A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

WORKS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO EKITI

AND

MAO MURPHY AUTO SERVICES. OTUBU ROAD, IKEJA, LAGOS STATE

BY

OJO EKUNDAYO OLUWASEGUN

178541035

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. Eng) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

FEBRUARY to JULY, 2022.

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this compressive report was compiled by me OJO Ekundayo
Oluwasegun with matric number 178541035, and entails precisely what I have done during my
SIWES Industrial Training at the Works And Service Department Ekiti State University Ado
Ekiti, Ekiti State and Mao Murphy Auto Services.

…………………………….…. ………..…………

Ojo Ekindayo Oluwasegun Signature and date

…………………………….…. ………..…………

Name of Supervisor Signature and date

 DEDICATION

I give absolute thanks to God Almighty, whose grace and strength brought me to the successful
conclusion of this industrial training and for keeping me safe throughout the period of this program and
for granting me wisdom and understanding. May your name be praise now and forever.
I sincerely appreciate my parent Mr and Mrs OJO whom their support enables me to complete
this program both financially and otherwise.
Finally,I appreciate my industry based supervisor MR ADETONA Muedeen at Mao Murphy
Auto services and MR ADEBERE Edward at the Works And Services Department Ekiti State
University, Ado Ekiti for their help, support and encouragement during the course of my Industrial
training.

I also appreciate every staff Works And Services Department Ekiti State University, Ado
EkitiAnd Mao Murphy Auto Services. Otubu Road, Ikeja, Lagos Statefor their contribution in one way
or the other towards the success of my training,Thank you all.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My regards and appreciation goes to almighty GOD for his endless mercies and wisdom.

To my parent Mr. and Mrs. Ojo for their unending love and advice and support during this time
of the training.

Also to the student industrial work experience scheme (S.I.W.E.S.). They have helped a
lot in assisting student to acquire the practical knowledge on their course of study.

My special regard goes to the entire management and technicians of Ekiti State
University, department of works and service and the management of Mao Murphy Auto
services, and also to Mr Adetona Muedeen for his never ending support

My appreciation also goes to the I.T.F. for their foresight in putting this program in place.
 ABSTRACT

This report is a summary of the experience I acquired during my six months Students'
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the Works and Services Department Ekiti State
University and Mao Murphy Auto Services, with highlights majorly on Mechanical
Engineering, Thermodynamics Engineering, giving full enlightenment on the equipment utilised
on tasks such as maintenance, servicing, installation, etc, while giving a clear idea of the student
involvement in all operational activities carried out in a Mechanical Firm.
TABLE OF CONTENT

Front page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi-vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 History Of SIWES (Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme). 1

1.2 Goals Of SIWES 1

1.3 Objectives Of SIWES. 1-2

1.4 The Roles Of Students During SIWES 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Works And Service Department, Ekiti State University 3

2.2 Our Mission 3

2.3 Our Vision 3-4

2.4 The Philosophy 4

2.5 Our Core Values 4

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Air Conditonig Maintenance And Service

3.1.1 Air Conditioning System 5

3.1.2 Functions Of The Air Conditioning System 5

3.1.3 Components Of An Air Conditioner 5-7

3.1.4 Common Types of Air condition 7-10

3.1.5 Working Principles Of Air-Conditioning 10

3.1.6 10 Common Ac Problems And Their Possible Solutions 10-13

3.2 Automoblie Maintenance And Services 13

3.2.1 Maintenance And Services Of Vehicles 13

3.2.2 Automobile Trasmission System 14-16

3.2.3 Car Servicing 16-17

3.2.4 Gear Selector Cable 17-18

3.2.5 Car Axle 18-19

3.2.6 Engine Lubrication System 20-22

3.2.7 Belt Adjuster (Belt Tensioner) 22-23

3.2.7 Steering System 23-24

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Summary Of Work Experience 25

4.2 Problem Encounter 25

4.3 Experience Gained 25

4.4 Conclusion 25

REFERENCE LINK 26
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTIONTO SIWES

