EARTH SCIENCE (1st Long Test)

General Directions: Provide a separate answer sheet. Follow the instruction for each test. Avoid erasures.
I. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is correct. If it is wrong, write F then
change the underlined word/s to make the statement true. (2 points each)
1. The Big Bang Theory proposed that the universe started from a singularity that expanded continuously.
2. The Steady State Theory resulted from a series of Big Bang and Big Crunch.
3. Big Bang is the expansion of the universe that reverses and starts to collapse.
4. The Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that the universe will stay the same throughout time.
5. Nucleosynthesis gives rise to the formation of larger matter as a result of the combination of atomic particles to other atomic
particles.
6. The nebula is believed to be composed of carbon particles, the most abundant element in the universe.
7. Although observable here on Earth as the North Star, Polaris is not part of our solar system but can be classified as our neighbor
star.
8. Proponents of the Nebular Theory suggested that all the objects of the Solar System came from a gas cloud termed as a nebula.
9. The Protoplanet Theory suggests that the Solar System formed as a result of a near collision
between a passing star and the Sun.
10. Seventy - eight and one tenth percent of the earth’s atmosphere is composed of oxygen.
11. The photosynthetic bacteria during the Precambrian times modified the Earth’s atmosphere to become oxygen-enriched. The
change in the atmosphere then supported the evolution of more complex organisms.
12. The inner core is made up of iron and nickel but in liquid form. The temperature is quite high at around 7000 °C.
13. The outer core is liquid-like in nature and primarily composed of silicon and aluminum.
14. The crust is the thickest layer making up 84% of the Earth’s volume.
15. The continental crust is denser than the oceanic crust.

II. IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being described in each statement.

1. According to this theory, the Solar System originated from a nebula that was disrupted by a nearby supernova.
2. Just like the Nebular Theory, this theory suggests that a supernova near a nebula result to formation of planetesimals. As
planetesimals combine with each other, protoplanets are formed.
3. This serves as a water reservoir, a source of fish and shellfish that we consume, a thermostat and heat reservoir, and a way for
transportation.
4. This subsystem of the Earth acts like a blanket for the planet, shielding it from too much harmful UV radiation from the Sun.
5. This subsystem of the Earth is comprised of all living things and the areas where they are found. It
includes all microbes, plants, and animals.
6. This gas is used by photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and algae, to convert the energy from the sun to usable energy
through the process of photosynthesis.
7. It is a triatomic form of oxygen that absorbs ultraviolet light and prevents it from reaching the
Earth’s surface.
8. The lowest layer of the atmosphere where most weather takes place.
9. An abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules overlapping into the mesosphere and thermosphere.
10. The subsystem of the Earth where terrestrial plants and animals live.
11. It is the study of the Earth as a system.
12. It states that the Earth works as a self - regulating system.
13. It states that the processes occurring today have operated throughout Earth’s history. For example, the geological processes of
erosion and sedimentation continue to occur. The eroded sand particles build up over thousands of years forming sandstone.
14. This refers to the sphere of human consciousness, the third phase of the Earth’s development.
15. A soft weak layer in the upper mantle which is capable of flowing. This facilitates the movement of the lithospheric plates.
16. The father of modern geology
17. Popularized the term noosphere
18. Proposed the Gaia hypothesis
19. Collaborated on the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth works as a self-regulating system
20. Established the foundation for Earth System Science

III. ENUMERATION

A. Name the different layers of the atmosphere and describe each briefly. (2 points each)
B. Illustrate the different layers of the geosphere. Give a brief description of each layer. (10 points)