Argentine Antarctica

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Coordinates: 75°00′S 49°30′W

Argentine Antarctica
Antártida Argentina
Department
Argentine Antarctica map since 1950. Orcadas base from 1904.
Argentine Antarctica map since 1950. Orcadas base from 1904.
Official seal of Argentine Antarctica
Seal
Location in Antarctica
Location in Antarctica
Country Argentina
Province Tierra del Fuego
First expedition 1901–1904
Founded by José María Sobral
Government
• Governor Gustavo Melella
Area
• Total 1,461,597 km2 (564,326 sq mi)
• Land 965,597 km2 (372,819 sq mi)
[1]
Population (2010 Census)[1][2]
• Total 469
• Density 0.00032/km2 (0.00083/sq mi)
Time zone UTC-3
Argentine Postal Code
9411
Area codes 0054 + 02901
Esperanza and Marambio Stations: 0054 + 02964
First base Orcadas Base (1904)[3]
Number of bases 13 bases (6 permanents and 7 seasonals)
64 others (huts, refuges, camps)
Website DNA.gov.ar
Argentine Antarctica (Spanish: Antártida Argentina or Sector Antártico Argentino)
[4] is an area of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national
territory. It consists of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section
extending to the South Pole, delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and
the 60° South parallel.[5] This region overlaps British and Chilean claims in
Antarctica. Argentina's Antarctic claim is based on its continued presence at a
base on Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands since 1904, along with the area's
proximity to the South American continent, and is subject to the Antarctic Treaty.
[6][7] Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of
Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands. The provincial
authorities are based in Ushuaia.[8]

The Argentine exploration of the continent started early in the 20th century. José
María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1902, where he
spent two seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Otto Nordenskiöld.
Shortly afterward, in 1904, the Orcadas Permanent Base was already fully
operational. Years later, other bases would be created, some permanent and others
seasonal. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965
Operación 90.

Argentine activities in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antártico

Argentino (IAA) and Argentine Antarctic Program.

The estimated area is 1,461,597 km2 (564,326 sq mi), of which 965,597 km2 (372,819
sq mi) is land. The ice in the glacier shell has an average thickness of 2 km.
Temperatures range from 0 °C in summer and -60 °C in winter, although in certain
points it may drop to as low as approximately -82 °C.

Time zone UTC-3 is used as in the South American continent.

Argentina has six permanent Antarctic stations and seven summer stations.

According to the last Argentine national census, in October 2010, Argentine

Antarctica has 230 inhabitants (including 9 families and 16 children) at six
permanent bases: 75 at Marambio, 66 at Esperanza, 33 at Carlini, 20 at San Martín,
19 at Belgrano II and 17 at Orcadas.[9] As an official Argentine district within
Tierra del Fuego Province, residents take part in general elections.[10]

History
First expeditions
In 1815, Guillermo Brown, an Irish-born Argentine Marine Commodore serving in the
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, launched a campaign to intercept the
Spanish fleet in the Pacific Ocean. When rounding Cape Horn aboard the Hercules and
Trinidad, strong winds pushed them to parallel 65 S. Some Argentine sources say
that Brown had sighted Antarctic land on the expedition, saying that it is the
reason why Argentine cartography often calls the northernmost part of the Antarctic
Peninsula Tierra de la Trinidad.[11][12]

On 10 June 1829, the government of the province of Buenos Aires issued a decree
creating the Political-Military Command of the Malvinas Islands (see Louis Vernet)
including the islands adjacent to Cape Horn, which plays in Argentina and that
included the Antarctic islands.

Regions of Argentina
Argentine Northwest
Gran Chaco
Mesopotamia
Cuyo
Pampas
Littoral
Patagonia
Antártida Argentina
vte

Otto Nordenskjöld (right) with José María Sobral (left) in Snow Hill Island, circa
1903.
The Argentine government decided to join the Swedish Antarctic Expedition on 10
October 1900. This Argentine government received support, and in exchange, offered
the services of the Argentine Navy to deliver scientific data and zoological
collections. On the way through Buenos Aires, Lieutenant Jose Maria Sobral boarded
the ship Antarctic on 21 December 1901. As no news of the expedition reached the
Argentine government, it then fulfilled its commitment to support the expedition by
renovating the corvette ARA Uruguay, which then set out on search on 8 October
1903, under the command of Lieutenant Julián Irizar, finding and rescuing members
of the expedition who had been sheltering following the collapse of the Antarctic.