1.1 History Of SIWES (Student Industrial Work Experience scheme).

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills training
program, which forms part of the approved Minimum Academic Standards in the various degree
program for all Nigerian Universities. It is an effort to bridge the gap existing between the theoretical
and practical aspect of engineering and technology, sciences, agriculture, medical, management and
other professional educational program in the Nigerian tertiary institutions.
It is founded in 1973 by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated by the National Universities
Commission (NUC) and the Industrial Training Fund (ITF). The decision by the government was also influenced by the
observation of the correlation between a nation’s economy and its level of investment in manpower development.
In the light of this, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti has made it mandatory for students
especially in their third year and fourth year for those whose course is five years in the university to
undergo a period of six (6) months industrial training as part of the required fulfillment of the award of
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc).
1.2 Goals of SIWES.
The main goals of SIWES are;

 To help student acquire practical skills in their individual profession to complement the already
acquired theoretical knowledge.
 To prepare student for the future industrial challenges they are going to face in their career.
 To create avenue for the student to interact with practicing professionals.
 To teach students safety precautions so that they can install the confidence of discipline in their
various fields.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES.

The objectives of SIWES are:

 To create an avenue for students in the Nigerian university to acquire industrial skills and experience
in their field of study.
 To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after higher institution.
 To expose students to instruments, equipmentand also machineries that may not be available in their
universities.
 To make the transition from the university to the world of work easier and thus enhancing students
contact with later job placement.
 To provide students with an opportunity to apply the theoretical knowledge in real work situation,
therefore bridging the gap between university work actual practice and the theories learnt in school.
 To enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire educational process of preparing
university graduates for employment industry.
 To provide an avenue for students in tertiary institution to acquire industrial skills and experience in
their course of study.
 To prepare students for the “economy situation” they are likely to face/encounter after graduation.
 To provide students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work situation,
thereby bridging the gap between the university worksand the actual work practices.
 To expose students to the work methods and techniques involved in handling equipment and
machineries that may not be available in the institution.
 To also expose students to the latest developments and technological innovations in their chosen
professions.

1.4 THE ROLES OF STUDENTS DURING SIWES

 To ask questions concerning analysis that are being done.

 Be good ambassadors of the institution they represent.
 To fill the log book as required for each daily activities at the industry.
 Comply with their employer’s rules and regulations.
 Contribute to the development of the industry or establishment.
 CHAPTRER TWO

PLACEMENTS PROFILE

2.1 Works And Service Department, Ekiti State University

The Directorate of Works and Services is statutorily established with its leadership being listed
as an officer of the University under the University Law.

The Directorate provides municipal services to the University in specialized areas of Technical
and Engineering Services such as, Building, Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Horticulture and
Telecommunication. Past headship of the Directorate were: Engr. Ojo-Chief Engineer; Engr. Ifederu-
Chief Engineer, Engr. Oke- Chief Engineer, Engr. OribuyakuT. – Chief Engineer, Engr. Oladunjoye
Chief Engineer; Engr. Ashaolu J. – Assistant Director of Works; Arc. Oriye, O.O. – Director of Works;
Engr. Ogundare –Director of Works; Engr. R. A. Ogunlade – Ag. Director of Works and Administrator-
Prof. Engr. S. B. Adeyemo. Current Leadership of the Department consists of the following: Co –
ordinator of Works & Services – Engr. Akomolede M. O;Engr.Olu Ale – Chief Engineer Civil,
Mr.Adetunla, S. O. – Principal Builder and Mr.Bamigboye, I. O. Assitant Chief Technical Officer
Electrical

2.2 Our Mission

Works and Services Department of Ekiti State University has been engaging in both
Maintenance and Servicing of all University Properties as well as the cleanliness of the University
environment. To achieve the above vision for Ekiti University of our dream, we would need to explore
internal and external facilities in the areas of donors. Donors that will be ready to assist in the areas of
dam construction for dual purpose of water supply of small and higher power as a source of additional
energy to complement the supply from the national grid.
* Proper Maintenance of University vehicles.
* Regular electricity supply
* Ensuring neat environment in the University Community.
* Adequate water supply within the University.
* Re – roofing of the leaking roof
* Repairing of electrical appliances
* Installation repairing of air – conditioners.

2.3 Our Vision

Our Vision from Works and Services Department for the Ekiti State University is to have a
University that will rank among one of the best University in Africa in the next five years. Purpose of
the Works and Services Department is to render our manpower services to the benefit of the entire
University.
Our Vision is to have a University that will have uninterrupted supply of electricity 24/7 and adequate
supply of water 24/7 for laboratory work and conveniences.

2.4 The Philosophy

The Department of Works and Services consists of specialized Technical Team of Professionals
providing daily and routine maintenance activities on all University properties.

