LECTURE 2

MEANS OF EXPRESSING
FUTURE TIME & CONDITIONAL
AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS
 OUTLINE
I. MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE
1. TENSES
• FUTURE TENSE
• FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
• PRESENT TENSE
2. STRUCTURES
• EXPRESSIONS
• ADJECTIVES
• VERBS
II. THE CONDITIONAL MOOD
III. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
IV. EXERCISES
I. MEANS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE
SIMPLE FUTURE
WILL + INFINITIVE

I have a nice dress! I will go to the party tonight!

According to the weather report, it will be cloudy
 2 FORMS tomorrow.
“Tom cannot do this exercise.” “I will help him.”

BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE

Look at those black clods! It is going to rain!

I have bought some bricks and I am going to
build a garage.
  FORM
AFFIRMATIVE He will see a good film in the afternoon.
SB + WILL + INFINITIVE I’m sure we’ll do well on the test.
NEGATIVE The car will not/won’t start.
WILL SB + WILL + NOT + INFINITIVE They will not/won’t be there tomorrow.
INTERROGATIVE Will Jane be at the meeting?
WILL + SB + INFINITIVE Will you shut the door?
AFFIRMATIVE I’m going to see him.
SB + AM/IS/ARE GOING TO + You are going to meet Tom at 6 p.m.
INFINITIVE He is going to lend me his bicycle.

BE NEGATIVE I’m not going to play handball.

SB + AM/IS/ARE + NOT + She isn’t going to click on the red button.
GOING GOING TO + INFINITIVE They aren’t going to design a T-shirt.

TO INTERROGATIVE Is she going to clean the kitchen today?

AM/IS/ARE + SB + GOING TO + Is it going to rain in a few minutes?
INFINITIVE Are you going to watch TV tonight?
 WILL
 USES
 a “neutral” future event
TIME INDICATORS: tomorrow, soon, today, later today, tonight, in five
minutes/two hours, on Monday/Saturday afternoon, next time/week, this
afternoon/year etc.
I will finish my report later today.
Tom will visit his parents next week.
 predictions based on opinions or beliefs
We think he will win the competition! He is a Spiderman!
I don’t think I will go out tonight. I’m too tired.
 decisions made at the time of speaking (to
volunteer to do something)
I left the door open. I will close it right now.
You look exhausted. I’ ll cook dinner tonight.
 determination (want) and (un)willingness (be (un)willing
to) to carry out a future action
I will come with you at the weekend, whatever my father says!
I will do this problem even if I have to stay up the whole night.

 to make promises or threats

I promise, I will bring the book tomorrow!
I’ll tell your parents what you did!

 to request or to offer help

Don’t worry. I will help you with your homework.
Will you please help me to finish my English project?

 to give a command
You will do exactly as I say!
You will report at me at 8 o’clock tomorrow!
 SHALL
 USES
 to make offers or suggestions, to ask
for advice
Shall I close the door/Shall I help you? – OFFER
Shall we go to the cinema tonight?/Shall we go to
a picnic tomorrow? – SUGGESTION
What shall I tell the boss about this money?/
What shall we do with this? – ADVICE

 used as an imperative in formal or legal

written statements:
The Chairman shall be present at the Company’s
general meetings.
The accused shall be present during the trial.
 BE GOING TO
 USES
 predictions (there is present evidence to justify the prediction)
She is pregnant. She is going to have a child.
Look out! You’re going to spill the wine!

 intention or decision (already made to do something)

I’m going to buy a new laptop next week.
What is Janet going to tell us?

 plans/arrangements (made prior to the time of speaking)

We are going to visit the ZOO on Sunday.
I am going to be an actor when I grow up.
 WILL vs. BE GOING TO
MEANING VERB EXEMPLES
Be careful! You will/are going to hurt
WILL yourself!
PREDICTION BE GOING TO
She will/is going to graduate in July.

“I’m so tired. I’m about to fall asleep.”

“I’ll get you some coffee.”
WILLINGNESS WILL
(a decision at the “It’s rather cold in here.”
moment of speaking) “Sorry, I’ll close the window.”

“There is a good movie on TV tonight.”

