Jawapan Bab 2

B Keputusan / Results:
BA

2 Tekanan
Pressure
x / cm h / cm
10 0.74
20 1.47
Tekanan Cecair 30 2.21
2 .1
Pressure in Liquids 40 2.94
50 3.68
1. (a) besar, dalam / greater, deeper
60 4.41
(b) sama, sama / same, same
Analisa Data / Analysis of Data:
2. (a) beratnya / weight
h / cm
(b) Ah, ρAh, ρAhg
5
ρAhg
(c) = hρg 4.5
A 4
P = Tekanan cecair 3.5
Pressure of a liquid
3
h = Kedalaman
The depth 2.5

ρ = Ketumpatan cecair 2
Density of the liquid 1.5
g = Pecutan graviti 1
Gravitational acceleration
0.5
3. (a) Air memancut keluar dengan paling 0 x / cm
jauh dari lubang manakala jarak 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

terpendek direkodkan untuk air yang Kesimpulan / Conclusion:

memancut keluar dari lubang X. bertambah / increases
The water gushing out of the hole farthest from
Z and recorded the shortest distance to the water 5. (a) berbeza / different
gushing out of the hole X. (b) cepat, perlahan / faster, slower
(b) rendah, jauh / lower, greater (c) Ketumpatan air adalah lebih tinggi
4. Inferens / Inference: daripada minyak. Oleh itu, semakin
kedalaman, depth tinggi ketumpatan cecair, semakin
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: tinggi tekanan dalam cecair pada titik
meningkat / increase yang sama dan kedalaman yang sama.
The density of water is higher than that of oil.
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: Therefore, the higher the density of the liquid, the
(a) Kedalaman cecair / Depth of liquid higher the pressure in the liquid at the same point
(b) Tekanan dalam cecair / Pressure in liquid and the same depth.
(c) Jenis cecair / Type of liquid 6. Hipotesis / Hypothsis:
tinggi / higher

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Pemboleh ubah / Variables: 8. (a) tinggi, tinggi / high, high

(a) Ketumpatan cecair / Density of liquid (b) lebih tinggi, tekanan / higher, pressure
(b) Tekanan cecair / Pressure in liquid (c) hidroelektrik, bekalan air, lebih nipis,
(c) Kedalaman cecair / Depth of liquid lebih tebal, tinggi
Keputusan / Results: hydroelectric, water supply, thinner, thicker, high

ρ / kg m–3 h / cm 9. (a) Kedalaman air / Depth of water

800 2.94 (b) P = hρg
P = 2(1000) (10) = 20 000 Pa
1 000 3.68
(c) Kedalaman Y lebih tinggi daripada
1 300 4.78
kedalaman X. Tekanan air di Y lebih
Analisa data / Analysis of data: tinggi daripada tekanan air di X.
h/m The depth at Y is higher than the depth at X.
The water pressure at Y is higher than the water
6
pressure at X.
5

4
2 .2 Tekanan Atmosfera
3 Atmospheric Pressure
2

1
1. Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh berat
ρ / kg m–3
lapisan udara di atmosfera yang bertindak
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 ke atas permukaan Bumi.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: The pressure caused by the weight of the layer of air in
the atmosphere acts on the Earth’s surface.
meningkat / increases
2.
7. (a) Kedalaman cecair • kemek / dented • kekal / remains
Depth of liquid
• tinggi, semua arah / • menolak / pushes
= 25 – 5 = 20 cm = 0.2 m high, all directions
Tekanan / Pressure , P = hρg
= 0.2 × (1 300) × 10 = 2 600 Pa 3. (a)
Nilai tekanan atmosfera boleh
(b) Tekanan / Pressure, P = hρg ditentukan menggunakan barometer
= 15 × (1 040) × 10 = 156 000 Pa merkuri. Sebuah barometer merkuri
(c) P terdiri daripada sebatang tiub kaca
kira-kira 1 meter panjang yang
mengandungi merkuri.
The value of atmospheric pressure can be
measured by using a mercury barometer. A
mercury barometer consists of a 1 metre long
glass tube containing mercury.
(b) Pada aras laut, tekanan atmosfera
boleh menyokong sebuah turus
merkuri sehingga ketinggian 76 cm.
0 h Pada altitud yang lebih tinggi,
(d) A = Minyak / Oil ketinggian turus merkuri adalah lebih
rendah daripada 76 cm.
B = Air / Water At sea level, atmospheric pressure can support a
hA ρA g = hB ρB g mercury column to a height of 76 cm. At higher
hA ρA = hB ρB altitudes, the height of mercury column is lower
8(ρB) = (6)(1) than 76 cm.
ρA = 0.75 g cm–3 (c) Patm = hρg
h = ketinggian turus merkuri