The expedition built a hut on Snow Hill Island in 1902. The Argentine Navy took
possession of the hut in 1954 and named it Refugio Suecia. Currently, it is an
Argentine historical monument and historical site as appointed by the Antarctic
Treaty.[13][14] The 1902 expedition built another hut in Hope Bay, which is also an
Antarctic monument under the control of Esperanza Station.[15][16]

Permanent occupation

DNA-IAA emblem

Omond House, Laurie Island, circa 1903.

The Orcadas Base in 1996

On 2 January 1904, Argentina acquired the weather station installed by Scotsman
William Speirs Bruce, in Laurie Island in the South Orkneys, where there had been a
crew of six men making scientific observations. In it was a meteorological
observatory, where he also worked, a post office was installed. Civil (employee of
the Argentine company official post and telegraph) Hugo Alberto Acuna accounted the
hoisting for the first time in an official way the flag of Argentina on the
Argentine Antarctic Sector, on 22 February 1904. Such an observatory became the
Orcadas Base the oldest existing today across the Antarctic territory permanent
human settlement.[17]

The Argentine corvette ARA Uruguay returned to Antarctica in 1905 (sailed from the
port of Buenos Aires on 10 December 1904) to relieve staffing of the South Orkney
and refer to Deception Island and Wiencke Island in search of Jean-Baptiste
Charcot, whose French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905) was believed to be lost.
Thanks to the Argentine collaboration with his expedition, Charcot named an insular
group as Argentine Islands. One of these islands was named as Galindez Island in
honor of the captain of the Corvette, Ismael Galíndez, and another was named
Uruguay Island, in homage to the Argentine Corvette.[18]

The Argentine Government decided to add two meteorological observatories, in the

South Georgia Island and Wandel Island, who already had on the islands Laurie and
Observatorio (near Isla de los Estados). Expeditions to Wandel Island failed in two
attempts. In June 1905 the transport ARA Guardia Nacional under the command of the
Lieutenant Alfredo P. Lamas carried forward the task of raising the Observatory in
Grytviken in Cumberland Bay, renamed in Spanish Bahía Guardia Nacional.[19][20][21]

On 30 March 1927, the first radiotelegraph station in Antarctica was inaugurated in

the South Orkney Islands. On 15 December 1927, the General Directorate of Post and
Telegraph from Argentina informed the International Bureau of the Universal Postal
Union about their Antarctic claims and other islands of the South Atlantic.

In 1939, Argentina created temporarily (to attend a Norwegian invitation) the

National Commission of the Antarctic by Decree No. 35821, but by the Decree No.
61852 of 30 April 1940 became a permanent body in order to intensify research in
the area. Explorations, scientific tasks, were gathering ground and marking.
In October 1941, the Instituto Geográfico Militar published maps showing the extent
of the future Argentine claim between the 25° W and 75° W. In January 1942 the
Argentine Government, according to the sector theory, said their Antarctic rights
between the Meridian 25° and 68°24' West (of Punta Dúngeness).

On 8 November 1942 Argentina laid claim to Antarctic land when an expedition under
the command of the captain Alberto J. Oddera placed a cylinder containing a report
and a flag on Deception Island. In January 1943 the British ship HMS Carnarvon
Castle crew destroyed the evidence of the Argentine inauguration and planted the
British flag. On 5 March of the same year the Argentine vessel ARA 1° de Mayo
removed the British flag.

In 1946, the National Antarctic Commission set new limits for Argentine Antarctica
between the Meridian 25° and 74° West (of the far east of the South Sandwich
Islands). Chile and Argentina signed on 4 March 1948 a mutual agreement protecting
and defending legal rights of the territorial Antarctic, mutually recognizing their
claims.

On 7 April 1948, Decree No. 9905 settled the administrative unit of the Argentine
Antarctic Sector of the maritime Governor of the National Territory of Tierra del
Fuego. By her Decree No. 17040 of 9 June the "Antarctic and Malvinas Division" was
created under authority of the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[22]

A caterpillar tractor (a Tucker Sno-Cat) from the first Argentine expedition that
reached the South Pole in 1965.
The first continental Argentine base in Antarctica, the Almirante Brown Naval
detachment was opened in the year 1951. The following year opened the Esperanza
Naval detachment (now Esperanza Base). While building this last base at hope Bay,
occurred the first shooting war in Antarctica on 1 February 1952, when a team of
coast Argentine, after a warning, fired over the heads of a burst of machine gun
and forced to re-embark a civil team of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey
unloading materials of the ship John Biscoe intending to restore the British base
"D" burned down in 1948.[23][24]

On 17 January 1953, at Deception Island, the Refugio Teniente Lasala (a hut and a
tent) was opened by the staff of the Argentine ship ARA Chiriguano, becoming a
Sergeant and a corporal of the Argentina Navy. On 15 February, in the incident of
Deception Island, 32 Royal Marines of the British frigate HMS Snipe armed with Sten
submachine guns, rifles, and tear gas captured two Argentine sailors. The Argentine
refuge and a nearby uninhabited Chilean hut were destroyed and Argentine sailors
were delivered to a vessel of that country on 18 February to South Georgia.[25] A
British detachment stayed three months on the island while the frigate patrolled
the waters until April.