2.5 Our Core Values

To pursue our vision, the following core values which will underpin everything we do will be identified.
* Working together.
* The highest standards of personal honesty and ethical behaviour.
* Availability of necessary equipment in the department
* Employment of more qualify workers
* Proper financial backing from the management of University.
* Accountability
 CHAPTER THREE

WORK EXPERIENCE

3.1 AIR CONDITONIG MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE

3.1.1 Air Conditioning System

An air conditioning system is an electrical device that is purposely installed for the removal of
heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space. It is a process that is commonly used to
achieve a more comfortable environment, basically for human and other animals.

Air conditioning system is also used to cool and dehumidify rooms that contain heat-producing
electronic devices, such as computer server, power amplifiers. It also used in space that contains delicate
products like artwork.

3.1.2 Functions Of The Air Conditioning System

 The primary purpose of air conditioning is to create a room climate comfortable for humans.
 Some special type of conditioning system is used to cool the temperature of electric devices.
 It controls the humidity of a room as 30 to 65% is permitted while the temperature should be
between 20 and 26 degrees Celsius.
 Air conditioning system affects the room air to comfort people and their productivity is not
impeded.
 The condition of the air is characterized by temperature, pressure and humidity. The air pressure
is not changed.
 Air conditioning system can be for heating, dehumidifying, cooling, and humidifying.

3.1.3 Components Of An Air Conditioner

 Compressor:

The compressor is the engine of the system as it works with a fluid that easily transforms the gas into a
liquid. Its primary function is to convert low-pressure gas into a high-pressure gas, which has a high
temperature.
 A compressor

 Condenser

A condenser (or AC condenser) is the outdoor portion of an air conditioner or heat pump that either
releases or collects heat, depending on the time of the year.

A condeser

 Evaporator coil :

Evaporators are air conditioning components found inside the house near the furnace. It’s connected to
the condenser with an extreme thin pipe. The high-pressure gas is transformed into a low-pressure liquid
of the air conditioner. The liquid is then converted to gas due to the decreasing pressure. The fluid or
refrigerant is what takes away the heat from the and cools it off.

An evaporated coil
  Expansion valve

The expansion valve is located between the evaporator and condenser coils. Its main function is to
regulate the refrigerant flow into the evaporator. It removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant allowing
the conversion into gas to occur in the evaporator.

An expansion Valve

 Refrigerant

A refrigerant is a substance used in a heat cycle usually including, for enhanced efficiency, a reversible
phase transition from a liquid to a gas. Without refrigerants in an air-conditioning system, there would
be no cooling.

Types Of Refrigerants

 Halocarbons e.g. CFCs (R11, R12, R13, R14); HCFCs (R22, R123); HFCs (R134a, R404a,
 R407c, R410a).
 Azeotropic refrigerants e.g. R500, R502, R503.
 Zeotropic refrigerants e.g. R404a, R407c, R410a, R413a.
 Inorganic refrigerants e.g. CO2, water, ammonia, air, sulphur dioxide.
I. Hydrocarbon refrigerants e.g. R170, R290, R600, R600a.

3.1.4 Common Types of Air condition

1. Central Air Conditioning System

Central air conditioner are preferred in case you have a large space or you wish to cool multiple
rooms at a time then these type of air conditioning systems can surely be best suited for you. These AC
units work by using a split system which regulates air through the ducts that are installed in your home.
This system is also termed as ducted system.

Advantages of Central AC

 It cools the whole are which is connected to the ducts at once and thus creates a cool & regulated
environment around in comparatively less time.
 As the cool air is circulated the effect of humidity decreases which makes the overall
environment more comfortable.

Disadvantages of Central AC

 Consumes plenty of energy which results in higher bills.

 The efficiency can be effected in case any technical issue arises in the ducts of the AC system.
 The outdoor units are found to be unattractive which can be hidden at the backyard.

2. Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioner

A ductless mini split system, in its most basic form, includes one outdoor unit and one indoor unit,
connected by refrigerant tubing and electrical wiring. The indoor unit is often wall-mounted, and
delivers heated or cooled air directly into the living space

Advantages of Ductless Mini-Split AC

 Can be installed everywhere without the ductwork.

 The temperature can be monitored individually.

