because the centralised
system are not support to supply to the end of
room that why the slipt unit are install to
support the temperature in that room so the
guest are get the suitable temperature.

4 High Cost Electricity Improper voltage and amp draw several solution has been highlighted to
increase operating cost and shorten the overcome this problem such as the owner has
life of the motor itself. Besides, that it taken precaution in this issue arise by do a
also will increase the monthly bill for monthly scheduling to control the temperature
that particular premises. In this case that is set up for the premises in the air
study that has been chosen state that handling unit (AHU). in addition, the technician
the premise has 200 rooms with used will increase the temperature in AHU room in
different types of air conditioner system required temperature at night due to reduce
namely split unit for the room that is far usage of the electricity.
away that unable the centralized air
conditioner to cover up. Because of that
problem the owner has to used more

27
 electricity and install more air
conditioner that is working 24 hour in
that Hotel.

5 Problem of filter There is a problem arise in this case Hence, the owner has come with a solution by
study regarding the problem of filter in do a regular maintenance every one to two
this Hotel which with a lack of month in regular basis to ensure that the air
maintenance is done the filter is conditioner can be perform at the best way.
clogged and is filled with dirt that The solution give the owner to utilize the air
prevent the air conditioner perform in conditioner by ensure the efficiency of the air
the best way. . With normal airflow conditioner is to routinely replace or clean its
obstructed, air that bypasses the filter filter.
may carry dirt directly into the
evaporator coil and impair the coil's
heat-absorbing capacity. Replacing a
dirty, clogged filter with a clean one can
lower the air conditioner's energy
consumption. Therefore, this problem
has affect the particular rooms has
uneven temperature and air that is
supply is not sufficient to cool that
rooms.

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6 Compressor The air conditioner compressor may fail
in case of an overload or if it overheats.
This overload or overheat problem arise
because of the compressor unable to
compress the gas out due to clogged
out tube
7 duct leaking water flow from cooling tower through
the sprinkler head produce high
pressure of water in which, will cause
the overload of water pass through the
ducting and cause the ducting burst and
leaks
8 Pump The pumps always damaged every year
when it overheat during operation
because it operating 24 hours per day.
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- to overcome this problem is always make
sure the tubing inside compressor is clean
without restriction by cleaning the clogged out
material
if the ducting experience leakage the possible
solution are by welding the leakage surface or
cover with adhesive material
The pumps must always maintenance every
month so when the pressure is high, it still can
hold and stay for long time. It’s also can
change the pump with good quality so the
operating are move smoothly.
9 Belt Cooling Tower The belt in the cooling tower always
break during operating. It is because it
works for 24 hours per day non-stop.
Sometimes, the weather also affect the
belt cause its expose to the rain and
sunlight.
30
They will change the belt a new one with buy a
good quality. It’s to ensure that the cooling
tower can work properly for a long time and
the operation to produce a cool water is better.
They also will provide a cover for the belt
because the belt are exposed to the extreme
weather.
10 Overflow of Water In Cooling Tower The cooling tower are located at
outdoor of level 10. The rain water will
assemble together with the water in
cooling tower and caused the water
overflow from the place.
31
Provide a cover for the water at cooling tower
to prevent the rain water mixed together with
cooling tower water. This will help the
technicians to check the quality the water is
good.
CHAPTER 4 : CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that the usage of air conditioning system is very
important to ensure the comforts of the occupants of any buildings. Choosing the right type
of system to be used can affect certain aspects such as the energy efficiency, costs and
many more. By identifying the type of building, the activities carried out in the building and
many more, we can choose the most suitable air conditioning system to be used at the
building. Due to so many advantages the use of the air conditioners has become so much
rampant today. In the earlier days air-conditioner was considered to be the item of luxury,
now it has become the item of necessity without which one just can’t live in the extreme
summer conditions.

So, for the case study it can be concluded that the most suitable air condition
system to be used in this hotel is Centralised System. It is easy to control the temperature
from one controller and when the temperature was set, it will distribute the temperature to
the available floor and room.

32
 REFERENCES

Herb K., Demand M. What Are the Functions of Compressors on Air Conditioners?
Retrieved on 13 May 2015 from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/functions-
compressors-air-conditioners-85051.html

Mark S. (2009). Automotive Heating & Air Conditioning. Naugatuck Valley Community
College

Dick W. (2009). Commercial Refrigeration: For Air Conditioning Technicians. Cengage

Learning Incorporation.

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APPENDIX

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