On 4 May 1955, the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits against Argentina and Chile
respectively, the International Court of Justice in The Hague so this declared the
invalidity of claims of the sovereignty of the two countries on the Antarctic and
sub-Antarctic areas. On 15 July 1955, the Chilean Government rejected the
jurisdiction of the Court in that case, and on 1 August, the Argentine Government
did the same, by what the demands on 16 March 1956 they were archived.[26]

On 1 December 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed by Argentina, Australia,

Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States, entering into
force on 23 June 1961.

In the 1960s the State of Argentina, with its fleet, pioneered ecological tourist
cruises to Antarctica. At the same time, the Argentine State-owned Aerolíneas
Argentinas inaugurated passenger flights between Ushuaia and Sydney making scale in
Marambio Base. Between the mid-1960s and the first half of the 1970s, Argentina
launched rockets from its Antarctic bases. These rockets were designed and built
entirely in Argentina and possessed meteorological instrumentation and radiation
sensors.

Operación 90 was the first Argentine ground expedition to the South Pole, conducted
in 1965, by ten soldiers of the Argentine Army under then-Colonel Jorge Edgard
Leal. The operation was named for the target 90 degree South latitude point (the
geographic South Pole).[27]

Esperanza Base on Trinity Peninsula in 2012.

On 8 April 1970, the Governor of Tierra del Fuego issued Decree No. 149 creating 4
departments, among them the Argentine Antarctic Sector Department.

In 1977, the Esperanza Base was elected as the place of filing of Argentine
families that travelled at the end of that year to overwinter at the base. The
first director of the Argentine Antarctic Institute, general Hernán Pujato, was the
forerunner of the installation of the Fortín Sargento Cabral when on 13 August 1954
he proposed the Argentine Government create a farmhouse out of Esperanza Base to
populate it with family groups. The idea had aimed to strengthen Argentine rights
in that part of Antarctica. After finishing the construction of the houses, the
Fortín Sargento Cabral was inaugurated on 17 February 1978. Having then 5 houses
for families who wintered there that year.

The first human born in Antarctica was the Argentine Emilio Palma at Esperanza Base
in 1978, within the territory claimed by Argentina. His baptism in the Catholic
chapel on 7 January 1978 was the first on the continent.

On 18 December 2012, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom
announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory (which included a
portion of Argentine Antarctica) would be named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of
the Queen. Argentina "strongly rejected" Britain's right to rename the area.[28]

In 2013 the Argentine Defense Ministry announced that Petrel Base would become a
permanent base by 2015. The base will have an airport and logistics for transfer of
passengers and cargo.[29][30]

Geography

Watercraft in Hope Bay, Antarctica.

See also: Geography of the British Antarctic Territory and Geography of Antarctica
The geographic structure of Argentine Antarctica continues some features of
Patagonia, located to the north of it. The highest peaks are located at the south
of the Antarctic Peninsula, which has islands and archipelagos nearby. The land is
under an ice sheet.

Climate
Main article: Climate of Antarctica
The climate of the region ranges from a subpolar climate in the north to a polar
climate in the south.[31] The region has an extremely cold climate, with mean
temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) with frost and snowfall occurring throughout the
year.[32] In general, there are two different climatic zones found within the
region: a glacial climate in the interior and an oceanic one in the Antarctic
Peninsula and adjacent islands.[32] The glacial climate found in the interior is
dominated by continental ice sheets and glaciers, while in the Antarctic Peninsula
and its adjacent islands, the climate is characterized by very strong winds,
Especially in winter.[32] In particular, the Antarctic Peninsula experiences strong
cold winds and blizzards.[33] In the interior of the continent, the climate is
colder and drier due to the higher latitude, altitude, and strong continental
influences.[33] Mean annual temperatures range from between −10 to −20 °C (14 to −4
°F) in the Antarctic Peninsula to −30 to −50 °C (−22 to −58 °F) in the interior.
[33] Temperatures are always low in the region; during the polar night in winter,
temperatures drop down to −42 °C (−44 °F).[32] In the warmest month, mean
temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).[32] Coastal areas have mean
temperatures in the warmest month at around freezing.[33] Precipitation mainly
falls as snow.[32] Due to the ice sheets and glaciers covering most of the region
and the severity of the climate, the flora is sparse and limited only to coastal
areas.[32]