Disadvantages of Ductless Mini-Split AC

 Only one ductless mini-split unit is not sufficient for cooling large spaces.
 The Indoor unit of a ductless mini-split are mostly wall-mounted, therefore, it can be viewed
from the naked eye.
3. Window Air Conditioner

A window air conditioner is the simplest type of AC unit. It's a single unit with all of the parts and
components contained inside one box or casing. This type of AC is usually mounted or installed in a
window and plugs into a traditional electrical outlet.

Advantages of Window AC

 Cost effective and cheaper to operate

 Easy to install
 Easy to maintain
 Does not consume floor space

Disadvantages of Window AC

 Are not noise free during operation & are clearly visible from outside.
 Obstruct the view from window and need to be located near a suitable electrical outlet.
 The windows need to be of a regular shape in order to accommodate windows air conditioners.
Irregularly shaped windows will not be able to accommodate these AC units.

4. Portable Air Conditioner

is a self-contained portable system ideal for cooling single rooms. They typically sit on the floor and
come with an installation kit for quick set up. Most models also have wheels so you can move them to
different rooms, making them a nice alternative to window units.

Advantages of Portable AC

 Easy to set up
 Movable around the space
 One of the most effective option for spot cooling
 Can be safely kept when not needed
Disadvantages of Portable AC

 The units are quite noisy during operation

 Not capable for cooling larger rooms
 The portable units which come with a hose have to necessarily be placed near a window resulting
which the hose obstructs the lower part of the window

3.1.5 Working Principles Of Air-Conditioning

For an Air-Conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For
this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and
evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this
area, and to expel this heat in another area.

• The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and

• then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.

• The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to
the outside air.

• The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow
of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.

• The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed
and changes it from a liquid to a gas.

• As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is
repeated..

3.1.6 10 Common Ac Problems And Their Possible Solutions

1. Air conditioner is not turning on

You must check your thermostat batteries when your ac is not working or turning on. Replace the
batteries if they are dead. If the batteries are in working condition, check the thermostat settings to
determine whether the cooling mode is on with your desired temperature settings.
2. Air conditioner not blowing cold air

Your ac will not blow cold air if a dirty air filter blocks the airflow of your unit. A dirty air filter can
further freeze up the condenser unit and limit the cooling power of your ac. Changing your air filter
every month will help your ac unit blow cold air.

3. Air conditioner freezing up outside unit

Your air conditioner can freeze up due to:

 Insufficient airflow
 Low coolant levels
 Blower motor problems
 Stuck contractor

4. Ac refrigerant leak

When the coolant in your air conditioner starts leaking, the temperature will vary, and the unit will not
perform accurately. Refrigerant leaks can result in:

 Low efficiency
 High power consumption
 Coil freezing
 Damaged compressor
 Uneven cooling
 Inspect your air conditioner regularly for any refrigerant leaks.

5. Air conditioner making noises

An air conditioner can make different sounds depending on the type of problems. There are different
reasons why your air conditioner is producing a variety of sounds:

 A refrigerant leak can produce a hissing sound.

 If you hear clicking sounds when you turn on and off your ac, it might be a relay problem.
 Thumping, rattling, or banging noises mean there is a problem with a blower or motor assembly.
 The compressor or fan motor produces a screeching noise.
  Faulty electrical components produce a buzzing sound.

6. Frozen evaporator coil

The evaporator coil freezes when your air conditioner does not receive sufficient air needed for
operation. A frozen evaporator coil can make your ac freeze up and stop working. Blocked vents and
ducts, dirty filters, or a faulty fan can cause insufficient airflow in the system. A clean air filter is
important to maximize airflow and indoor air quality.

7. Electric control failure

When you frequently turn on and off your air conditioner, the fan controls and compressor can wear out.
The condenser fan motor, the compressor, and the blower motor make an electrical connection to start
the unit. A connection problem can prevent the motor and compressor from turning on. You should
check the electrical connections to determine the issue.

8. Air conditioner leaking water outside

Water leaking outside from your ac on a hot or humid day, especially when the unit is running, is
considered normal. It is also normal if the water leakage occurs outside in cool weather at a temperature
of 60 degrees or less, as the unit can freeze up and leak water when it melts. Other reasons for your air
conditioner to leak water outside, include:

 Dirty air filters

 Improper installation
 Blocked drain pipe
 Low coolant levels
 Broken condensate pan

9. Drainage problem

The drain pipeline can also become clogged with dust, algae, and dirt. If water does not drain properly,
mold, fungus, and mildew can develop. Also, gasses and bad odor can filter into your home. To prevent
this, make sure your drain line is regularly maintained, cleaned, and inspected. Air conditioners which
are not mounted level may not drain properly.
10. Sensor problem

The air conditioner contains a thermostat sensor, located near the evaporator coil. The thermostat
measures the air temperature in the evaporating coil and adjusts the cooling based on the condition of
the room. If the sensor is forced out of position, the air conditioner can randomly turn on and off or
cycle constantly. The sensor should be placed near the evaporator coil without touching each other.
Adjust the sensor by bending the wire that holds it in position.

