Concept Notes No.

             CURRENT ISSUES & TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

What is this all about?

New trends arise within this industry every year, and it becomes important for professionals to
be familiar with these different trends and all that they entail. No matter what profession one is
working in, being familiar with these can improve your professional standing and can help one
understand what the potential upgrades are for the industry that you are already working in.

⮚ SOCIAL NETWORKING
Social networking is the practice of expanding the number of
one's business and/or social contacts by making connections
through individuals, often through social media sites such
as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+.

⮚ CLOUD COMPUTING
One of the biggest trends that have emerged during the past
year is that of cloud computing. More and more industries
are realizing that it is important for a company to have a
designated place for all of their digital information and
resources, and having a well-protected place that can take
care of everything and keep the information safe has almost
become a necessity. Cloud computing is the go-to solution
for brands who want to improve their work and make it more
efficient in a digital space.

Types of Cloud Computing

 ● Public Cloud
The public cloud provides lots of storage, and it can also handle various projects at the
same, which makes it more available to a wide range of users.
Users simply rent the program and hardware services as opposed to flat out buying the
programs and hardware, and the vendor handles all the maintenance, administration,
troubleshooting, backups, and capacity planning instead.

● Private Cloud
A private cloud is similar to a public cloud, except it offers more control over privacy and
security concerns. It uses private hardware and a cloud network that is not shared by
anyone else outside of the company or organization.
The company can also choose if they want their private cloud to be located remotely or
on-premise, which provides the company with more physical control over the cloud
infrastructure.

● Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid cloud enables users to use both private and public clouds for the best of both
worlds. For instance, the private cloud can be used to store and share information or
interact with customers, while the public cloud can be used for less risky tasks.

⮚ ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE (AI)

The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to
perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term
is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed
with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the
ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past
experience. 
● What is Intelligence?
All but the simplest human behavior is ascribed to intelligence,
while even the most complicated insect behavior is never taken
as an indication of intelligence.

● What are the examples of Artificial Intelligence?

- Siri, Alexa and other smart assistants
- Self-driving cars
- Robo-advisors

⮚ AUGMENTED REALITY AND VIRTUAL REALITY

Augmented reality has nearly limitless possibilities.
Phone-based AR software has been recognizing
surroundings and providing additional information about what
it sees for years now, offering live translation of text or pop-up
reviews of restaurants as you look at them.
⮚ Virtual Reality headsets completely take over your vision to
give you the impression that you're somewhere else.
The HTC Vive Cosmos, the PlayStation VR, the Oculus
Quest, the Valve Index, and other headsets are opaque,
blocking out your surroundings when you wear them. If you
put them on when they're turned off, you might think you're

blindfolded.

● Difference between AR and VR

Virtual reality and augmented reality accomplish two very different things in two very
different ways, despite their devices' similar designs. VR replaces reality, taking you
somewhere else. AR adds to reality, projecting information on top of what you're already
seeing. They're both powerful technologies that have yet to make their mark with
consumers, but show a lot of promise. They can completely change how we use
computers in the future, but whether one or both will succeed is anyone's guess right
now.
 ⮚ DATA ANALYTICS
Data analytics is a broad term that encompasses many diverse types of data analysis.
Any type of information can be subjected to data analytics techniques to get insight that
can be used to improve things. Data analytics techniques can reveal trends and metrics
that would otherwise be lost in the mass of information. This information can then be
used to optimize processes to increase the overall efficiency of a business or system

Types of Data Analytics

1.) Predictive Analytics:

This moves to what is likely going to happen in the near term. What happened to sales
the last time we had a hot summer? How many weather models predict a hot summer
this year?
2.) Descriptive Analytics:
This describes what has happened over a given period of time. Have the number of
views gone up? Are sales stronger this month than last?

3.) Prescriptive Analytics:

This suggests a course of action. If the likelihood of a hot summer is measured as an
average of these five weather models is above 58%, we should add an evening shift to
the brewery and rent an additional tank to increase output.

Concept Note # 5:

      OPERATING SYSTEM
What is this all about?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It

manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of
its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer
without knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating system,
a computer is useless.

● GOALS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

  1.) User friendly

      - any user using the operating system must find it easy to interact with the OS.
  2.) Efficiency
      - operating system must give maximum output with minimum input. Operating
system must also use the resources efficiently it should be fast and secure.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

● General-purpose Operating System
- A general-purpose OS can be installed on many different desktop and laptop
 models and run applications from accounting systems to databases to web
browsers to games.

Common desktop operating system includes the following:

● Microsoft Windows - Microsoft Windows is one of the most
popular proprietary operating systems for computers in the world.
Most personal computers come preloaded with a version of
Microsoft Windows.

● Apple MacOS - Developed by Apple, this proprietary operating

system runs on the manufacturer's personal computers and
desktops.
● Mobile Operating System
- are designed to accommodate the unique needs of mobile computing
and communication-centric devices, such as smartphones and tablets. 

Common smartphones operating system includes the following:

● Google Android - Android from Google is the most popular

operating system in the world. It's mainly used on tablets and
smartphones.

● Apple iOS - Apple iOS from Apple is used on smartphones and

tablets manufactured by the same company. Users of this system
have access to hundreds of applications.

● Embedded Operating System

- Not all computing devices are general purpose. A huge assortment of dedicated
devices -- including home digital assistants, automated teller machines (ATMs), airplane
systems, retail point of sale (POS) terminals and internet of things (IoT) devices --
includes computers that require an operating system.

● FEATURES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

● GUI - a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a type of user interface
through which users interact with electronic devices via visual
indicator representations.

Graphical user interfaces would become the standard of

user-centered design in software application programming, providing
users the capability to intuitively operate computers and other
electronic devices through the direct manipulation of graphical icons
such as buttons, scroll bars, windows, tabs, menus, cursors, and the
mouse pointing device. Many modern graphical user interfaces
feature touchscreen and voice-command interaction capabilities.

● Multi User - Multi-User operating system is an operating system

that allows multiple users to connect and operate a single
operating system.

The operating system should have to meet the requirements of

all its users in a balanced way so that if any problem would arise
with one user, it does not affect any other user in the chain.
● Multiprocessing - Multi processing Operating System refers to
use of two or more central processing unit (CPU) within a single
computer system.
Each CPU contains a copy of the OS, and these copies
communicate with one another to coordinate operations. The use
of multiple processors allows the computer to perform calculations
faster, since tasks can be divided up between processors. 
● Multitasking - A multi-tasking operating system provides the
ability to run more than one program at once.
it runs more than one task at once. more programs that are run by
the user, so more memory is required.
● Multithreading - is a CPU (central processing unit) feature that
allows two or more instruction threads to execute independently
while sharing the same process resources. A thread is a
self-contained sequence of instructions that can execute in parallel
with other threads that are part of the same root process.