“Yes. I know. I’m going to watch it.”
A PRIOR PLAN BE GOING TO
(a decision before the They’re going to retire to the beach – in
moment of speaking) fact they have already bought a little
beach house.
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
 FORM
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
SB + WILL + BE + SB + WILL NOT/WON’T + WILL + SB + BE +
PRESENT PARTICIPLE BE + PRESENT PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPLE
Tomorrow at this time, I Our best player is injured Will you be coming to
will be taking my English and won’t be playing in the party tonight?
language exam. the game on Saturday. Will you be bringing
This time next week we Ben won’t be eating the your friend to the pub
will be travelling to dinner now. He usually tonight?
London. eats it around noon!
  USES
 activity that will occur in the future and continue
for a certain period of time
Tom will be attending the conference next month.
They’ll be shopping all afternoon.

 temporary action in progress at a particular point

in the future
This time next Tuesday afternoon I’ll be watching a movie!
This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I’ll be lying on the
beach or swimming in the sea.

 predictions/guesses about the future

He’ll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
I guess you’ll be feeling thirsty after working
in the sun.
 things that we expect to happen in the usual
course of events (the event is certain and will happen naturally)
I will be seeing Tim tomorrow at the office. (we work together)
We will be meeting Mike at the festival this weekend.

 a tactful way to ask about somebody’s plans or to

refuse an invitation
Will you be coming with me to the concert tonight?
I’m sorry, I can’t come to your wedding as
I’ll be working on that day.

 an action that has been planned

They will be going on vacation this summer.
I’ll be visiting my cousins in Leeds over this coming weekend.
( = present continuous)
 FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
 FORM
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
SB + WILL + HAVE + SB + WILL NOT + HAVE WILL + SB + HAVE +
PAST PARTICIPLE + PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE
She will have written the We won’t have solved all By next year,
letter by tomorrow. the math problems by will you have finished
We’re late. The film will then. writing this book?
already have started by I won’t have finished this By next month will you
the time we get to the book by next week. have studied all the
cinema. English verb tenses?
  USES
 predictions about actions that will be completed
before a certain time/event in the future (time
expressions: by the time, by then, by year 2015, by March 25th, within
the next week etc.)
Before they come, we will have cleaned up the house.
John will have eaten the whole cake by the time the birthday
party starts!

 duration before a certain time/action in the future

I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
By the next year, I will have known Monica for 30 years.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
 FORM
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
SB + WILL + HAVE + SB + WILL NOT/WON’T + WILL + SB + HAVE +
BEEN + PRESENT HAVE + BEEN + BEEN + PRESENT
PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
By the time you get here, I will not have been Will he have been
we will have been waiting for him for one teaching at this
building the house for a hour. university for 25 years
year. She will not have been by the time he retires in
By 2015, he will have playing football since June?
been selling sports 2015. Will they have been
equipment for 10 years. working at the exhibition
for five hours by the
time I arrive there?
  USES
 the duration of an action which is still
ongoing at a point/event in the future (since, for)
He will have been studying in this school since 2013.
By 2016 I will have been living in London for sixteen years.
It will have been raining for three days.
 PRESENT SIMPLE
 USES
 an officially planned future action/fixed program
(start, begin, end, open, close, arrive, leave, take off, get to, land, rise, set)
The train leaves in an hour.
The wedding begins at 2:00 next Saturday.

 to express a future action

 in a conditional clause (if, unless, in case):
They’ll have a picnic if the weather is fine tomorrow.
In case you need me, I’ll be in my office.
 in a time clause (after conjunctions of time: when, after, before, as
soon as, by the time, once, until etc.):
Tom will like English grammar when he understands it.
As soon as Jane comes, we will have tea.
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 USES
 fixed arrangement in the near future (immediate plans)
What are you doing tomorrow?
They are getting married next week.
I’m meeting Katie in the evening.

 a future action with verbs of movement (come, go,

arrive, leave, move)
Our friends are arriving tomorrow.
He is going to London on Friday.
He’s moving to Portland this summer.
EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING
BE TO
 an official/formal plan/arrangement
The president is to hold an official reception for the visitors.
The European Parliament is to introduce a new law on
safety at work.

 to give commands/orders
You are not to leave this house without my permission. Is
that clear?
At the end of the course, all students are to take a written exam.

 + PASSIVE – to give formal instructions

These pills are not to be taken with any other form of medicine.
No food of any kind is to be taken into the examination room.
IF Clauses – the event in the if clause is dependent
on the event in the main clause happening first
If we are to solve the world’s pollution problems, we must
address environmental issues now.
If we are to catch that train, we shall have to leave now.

 frequently used in newspaper, radio & TV reports

Crash investigations are to release their findings to the press
later today.
A man is to appear in court later this morning charged with
the murder of the footballer, George Best.

 BE often omitted in headlines

Prime Minister to announce emergency plan
on climate change
President to hold official reception
EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING
EXPRESSION MEANING EXAMPLES
things that are fixed/ The visitors are due to arrive at
BE DUE TO
scheduled ( + a time the factory at 10:30.
(= present simple)
phrase) The film is due to start at 8 p.m.