3.2 AUTOMOBLIE MAINTENANCE AND SERVICES

3.2.1 Maintenance And Services Of Vehicles

Maintenance is regular service that will help prolong the life of your vehicle, while auto repair is
when a part or fluid is not performing and needs to be fixed. Without proper maintenance, pricey repairs
might be needed.

Benefits Of Maintaining Your Vehicles

An effective preventative vehicle maintenance system consists of scheduled maintenance,

component repairs and vehicle inspections to prevent breakdowns. The benefits of an effective
preventative maintenance system are:

 reduced overall maintenance and operating costs;

 reduced operating costs due to fewer vehicle breakdowns;
 increased customer satisfaction due to consistent on- time deliveries;
 enhanced vehicle residual value and protects your assets;
 lower insurance costs;
 reduced risk of vehicle downtime at roadside checks;
 increased driver safety and improves their working environment;
 increased passenger safety;
 increased road safety for other road users; and
 ensures your vehicles meet the minimum standards defined by law.
3.2.2 AUTOMOBILE TRASMISSION SYSTEM

3.2.2.1 Manual Transmission

A manual transmission is a manual gearbox or stick-shift or standard transmission class of

transmission where the driver literally uses a stick shift to change gears. Changing the gears involves
releasing the clutch disc through a third pedal located on the left side of the break. Then select the
chosen gear and engage the clutch again. If the driver frequently engages the clutch slowly, the disc will
wear out early. If the driver engages the clutch too quickly, the engine will stall.

Components Of A Manual Gearbox

Narrowing down the various parts and components of the gearbox will help you understand the
complex way a manual transmission works. Some significant features of a manual gearbox include

The clutch and clutch pedal: Consisting of various small parts, the clutch transfers the engine torque
to the transmission. The clutch pedal is a piece of gear that is hydraulically controlled. When you
depress, it disengages the clutch.

 Flywheel: Normally circular in shape and used to send the engine torque to the clutch disc,
which interacts with the smooth surface of the flywheel.
 Collar and selector fork: An arm-like-looking piece of gear that aids in moving the collars
through the output shaft. By locking the collar to a specific gear, you can always select different
other gears. This results in the transmission of torque from the layshaft to the output shaft.
 Synchronizers: Helps the collar and the gear engage with each other and importantly matches
their speed if there is a difference.
 Output shaft and Layshaft: The output shaft’s gears mesh with the lay shaft’s gears when one
receives the engine power first.
 Gears: Gear often comes in different sizes in a manual gearbox. Large gearwheels contain more
teeth and offer more torque to reduce the car’s speed, whereas small gears provide less torque to
your car so that it can run at a higher speed.
How a manual transmission works

 Before switching the vehicle’s key on, you need to press the clutch pedal down to disengage the
clutch. This cuts the power between the engine’s input shaft and the transmission and ensures
that the engine is alive before powering the vehicle.
 Shift the gearshift to the first gear so that the gear shift can move towards the latter one. The first
gear has a connection to the layshaft, which is connected to the engine input file via another gear.
 The synchronizer collar connected to the shifting fork helps the driving gear in the transportation
of power to the output shaft and matches their speed if there is any difference.
 You now need to apply slight pressure on the gas pedal and then take your foot off the clutch.
This reconnects the gearbox and the engine making your vehicle start moving.
 You now need to repeat the same process of changing the gear so that you can speed up or slow
down the car.

3.2.2.2 Automatic Transmission

With an automatic transmission, things are simplified as compared to a manual transmission.

There is neither a clutch pedal nor a gear shift in an automatic transmission vehicle. Once the
transmission is put into drive, all other things are automatic.

Components of an automatic transmission

To help understand what happens in an automatic transmission, let us look at the specific parts of an
automatic transmission.

 Transmission casing: houses all parts of the transmission.

 Torque converter: transmits to the transmission input shaft from the engine. It also helps in the
multiplication of engine torque output
 Planetary gears: this allows automatic increase and decrease of the gear ratios.