Average Temperatures in selected locations in °C (°F)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual
Orcadas Base[34] 1.4 (34.5) 1.4 (34.5) 0.4 (32.7) −1.8 (28.8) −4.6 (23.7) −7.9
(17.8) −9.3 (15.3) −7.8 (18.0) −5.4 (22.3) −2.8 (27.0) −0.7 (30.7) 0.6 (33.1)
−3.0 (26.6)
Esperanza Base[34] 1.4 (34.5) 0.7 (33.3) −2.3 (27.9) −6.1 (21.0) −8.2 (17.2)
−10.4 (13.3) −10.5 (13.1) −9.0 (15.8) −6.5 (20.3) −4.3 (24.3) −1.1
(30.0) 0.8 (33.4) −4.6 (23.7)
Marambio Base[34] −0.8 (30.6) −2.0 (28.4) −6.1 (21.0) −10.8 (12.6) −12.8 (9.0)
−14.7 (5.5) −14.7 (5.5) −13.1 (8.4) −10.1 (13.8) −7.6 (18.3) −3.6 (25.5)
−1.2 (29.8) −8.1 (17.4)
San Martín Base[34] 2.0 (35.6) 0.9 (33.6) −1.2 (29.8) −3.3 (26.1) −5.3 (22.5)
−9.3 (15.3) −11.6 (11.1) −11.5 (11.3) −8.9 (16.0) −5.9 (21.4) −2.0
(28.4) 0.8 (33.4) −4.6 (23.7)
Belgrano II Base[34] −2.4 (27.7) −7.0 (19.4) −12.0 (10.4) −16.7 (1.9) −18.1
(−0.6) −19.1 (−2.4) −20.4 (−4.7) −20.2 (−4.4) −18.4 (−1.1)
−14.8 (5.4) −8.0 (17.6) −3.0 (26.6) −13.3 (8.1)
Average Precipitation in selected locations in mm (in)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual
Orcadas Base[35] 136.9 (5.39) 143.2 (5.64) 169.4 (6.67) 121.2 (4.77)
108.0 (4.25) 81.5 (3.21) 77.5 (3.05) 94.5 (3.72) 85.6 (3.37) 89.1 (3.51)
91.9 (3.62) 109.7 (4.32) 1,308.5 (51.52)
Esperanza Base[35] 38.0 (1.50) 49.9 (1.96) 72.8 (2.87) 49.0 (1.93) 47.7 (1.88)
39.3 (1.55) 40.3 (1.59) 47.4 (1.87) 49.6 (1.95) 50.4 (1.98) 51.0 (2.01) 39.4
(1.55) 574.8 (22.63)
Marambio Base[35] 44.4 (1.75) 55.1 (2.17) 51.5 (2.03) 26.1 (1.03) 24.6 (0.97) 13.9
(0.55) 17.8 (0.70) 17.6 (0.69) 30.7 (1.21) 18.1 (0.71) 28.0 (1.10) 35.0 (1.38)
362.8 (14.28)
San Martín Base[35] 13.8 (0.54) 46.5 (1.83) 48.3 (1.90) 33.1 (1.30) 34.4 (1.35)
28.0 (1.10) 39.4 (1.55) 36.4 (1.43) 40.9 (1.61) 32.2 (1.27) 30.4 (1.20) 27.0
(1.06) 410.4 (16.16)
Belgrano II Base[35] 26.2 (1.03) 27.4 (1.08) 32.5 (1.28) 16.8 (0.66) 22.5 (0.89)
25.0 (0.98) 27.8 (1.09) 26.9 (1.06) 39.0 (1.54) 20.2 (0.80) 18.2 (0.72) 17.0
(0.67) 299.5 (11.79)
Symbols
See also: Flags of Antarctica

The flag of Tierra del Fuego

The flag of Tierra del Fuego, which includes Argentine Antarctica, was adopted in
1999 as the result of a competition.[36] It is a diagonal bicolor of sky blue and
orange with a white albatross dividing the flag diagonally and the Southern Cross
in the blue upper half. The orange represents the fire in the province's name,
while the blue represents the sky and reflects the color of the national flag.[37]
Argentine bases

Argentine bases on Antarctica (permanent bases in red).