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the height of mercury column • meningkat / increases

ρ = ketumpatan merkuri
the density of mercury 8. • Peningkatan / Increased
g = pecutan graviti • melarut / dissolves
the acceleration due to gravity • tinggi / High
• nitrogen, sakit dada, kematian
4.
nitrogen, chest pain, death

2 .3 Tekanan Gas
Gas Pressure

Barometer Aneroid Barometer Fortin

Aneroid barometer Fortin barometer 1. daya yang dikenakan pada dinding suatu
bekas oleh zarah gas per unit luas dinding
5. (a) Betul / True itu.
(b) Betul / True force exerted on the wall of a container by gas particles
(c) Salah / False per unit area of the wall.
6. (a) (i) P = 106 – 30 2. (a) ✓  (b) ✗  (c) ✓  (d) ✓  (e) ✓
= 76 cm Hg
(ii) P = hρg 3. (a) Pgas = Patm + hρg
= 0.76 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 = 103360 + 0.14(13600)10
= 103360 Pa = 103360 + 19 040
(iii) PA = 76 cm Hg = 122 400 Pa
(iv) PB = 106 cm Hg (b) (i) PHg = 39 – 15 = 24 cm Hg
PB = hρg Pgas = Patm + PHg
= 1.06 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 = 76 + 24
= 144,160 Pa = 100 cm Hg
(b) (i) Patm + 4 = 78 (ii) Pgas = hρg =1(13600) (10)
Patm = 78 – 4 = 74 cm Hg = 136 000 Pa
Patm = hρg
= 0.74 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 2 .4 Prinsip Pascal
Pascal’s Principle
= 100 640 Pa
(ii) Patm = 76 cm Hg 1. (a) semua arah
Patm = hρg all directions
= 0.76 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 (b) dipindahkan secara seragam ke semua
= 103360 Pa arah dalam bendalir itu
(iii) 73 + 4 = Patm the pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is
Patm = 77 cm Hg transmitted uniformly in all directions in the fluid
Patm = hρg 2. (a) pengganda daya
= 0.77 × 1.36 × 104 × 10 force multiplier
= 104720 Pa (b) kecil, besar
7. (a) bertambah, rendah, rendah small, large
increases, lower, lower (c) sama
(b) tinggi, berat / high, heavy equal
(c) • lebih cepat / faster F2 A2
• kekurangan / Decreased (d) (e) F2 = F1 ×
A2 A1
• jelas / clearly
• makan, dehidrasi / appetite, dehydrated F2 = 100 × 10 = 1000 N

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3.

Beban
Load Pemegang
Handle

Omboh besar, A
Big piston, A
Omboh
kecil, B
Silinder besar Small piston, B
Big cylinder
Silinder kecil Takungan minyak
Small cyllinder Oil reservoir
Minyak
Oil

Injap B
Injap A Valve B
Valve A

Injap pelepas
Release valve
4.
(a)
Ketika pemegang dinaikkan, (b) Tekanan atmosfera menolak minyak dari
omboh kecil, A dinaikkan, injap A takungan minyak untuk mengalir
masih tertutup tetapi injap B dari takungan minyak ke silinder kecil.
dibuka . Atmospheric pressure pushes oil from the
When the handle is raised, the small piston, oil reservoir to flow from the oil reservoir
A is raised, valve A is still closed but into a small cylinder.
valve B is open .