How Automatic Transmission Works

 The engine dispatches power to the torque converter’s pump

 The pump receives the power and, through the transmission fluid, sends it to the torque
converter’s turbine
  Through the stator, the transmission fluid is sent back to the pump
 The stator multiplies power and sends it back to the turbine
 The turbine is normally connected to the central shaft, which is also connected to the
transmission.
 The turbine then spins the shaft spins dispatching power to the first planetary gear
 The planetary gear arrangements determine of power transmitted to the rest of the drive
 Power from the torque converter will either make the ring gear, the sun gear, or the planetary
carrier of the planetary gear system stay stationary or move.

Stages of automatic transmission

Park(P): locks the transmission, restricting the vehicle from moving

Reverse(R): puts the car in reverse gear, making the car move backward

Neutral(N): disconnects the transmission from the wheel

Drive(D): allows the vehicle to move and can accelerate through a range of gears

Low(L): allows you to lower your speed and move on middy or hilly areas

3.2.3 CAR SERVICING

A automobile service is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a set time interval or
after the vehicle has traveled a certain distance. The service intervals are specified by the vehicle
manufacturer in a service schedule and some modern cars display the due date for the next service
electronically on the instrument panel.

3.2.3.1 What does a full car service include

A car service can involve up to 50 or more components, systems checks and adjustments including:

 An engine oil change and/or filter replacement

 Checking lights, tyres, exhaust and operations of brakes and steering

 Ensuring your engine is ‘tuned’ to run in its peak condition

 Checking hydraulic fluid and coolant levels

 Checking the cooling system (from radiators in your car to pumps and hoses)

 Suspension checks

 Steering alignment

 Testing the car’s battery condition

3.2.4 GEAR SELECTOR CABLE

Gear cables connect th\e gearstick to the gearbox of a car or van to allow the driver to control the
transmission system during operation.

The shift selector cable puts the transmission into the proper gear, which is indicated by the shift
selector that it has been moved by the driver. Automatic transmission vehicles normally have one cable
that runs from the transmission to the shifter assembly, while manual transmission vehicles have two.
They both have the same signs when they start to go bad. If you suspect yours is failing, watch for the
following symptoms.

Symptoms of a Bad or Failing Shift Selector Cable

1. Indicator doesn't match the gear

If the shift selector cable is going bad, the indicator light or cable will not match the gear you are
in. For example, when you move from park to drive, it may say you are in park. This means the cable has
stretched to where it doesn’t move to the correct spot and the incorrect gear noted. The cable can stretch
over time, so it does need to be replaced over the lifespan of your vehicle.

2. Vehicle will not turn off

As the shift selector cable stretches, you may not be able to remove the key from the ignition or
turn the vehicle off. This is due to the key not being able to be turned unless the car is in park on some
vehicles. When this occurs it can be dangerous as you may not know what gear you are in as you are
trying to turn off the vehicle. This can make your car unpredictable and become hazardous to yourself and
those around you and should resolved as soon as possible.

3. Vehicle starts in another gear

If your vehicle starts in any other gear besides park or neutral, there is a problem. It could be
with the shift interlock solenoid or with the shift selector cable. A mechanic needs to diagnose this
problem to differentiate between the two as they can have similar symptoms. In addition, there could be
an issue with both parts, so they need to be replaced before your vehicle can properly function again.

4. Vehicle will not go into gear

After you start the vehicle and try to shift it into gear, if the gear selector will not move then
there is a problem with your shift selector cable. The cable could be broken or has stretched beyond
repair. This prevents the transmission from having the leverage needed to change gears. The car will not
be able to be used until this problem is solved.

Manual Gear Selector Cable

3.2.5 CAR AXLE

The axle is a shaft responsible for rotating tyres and balancing the vehicle. It regulates the power
received from an engine. It is combined with the central external frame of a car therefore, it is prone to
more damages. The broken car axle damage intensity varied, it can be just a crack or a complete bend.
Symptoms Of Faulty Car Axle

 Leaking Grease

The leaking grease problem indicates that your axle needs repairing. Extra grease seeping from the side
wheel or inside tyre side represents a leaking axle boot. Although a grease leak does not represent any
serious problem, it is an alarming sound. The leaking grease can accumulate dirt and debris which
reduces axle functionality.