Ladies and gentlemen, please

an event that we
take your seats. The show is
BE ABOUT TO expect to happen in
about to start.
( = be going to) the near future due to
“Do you have a minute?” “I’m
evidence in the present
sorry, I’m just about to leave.”

BE ON THE POINT OF I was on the point of leaving my

+ - ing form/noun something is about job but then I got promoted so I
(= be about to) to happen changed my mind.
BE ON THE VERGE OF an event that we Because of the erosion of their
+ - ing form/noun expect to happen habitats, some species are on
(= be about to) very soon the verge of extinction.
BE ON THE EDGE OF an event that
She is on the edge of bursting
+ - ing form/noun happens in the near
into tears.
(= be about to) future
OTHER EXPRESSIONS WITH FUTURE MEANING

EXPRESSION MEANING EXAMPLES

future events which Smokers are more likely to
BE LIKELY TO are probably going to develop lung cancer compared
happen to non-smokers.

it is improbable that They are unlikely to arrive

BE UNLIKELY TO something will before six. The traffic is always
happen in the future awful on Fridays.

something is The new timetable is sure to

BE SURE TO definitely going to annoy some of the teachers
happen in the future when they see it.

future events which

BE BOUND TO Kevin is stuck in a traffic jam,
are certain to happen
so he is bound to be late.

a future action that is

She is certain to pass. Her
BE CERTAIN TO surely going to
marks have been excellent all
happen
term.
ADJECTIVES WITH FUTURE MEANING
 future meaning = in the near future/about to happen
IMMINENT
A decision from the judges is imminent.
These patients are facing imminent death.
FORTHCOMING
He has been quite busy preparing his affairs for the
forthcoming conference.
The governor has announced that he will retire before the
forthcoming election.

IMPENDING
The emergency alert instructed everyone to prepare for
the impending tornado.
The game was almost over, and the team's victory was
impending.
VERBS WITH FUTURE MEANING
VERBS STRUCTURE EXAMPLES
I hope to see everyone at the next
decide, hope, Open Day.
verb + to +
intend, swear, Do you swear never to reveal any
promise
infinitive of the secrets of the Magic Circle?

Do you envisage experiencing any

anticipate, difficulty with this machine?
predict,
verb + noun/-ing We anticipate congestion on all
envisage form major routes out of London this
weekend.

The company plans to open a new

arrange, branch in Wales in the next year
expect, plan, verb + (noun) + to or so.
guarantee, + infinitive We expect to promote trainees
undertake within two to three years of
qualifying.
MODAL VERBS – future possibility and probability
VERBS MEANING EXAMPLES
They might come later.
COULD something is (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
possible in the They may come by car.
MAY future, but not (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
MIGHT certain If we don’t hurry we could be late.
(= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late.)

something is true Ask Miranda. She should know.

SHOULD It's nearly six o'clock. They ought to
or will be true in
OUGHT TO the future arrive soon.

an action is going She will have to finish the other books

HAVE TO before the final exam.
to be necessary in
MUST the near future We must get someone to fix that wheel.
BASIC CONDITIONAL SENTENCE PATTERNS
If your dog is
ZERO Possible at any time,
depressed, he
but most commonly in
CONDITIONAL the present
probably needs
more exercise.
If the show flops,
FIRST Possible in the future they’ll sack the
CONDITIONAL manager.
If you were a bit
SECOND Impossible/imaginary
nicer, he wouldn’t
CONDITIONAL in the present
get so upset.
If you had called
THIRD Impossible in the past me, I wouldn’t have
CONDITIONAL sent you an e-mail .
 ZERO CONDITIONAL
= the general conditional
 PATTERNS
If + present simple / present simple
If you don’t look after tomato plants, they die quickly.
If babies are hungry, they cry.
If + present continuous / present simple
If she is travelling abroad on business, she always phones
us daily.
If you’re asking me, I don’t believe him.
If + present perfect / modal
Shrimps can be very risky to eat if they haven’t been kept
at the right temperature.
If you have learned English, you can get a better job.
  USE
 events which are generally true or scientific facts:
If I eat dairy products, I get spots on my skin.
If you heat ice, it melts.

 actions which always have the same result:

If you use a very hot iron on nylon, it melts.
If you pour oil in water, it floats.

 instructions (main clause – imperative instead of

a present tense):
If a chip pan sets alight, throw a fire blanket,
not water on it.
Take this medicine if you want to feel much better.
 FIRST CONDITIONAL
= the likely/possible conditional

 PATTERNS
If + present simple / will/won’t + infinitive
If it is sunny tomorrow, we will have a picnic.
If his football team loses the match, he will be sad.

