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2.5 Describe the relationship between buoyant force and the difference in
Principles liquid pressure at different depths for a submerged object
Relate the balance of forces with the state of floatation of an object in a
fluid
Communicate about applications of Archimedes
Solve problems involving principle and buoyancy
2.6 Describe the effect of fluid velocity on pressure
Explain lift as a result of the difference in pressure due to different
velocity of fluids
Communicate about applications of principle in daily life
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2.1 Liquid pressure
P = Liquid pressure, Pa h
h = Depth of the liquid, m
-3
Exercise
2. Calculate the depth at which 3.5 x 105 Pa of liquid pressure is exerted on a submarine.
(Density of seawater = 1029 kgm-3)
Exercise
3. 4.
A A B
B
2
Exercise (cont.)
A B C D
6. State what will happen to water level in P and Q when thistle funnel is placed inside a beaker filled
with water.
P Q P Q
A B C D E F
PA = PB PC = P D PE = P F
hA Ag = hB Bg hC Cg = hD Dg h E Eg = h F Fg
3
Exercise
1. Given that the density of liquid A is 2. Given that the density of liquid A and B are
200 kgm-3. Calculate density of 100 kgm-3 and 300 kgm-3 respectively. Find h.
liquid B.
A B A B
20 cm 15 cm
15 cm h
C D
Actual pressure
4
Exercise
1. Given that the density of sea water is 1020 kgm-3 and atmospheric
pressure is 1.0 x 105 Pa. Calculate;
a. liquid pressure exerted on the diver. 15 m
b. actual pressure exerted on the diver.
Dam Siphon
Wall at the base is thicker to withstand Water flowing out of siphon at C creates low
higher water pressure pressure at B
Penstock is placed lower so that water Atmospheric pressure pushes water into
can flow faster to turn the turbine tube through A
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2.2 Atmospheric pressure
Pressure due to the weight of the layer of air acting on the surface of the Earth.
Can be measured using mercury barometer, Fortin barometer and Aneroid barometer.
Mercury barometer
vacuum
mercury
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Atmospheric pressure at high altitude
A
Density of air at A < B
Atmospheric pressure, PA < PB
B
Effects on human at higher altitude
(textbook page 54)
Divers Submarine
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Exercise
h = 76 cm
2. Height of mercury column in a mercury barometer at sea level is 76cm. What will happen to the
height of liquid inside the column if;
a. barometer is carried up a mountain (above sea level)? Explain your answer.
b. barometer is carried below sea level? Explain your answer
3. Height of mercury column in a mercury barometer at sea level is 76cm. What will happen to the
height of liquid inside the column if;
a. mercury is changed to water? Explain your answer.
b. the vacuum space is filled with air. Explain your answer.
4. A diver is 15m underwater. Given that the density of water is 1000 kgm-3.
a. State the liquid pressure exerted on the diver in m H2O.
b. State the liquid pressure exerted on the diver in S.I unit for pressure.
15 m
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2.3 Gas pressure
Can be measured using manometer
Pgas
Ph
A B
Pgas = Patm + PL
Exercise
1.
Point A compressed gas is connected to a
mercury manometer. Calculate:
Gas
a. difference between gas pressure and
atmospheric in cm Hg
b. gas pressure in cm Hg
c. gas pressure in Pa
2.
Point A compressed gas is connected to a
mercury manometer.
Gas
a. If the gas pressure is 85cm Hg, what is
the value of h?
b. What will happen to the value of h if
mercury is replaced with water?
(Patm = 76 cm Hg, mercury = 1.36 x 104 kgm-3.
h -3
H20 = 1000 kgm )
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Another formula for pressure
P = Pressure, Pa
F = Force, N
A = Area, m2
Pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is transmitted uniformly in all directions in the fluid
Hydraulic system uses liquid to transmit pressure
Hydraulic system can act as force multiplier
F1 F2
Input piston Output piston
A1 A2
Multiplying
Hydraulic fluid
factor
P1 = P2. P2
P1 is transmitted acts on liquid F2 acts
F1 applied P1 produced uniformly throughout on the
on input on liquid surface A2 at
the hydraulic fluid to the output output
piston surface A1 the output piston piston
piston
Large piston
Handle
Small
piston
Hydraulic brakes Hydraulic
fluid
Release valve
Valves
A B
0.5m2 2.5m2
Hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic fluid
3. To be able to produce larger output force, what modification can be done on the;
a. surface area of the input piston
b. surface area of the output piston
c. force applied on the input piston
Air bubbles
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Object which is partially or fully immersed in a fluid will experience a buoyant force equal to the
weight of fluid displaced.
Buoyant force: Force acting upwards on an object immersed in a liquid when there is pressure
difference between the lower surface and upper surface of the object.
FB = Buoyant force, N
-3
Example
12
State of floatation of an object in a fluid
W = FB W > FB W < FB
(balanced force) (unbalanced force) (unbalanced force)
Acceleration and
resultant force
Stationary and
upwards
resultant
force is zero Acceleration and
resultant force
downwards
Example
1.
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Exercise
3.
a. A block is fully immersed in the liquid as
Spring balance shown. The reading of its apparent weight is
200N. Given that the density of the liquid is
70kgm-3 and volume of the block is 0.5m3.
Calculate its real weight.
200N XN
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Hydrometer
A < B
A hydrometer is an instrument measure the density of liquids
When stationary;
Weight of liquid displaced = weight of the hydrometer.
In a less dense liquid, a larger section of the hydrometer is
immersed in the liquid to displace a larger volume of liquid,
and vice versa.
Liquid A Liquid B
Submarine
Submarine floats
Weight of submarine = buoyant force
To make submarine dives deeper, water is
pumped into ballast tank. Water in
ballast tank
Weight of submarine > buoyant force
To make submarine rises higher, water is pumped
out of ballast tank.
Weight of submarine < buoyant force
Valve
Valve is closed
Burner is ignited, air heats up Valve is opened
Volume of balloon increase Burner is turned off, air is released
Surrounding air is displaced, Volume of balloon decreasing
producing buoyant force Less air displaced, smaller buoyant force
Weight balloon < buoyant force Weight balloon > buoyant force
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When the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure in the fluid decreases and vice versa.
V P V P
Demonstrating relationship between velocity and pressure of liquid using Venturi tube. Smaller
tube will cause water to move at higher velocity.
Lift force
Lift force is produced from the difference in pressure caused by the flow of air at different velocities.
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lives (cont.)
17
Exercise
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