(c) Ketika pemegang ditolak ke bawah, (d)

Tekanan yang dikenakan akan
omboh kecil B digerakkan ke bawah, disebarkan secara seragam dari
injap A terbuka tetapi injap B omboh kecil B ke omboh besar A
adalah tertutup sekarang. melalui minyak.
When the handle is pushed down, the The applied pressure will be uniformly
piston small B is moved down, valve A is distributed from small piston B to large piston A
open but valve B is closed through the oil.
now.

(e) Daya yang besar (f ) Dengan mengulangi langkah-langkah ini, beban

kemudian bertindak pada yang berat dapat diangkat ke kedudukan yang
omboh besar A yang lebih tinggi. Selepas habis kerja pembaikan kereta,
injap pelepas dibuka untuk menurunkan
menaikkan beban berat.
A large force then acts objek ke kedudukan asal.
on a large piston A which raises a By repeating these steps, a heavy load can be lifted to a
heavy load. higher position. After completion of the car repair work, the
release valve is opened to lower the object to its original
position.

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5.
Spring
Spring
Brek cakera
Pedal brek Brake disc
Brake pedal

Silinder induk
Master cylinder

Kasut brek Pad brek

Brake pads
Brake shoes

Bendalir brek
Brake fluid

Brek cakera
Spring
Silinder hamba Brake disc
Spring
Slave cylinder

Tayar belakang Tayar depan

Rear tyres Front tyres

6.

(a) Apabila pedal brek ditekan, tekanan (b) Tekanan ini kemudian dihantar sama
dikenakan pada omboh di rata melalui bendalir brek ke silinder
dalam silinder induk. hamba untuk roda depan dan roda
When the brake pedal is pressed, pressure belakang.
is applied to the piston inside the This pressure is then transmitted evenly through the
master cylinder. brake fluid to the slave cylinders for the
front and rear wheels.

(c) Silinder hamba kemudian ditolak (d) Pergerakan kereta ini lambat kerana
ke depan, menyebabkannya geseran antara pad brek (atau kasut
menolak pad brek dan kasut brek) dengan brek cakera (atau brek
brek ke brek cakera dan brek gelendong).
gelendong masing-masing. The movement of this car then slowed down due to
friction between the pads brakes (or brake
The slave cylinder is then pushed forward,
causing it to push the brake pads shoes) with brakes disc (or spindle brake).
and brake shoes onto the disc brakes and
spindle brakes, respectively.

(e) Apabila pedal brek dilepaskan, (f ) Pad geseran di roda depan dan roda
omboh dalam silinder induk belakang kembali ke kedudukan
ditolak kembali ke kedudukan asalnya oleh tindakan spring.
asalnya oleh spring. Sliding pads on the front wheels and back wheels
When the brake pedal is released, are returned to their original position by
the piston in the master cylinder is spring action
pushed back to its original position by
the spring.

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F1 50 F2
7. (a) (i) P = = = 1 000 Pa 50000 =
A2 0.05 A2
(ii) PA = PB F2 = 50000 × 1.2 = 60 000 N
FB (iii) Daya pada omboh B akan
PA = berkurang.
AB The force on piston B will decrease.
FB
1000 =
1.5 2 .5 Prinsip Archimedes
Archimedes’ Principle
FB = 1500 N
(iii) Pergerakan isi padu pada omboh 1. (a) daya apungan yang bertindak pada
A = Pergerakan isi padu pada kapal tersebut
omboh B buoyant force acting on the ship
Volume movement on piston A = Volume (b) daya yang bertindak ke atas apabila
movement on piston B terdapat perbezaan tekanan antara
VA = VB permukaan atas dengan permukaaan
(0.05)(1) = (1.5) h bawah suatu objek yang terendam di
h = 0.033 m = 3.3 cm dalam suatu cecair.
P1 = P2
(iv) the force acting upwards on an object immersed
in a liquid when there is pressure difference
F1 F2 between the lower surface and upper surface of
=
A1 A2 the object.
(c) daya apungan yang sama dengan
F1 2 500
= berat bendalir yang disesarkan.
0.05 1.5 buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid
displaced.
FA = 83.3 N
(d)
(b) (i) Tekanan A = Tekanan B (Prinsip
Pascal) Daya apungan = Berat sebenar – Berat ketara
Buoyant force = Actual weight — Apparent weight
F
P = =7N–4N
A =3N
30 cm2 = 30 × 10–4 m2 = 3 × 10–3
= 0.003 m2 2. Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
F 150 (a) Berat air yang disesarkan
P = = = 50 000 Pa Weight of water displaced
A 0.003
(b) Daya apungan / Buoyant force
(ii) P1 = P2 (c) Ketumpatan air / Density of water
Keputusan / Results:

Berat di udara / N Berat dalam air / N Berat air disesarkan

Daya apungan / N
(WA) (WB) / N (WS) Buoyant force / N
Weight of water displaced (FB = WA – WB)
Weight in the air / N (WA) Weight in water / N (WB)
/N (WS)
1 0.9 0.1 0.1
2 1.8 0.2 0.2
3 2.7 0.3 0.3
4 3.6 0.4 0.4
5 4.5 0.5 0.5
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Analisis data / Data analysis:

Ws

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 FB
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
sama / equal
3.

Objek terendam separa dalam Objek terendam sepenuh Objek tenggelam ke dalam
cecair dalam cecair cecair
The object is partially immersed in a The object is completely immersed in
The object sinks into the liquid
liquid the liquid

FB
FB FB

W
W W

Berat objek = Daya apungan Berat objek = Daya apungan Berat objek > Daya apungan
Object weight = Buoyant force Object weight = Buoyant force Object weight > Buoyant force

Isi padu objek > Isi padu air Isi padu objek = Isi padu air Isi padu objek = Isi padu air
tersesar tersesar tersesar
Volume of the object > Volume of water Volume of the object = Volume of water Volume of the object = Volume of water
displaced displaced displaced

Ketumpatan cecair > Ketumpatan cecair = Ketumpatan cecair <

Ketumpatan objek Ketumpatan objek Ketumpatan objek
Liquid density > Object density Liquid density = Object density Liquid density < Object density

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4. (a)

A
B
C

D
(a) Isi padu air tersesar (berat air) bertambah
The volume of water displaced (water weight) increased

(a) Ketumpatan / Density: ρA < ρB < ρC = ρD < ρE

E

5. (a) (i) tangki balast / ballast tank = 40 + 50 = 90 N

(ii) memasukinya, meningkat, lebih (ii) Berat udara / Air weight
besar / enter it, increased, increase = ρVg = 1.5(8)(10) =120 N
(iii) keluar / out (iii) Belon itu akan naik ke atas kerana
(iv) menurun, menurun daya apungan adalah lebih besar
decrease, decrease daripada jumlah berat belon itu.
(b) (i) rendah / lower The balloon will rise upwards because the
buoyant force is greater than the total
(ii) lebih besar / greater
weight of the balloon.
(c) (i) sama / equal (c) (i) V = p × l × t
(ii) berongga, kurang, daya apungan 3000 = p × 25 × 15
hollow, less, buoyant force
p = 8 cm
(iii) kedalaman, had selamat (ii) Daya apungan = Berat air
depths, safe limits
disesarkan = ρVg
(d) (i) ketumpatan / density of liquids, density Buoyant force = Weight of water displaced
of liquids = ρVg
(ii) pegun / stationary = 1000 (2000 × 10–6) 10
(iii) naik ke atas, tenggelam lebih ke = 20 N
bawah / upwards, sink further down (iii) Berat blok kayu = Berat air
6. (a) (i) Berat air disesarkan = Daya apungan tersesar = 20 N
Weight of water displaced = Buoyant force Weight of wooden block = Weight of water
= 5-3.5 = 1.5 N displaced
(ii) Daya apungan / Buoyant force = ρVg Jisim blok kayu / Mass of wooden
1.5 = 1000(V)10 block = 2 kg
V = 0.00015 m3 = 150 cm3 m 2
(b) (i) Jumlah berat belon = Berat belon ρ = = = 666.7 kg m–3
V 0.005
+ berat helium
Total weight of balloon = Weight of balloon (iv) Isi padu bahagian blok kayu yang
+ weight of helium tidak terendam
Berat helium / Helium weight The volume of the wood blocks that are not
submerged
= ρVg = 0.5(8)(10) = 40 N
= 0.05 × 0.25 × 0.08 = 0.01 m3
Jumlah berat belon
Total weight of balloon Berat air disesarkan
Water weight displaced