The icebreaker Almirante Irizar, the principal supply line for Argentine bases in
Antarctica since 1978.
Esperanza and Marambio are the largest Argentine bases, together holding 70
buildings, with a combined occupancy rate ranging from roughly 110 in winter to 250
in summer. Orcadas Base on the South Orkney Islands was the world's first Antarctic
base, operating continuously since 1903. The southernmost Argentine permanent base
is Belgrano II, at latitude around 77 degrees south. The southernmost summer base
is Sobral, at 1,450 km (901 mi) from Belgrano II.

The bases are supplied by ship as well as by C-130 Hercules and DHC-6 Twin Otter
aircraft.

Permanent
Belgrano II (77°52′S 34°37′W), laboratory and meteorological station; Argentine
southernmost base (since 1979)
Belgrano III (77°54′02″S 45°47′01″W) (closed)
Esperanza (63°24′S 57°00′W), Hope Bay
Laboratory and meteorological station (since 1952)
Radio LRA36 Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel, School #38 Presidente Raúl Ricardo
Alfonsín (since 1978)
Catholic Chapel, Post, Gym, Civil registration, port, tourist facilities
Carlini (62°14′S 58°40′W), scientific station at King George Island
Marambio Base Station (64°14′S 56°37′W), Seymour-Marambio Island
Laboratory, meteorological station
Airport, 1.2 km long, 30m wide landing track (since 1969) (Website)
Orcadas Base (60°44′S 44°44′W), South Orkney Islands (since 1903)
San Martín Base (68°08′S 67°06′W), laboratory and Meteorological measurements
(since 1951)
Seasonal
Teniente Camara Base (1957) 62°02′S 58°42′W, Livingston Island
Base Deception (1948) 62°52′S 60°43′W, Deception Island
Petrel Air Station (1967) 63°28′S 56°17′W Dundee Island
Base Primavera (1977) 64°09′S 60°57′W, Alexander Island
Base Melchior (1947) 64°20′S 62°59′W Anvers Island
Almirante Brown Base (1951) 64°53′S 62°53′W, Paradise Bay
Teniente Matienzo Base (1961) 64°58′S 60°04′W, Larsen Nunatak
Camps, huts and other

Groussac hut on Petermann Island.

(64 in all)

Base Alférez de Navío Sobral (1965) 81°05′S 40°00′W, Edith Ronne Land (now closed)
Estación Científica Ellsworth (ex US) (1958) 77°45′S 41°00′W, Weddell Sea (now
closed)
Refuge Francisco de Gurruchaga 62°15′S 59°00′W, Nelson Island (open as hut)
Base Ballvé 62°12′36″S 58°56′03″W, King George Island (open as hut)
Belgrano I Base 77°47′S 38°15′W, Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (closed)
Belgrano III Base 77°54′02″S 45°47′01″W, Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (closed)
Camp Livingston 62°39′22″S 61°00′39″W, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island
Refugio Suecia 63°22′S 56°59′W, Snow Hill Island (built in February 1902 by the
Swedish South Polar Expedition)
Refuge Abrazo de Maipú 63°20′45″S 57°33′12″W, Trinity Peninsula (administered
between Chile and Argentina)
Argentina's claim to the Antarctic Peninsula overlaps with the Antarctic claims of
Chile, 53°W to 90°W, and the UK claims, 20°W to 80°W.
Currently, there are no attempts by Argentina or any other country to enforce
territorial claims in Antarctica. See List of Antarctic territorial claims.

None of these claims have widespread international recognition.

Demographics

Children, teenagers and teachers of the school of Esperanza Base.

See also: Demographics of Antarctica
In 1978, the first Antarctic baby was born in the Fortín Sargento Cabral at the
Esperanza Base. He was named Emilio Palma.[38] María de las Nieves Delgado was the
first Antarctic girl, born on 27 March 1978 at Esperanza Base. By 1980, six more
children were born at the base: Rubén Eduardo de Carli (21 September 1979),
Francisco Javier Sosa (21 September 1979), Silvina Analía Arnouil (14 January
1980), José Manuel Valladares Solís (24 January 1980), Lucas Daniel Posse (4
February 1980) and María Sol Cosenza (3 May 1983).[39][40] The base has an
Argentine civil registry office where there have been births and weddings.[41]

In 1991, there were 142 permanent residents including 19 minors. These residents
are families that live in Antarctica or scientists that have lived for more than
two years. They were 121 men and 21 women that lived mostly in the colony of
Esperanza and other bases. As of 1998–1999, Argentine Antarctica had a winter
population of 165.[citation needed][needs update]

See also

Antarctic office in Ushuaia.

Argentine actions in Antarctica
Australian Antarctic Territory
List of Antarctic territorial claims
Ross Dependency
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Menutti, Adela; Menutti, María (1980). Geografía Argentina y Universal (in
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External links
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