If + present continuous / will/won’t + infinitive

If he is feeling better, he will come to the party.
If he is snoring, I will wake him up.

If + present perfect / will/won’t + infinitive

If she hasn’t heard the bad news yet, I will tell her.
If he has moved into his new flat, we will visit him.
If + present simple / be going to + infinitive
If I see him, I’m going to tell him exactly how angry I am.

If + present simple / future perfect

If we don’t get the contract, we’ll have wasted a lot of
time and money.

If + present simple / modal

If she wins the race, we can congratulate her.
If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in
Lindy’s.
  USE
 possible future events/situations and their results:
If the book is interesting, I will buy it.
If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.

 commands:
If you get home late, don’t wake us up!

 offers:
I’ll call the hotel if you don’t have time.

 suggestions:
Shall we go to the beach tomorrow if the weather is
good?

 warnings:
I’ll call the police if you don’t leave right now!
 SECOND CONDITIONAL
= the unlikely or improbable conditional
 PATTERNS
If + past simple / would/wouldn’t + infinitive
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
If you went to bed earlier, you wouldn’t be so tired.

If + past continuous/were going to /

would/wouldn’t + infinitive
If the sun were shining, I would go to the beach.
If I were going to solve it, I wouldn’t start from here.

If + past simple / modal

If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.
If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.
 USE
 improbable future events/situations & their results:
If I won the lottery tomorrow, I would quit my job.
If he had millions dollars, he would give a lot to charity.

hypothetical current situations/events:

If I had more hair, I would feel younger.
If she were a famous sports-woman, she would be very rich.

 giving advice:
If I were you, I would give up smoking.
If I were you, I would accept this offer.

 polite requests:
If you could deal with this matter, l would be very grateful.
It would be nice if you would help me in the kitchen.
 desires/regrets:
If we didn’t have to work so hard, we could spend more
time together.
If Susan studied harder, she would be better at school.

 should/were to + infinitive (conditional clause) –

an unlikely condition:
If the printer should break down within the first year,
we would repair it at our expense.

Should the tickets fail to arrive before the departure date,

we would arrange to have duplicates waiting at the
airport.
If you were to listen more carefully, you might understand a
little more.
 THIRD CONDITIONAL
= the past or impossible conditional

 PATTERNS
If + past perfect / would/wouldn’t have + past participle
If I had woken up earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the plane.
I would have been happy if you had called me on my
birthday.

If + past perfect / modal

You could have been on time if you had caught
the bus.
If you had invited me, I might have come.
  USE
 hypothetical/unreal situations/events in the past:
If it had snowed yesterday, we would have gone skiing.
If I hadn’t eaten that Shawarma last night, I wouldn’t have
been ill.

 criticism:
If I hadn’t helped you, you would have failed.
If you had driven more slowly, you could have stopped in
time.
 MIXED CONDITIONALS
 SECOND/THIRD
 hypothetical situations/events in the present with
a result in the past:
If the island were still a tourist attraction, last week’s
earthquake would have caused more deaths.
If I were rich, I would have bought that Audi we saw yesterday.

THIRD/SECOND
 hypothetical situations/events in the past with a
result in the present:
If he hadn’t committed a serious offence, he wouldn’t be in
prison now.
If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job
opportunities.
 ALTERNATIVES TO IF
 unless = if not
I wouldn’t be willing to help you out again unless you paid me.
 provided/providing (that)
The system will not have to be drained provided/providing
(that) antifreeze has been added.
 on (the) condition (that)
Expenses will be reimbursed on (the) condition (that) ail
receipts are submitted.
 so/as long as
We wilI have the party here, so/as long as you also arrange
the catering.
 in case
I’ll pop round later in case you’re there.
 ALTERNATIVES TO IF
 but for + noun phrase
We would have been lost but for the map.
 suppose/supposing (that) ...
What will you do supposing she leaves you?
 what if ...
What if the money doesn’t arrive on time?
 whether (... or not)
I wonder whether they’ll come on time or not.
 even if
Even if I tell my parents the truth, they will be angry at me.
 accepting (that)
Accepting that Phil has had a breakdown, he doesn’t
necessarily present a risk.
III. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
WISH/IF ONLY
 + Past Tense – desire for smth. to be different
in the present
I wish I had more free time.
If only he were young again.

 + Past Perfect – regret about the past:

I wish that you had told me the whole truth.
If only you hadn’t been driving so fast!

 + Would – desire for someone to change their

deliberate behavior in the present/future
(often used to criticize/complain)
He wishes it would stop raining.
If only he wouldn’t speak to his mother like that.
ANY QUESTIONS?