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= ρVg = 1000 × 0.01 × 10 = 100 N = ρVg

Beban maksimum yang boleh = 1200 (200 × 10−6)10
diletakkan di atas blok kayu = 2.4 N
The maximum load that can be placed on (iii) Daya apungan = Berat cecair
a wooden block
yang tersesar
= 100 N Buoyant force = Weight of liquid displaced
= 2.4 N
2 .6 Prinsip Bernoulli (iv) Berat bola logam itu dalam cecair
Bernoulli’s principle X

Weight of the metal ball in liquid X
1. apabila laju suatu bendalir yang bergerak
= 8 N – 2.4 N
bertambah, tekanan di bendalir akan
= 5.6 N
berkurang, dan sebaliknya.
when the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure in m 0.8
(v) ρ= = = 4000 kg m–3
the fluid decreases and vice versa. V 200 × 10–6
2. mendekati satu sama lain, rendah (b) (i) Bacaan neraca spring menjadi
closer to each other, low lebih tinggi. Isi padu minyak
3. tinggi, sama, berkurang, bertambah, lebih yang disesarkan masih sama iaitu
tinggi 200 cm3.
The reading of the spring balance is higher.
highest, same, decreases, increases, higher
The volume of oil that is displaced is still the
4. (a) melengkung, rata, lebih laju, lebih same which is 200 cm3.
rendah, bertekanan, rendah, tekanan (ii) Daya apungan adalah lebih
lebih tinggi, daya angkat kecil kerana ketumpatan minyak
curved, flat, bigger velocity, lower velocity, low- adalah lebih kecil. Maka berat
pressure, higher pressure, lift ketara menjadi lebih besar. Isi
(b) kelajuan yang tinggi, rendah, lebih padu minyak yang disesarkan
tinggi, pembakaran lengkap masih 200 cm3 kerana bola logam
high speed, low, higher, complete combustion masih terendam sepenuhnya
(c) aerofoil terbalik, ke bawah dalam minyak
The buoyant force is smaller because the
inverted aerofoil, downward
density of the oil is smaller. The apparent
weight becomes greater. The volume of oil
displaced is still 200 cm3 because the metal
PRAKTIS SPM 2 ball is still completely immersed in the oil.

KERTAS 1 Bahagian B
Bahagian A 2. (a) Aerofoil
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B (b) (i) • Bentuk keratan rentas sayap
6. B 7. D 8. D 9. C peluncur menyebabkan kelajuan
aliran udara.
KERTAS 2 The shape of cross section of the wing
causes the speed of airflow.
Bahagian A • Kelajuan aliran udara di atas
8 sayap peluncur lebih tinggi
1. (a) (i) Jisim =
10 daripada kelajuan aliran udara
Mass
= 0.8 kg di bawah.
The speed of airflow above the wings is
(ii) Berat cecair X yang tersesar higher than the speed of airflow below
Weight of liquid X displaced

9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.


• Apabila kelajuan udara yang
bergerak yang lebih tinggi,
tekanan yang lebih rendah.
When the speed of moving air is higher,
the pressure is lower
• Oleh itu tekanan udara di
bawah sayap adalah lebih
tinggi berbanding dengan di
atas sayap
Hence air pressure below the wings is
higher compare to above the wings
(ii) Prinsip Bernoulli / Bernoulli’s principle
(c) • Bentuk keratan rentas yang bahagian
atas melengkung dan bahagian
bawah rata untuk menghasilkan
kelajuan aliran udara di atas sayap
lebih tinggi daripada kelajuan aliran
udara di bawah.
A shape of cross section which is curved top and
a flat bottom to produce the speed of airflow
above the wings to be higher than the speed of
airflow below
• Luas permukaan sayap yang lebih
besar. Lebih besar daya angkat.
Larger surface area of the wing. Produces
bigger lift.
• Ketumpatan bahan sayap yang kecil.
Menghasilkan daya paduan ke atas
yang besar.
The smaller density of the wing materials.
Produce bigger upward resultant force.
• Jenis bahan yang boleh tahan lama
dan ringan (Gentian kaca). Ia tahan
lebih lama dan daya angkat yang
lebih besar.
The type of material that can be durable and
lightweight (Fibre glass). It lasts longer and has
greater lift.
• Pilihan yang paling sesuai adalah
P. Kerana ia mempunyai bentuk
keratan rentas yang bahagian atas
melengkung dan bahagian bawah
rata, kawasan sayap yang luas
permukaan lebih besar, ketumpatan
bahan sayap yang kecil, diperbuat
daripada bahan ringan dan tahan
lama.
The most suitable option is P. Because it has a
cross-sectional shape in which the top is curved
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
and the bottom is flat, the wing area of the
surface area is larger, the density of the wing
material is small, it is made of lightweight and
durable material.
(d) (i) P = F/A
F = PA
F = 300 × 2.5
F = 750 N
(ii) Daya Paduan / Resultant force
= 750 – 500
= 250N
(iii) F = ma
a = F/m
a = 250/50
= 5.0 m s–2
Bahagian C
3. (a) Tekanan ditakrifkan sebagai daya
normal per unit luas.
Pressure is defined as normal force per unit area.
(b) (i) Tekanan pada omboh X = tekanan
pada omboh Y
Pressure on piston X = pressure on piston Y
(ii) Luas keratan rentas omboh Y
adalah lebih besar daripada luas
keratan rentas omboh X.
Cross sectional-area of piston Y is bigger
than cross-sectional area of piston X.
(iii) Daya bertindak pada omboh Y
adalah lebih besar daripada daya
bertindak ke atas omboh X.
Force acted on piston Y is bigger than force
acted on piston X.
Oleh itu, semakin besar luas
keratan rentas Y, lebih besar daya
yang bertindak
Thus, the bigger the cross-sectional area of
Y, the greater the force acting.
(iv) Prinsip Pascal
Pascal’s principle
(c) • Garis Plimsoll ialah garis rujukan
ditandakan pada badan kapal untuk
memastikan bahawa kapal dan bot
dimuatkan dalam had keselamatan.
Plimsoll line is a reference line marked on the
body of ships to ensure that ships and boats are
loaded within the safety limits.
10
  

• Ketumpatan air berbeza mengikut Bahan Untuk menahan tekanan

lokasi disebabkan oleh suhu yang kekuatan tinggi air yang tinggi pada
berbeza dan kemasinan air. High strength kedalaman yang tinggi
The density of water varies with locations due material To withstand high water pressure
to different temperature and salinity of water. at high depths
• Kapal terapung lebih mendalam
Bahan Jisim bahan yang lebih
dalam air tawar kerana ia adalah
ketumpatan besar membenarkan kapal
kurang tumpat daripada air laut
tinggi selam tenggelam dengan
masin. High density
A ship floats deeper in fresh water as it is less mudah
material Bigger mass allow the submarine
dense than salty seawater.
to submerge easily
• Kapal terapung lebih mendalam
dalam air laut panas kerana air panas Bentuk larus Keupayaan untuk
Streamline shape mengurangkan rintangan
kurang tumpat daripada air laut
sejuk. air
A ship floats deeper in warm seawater because Ability to reduce water resistance
warm water is less dense than cold seawater. Tangki balast Dapat menambah atau
lebih besar mengurangkan berat
(d) Bigger ballast tank badan supaya dapat
Reka bentuk Reasons terapung dan tenggelam
Design Sebab dengan lebih berkesan
Dinding tebal Boleh manahan Can increase or decrease the
Thick wall peningkatan tekanan air weight to be able to float and sink
more effectively
dengan kedalaman yang
tinggi
Can withstand increasing water
pressure with high depth

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