 Extra Vibrations

Unusual or excessive vibrations can also result due to bent car axles. These vibrations can be noticed
especially when the vehicle crosses a speed hump, speed hump or unexpected potholes. These vibrations
are accompanied by rumbling noises, tyre wobbling and even shaking steering wheels during turning,
accelerating or decelerating.

 Mobility Issues

Mobility issues usually occur in extreme conditions when the axle of a car is broken or damaged badly.
This symptom is generally observed when you start your engine, shift the gear and there is no motion at
all in the vehicle. If this is the case, neither your car will move nor will your tyres will rotate properly.

Front Axle
3.2.6 ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM

An automotive engine needs lubrication as they comprise of two or more robing, moving parts.
These parts produce friction and generate heat which causes excessive wear and tear of the pairs.

Engine lubrication is the process in which robing metal parts are separated by the flow of
lubricating substance between them. lubricants are available in liquid, solid or gas, but the liquid is the
most form of lubrication used in engines. Lubrication plays vital roles in automobiles as it aids its
working efficiency and longevity of an engine.

3.2.6.1 Functions of Engine Lubricating System

1. The primary purpose of engine lubrication is to minimize wear by securely closing the clearance
between moving parts such as shafts, bearings, etc. Lubrication also avoids the moving parts not
to come in direct contact with each other.
2. Another purpose of engine lubrication is that it serves as a cooling system. Lubricating oil cools
the moving parts of the engine and transferred the hot oil into the cooler oil in the oil pan.
3. The oil creates a seal between the cylinder walls and the piston rings. It also reduces the exhaust
gas blowby.
4. Clearance between the rotating journals and bearing is filled with oil. The oil acts as a
cushioning agent when the bearing suddenly experiences heavy loads. Oils reduce the wear on
bearings.

3.2.6.2 Major Parts of Engine Lubricating System

 Oil pan/sump

The oil pan , or sump , is a metal dish which covers the bottom of the engine block, and holds the engine
oil when it is not circulating around the engine. The oil pump has a pickup tube that dangles into the
sump and sucks up oil, once used, the engine oil drops back into the sump.
  Oil pump

The oil pump is a component that helps to push the lubricating oil to all the moving parts in the engine.
It’s located at the bottom of the crankcase, close to the oil sump. It supplies oil to the oil filter before
sending it further.

 Oil filter:

The oil filter helps to keep small particles, separating them from the oil so that clean oil can flow to the
engine parts. The oil pump allows the oil flow through the oil filter to the galleries before reaching the
engine parts.

 Oil Galleries:

The function of oil galleries in the engine lubrication system is to circulate oil quickly to reach all
moving parts in automobiles. So, the performance of an oil gallery determines how fast your engine
parts received oil. The oil galleries are a series of interconnected passages that transfers oil to parts that
requires it.

3.2.6.3 Parts Where Oil Get Distributed To

 Crankshaft main bearings

 Big end bearings
 Piston pins and small end bushes
 Piston rings
 Timing Gears
 Air-compressor piston and bearings (in commercial vehicles for air-brake)
 Camshaft and bearings
 Valves
 Cylinder walls
 Oil pump parts
 Water pump bearings
  Turbocharger bearings (if available)
 Vacuum pump bearings (if available)
 In-Line Fuel Injection Pump bearings
 Tappets and push-rods

3.2.7 BELT ADJUSTER (Belt Tensioner)

Belt Adjuster, also referred to as drive belt tensioner is a pulley mounted on a spring
mechanism or adjustable pivot point that is used to keep tension on the engine belts.
When the adjuster has an issue, it can affect the how the belts drive the pulleys which can affect
the performance and functionality of the vehicle. Usually a bad or failing adjuster will produce a few
symptoms that can alert the driver of a potential problem that should be serviced.

3.2.7.1 Symptoms Of A Faulty Belt Adjuster

1. Grinding or squeaking noise from the belts or tensioner
The most common symptom of a bad or failing fan belt adjuster is noise from the belts or tensioner. If
the tensioner is loose the belts may squeak or squeal, especially when the engine is first started.
2. Unusual belt wear
Another symptom of a potential problem with the fan belt adjuster is unusual belt wear. If the fan belt
adjuster pulley has any sort of issue it can cause unusual and accelerated wear on the belt. A bad pulley
can cause fraying on the edges of the belt, and in severe cases can even cause it to break.
3. Belt-driven accessories fail
Another symptom of bad or failing fan belt adjuster is failure of the belt driven accessories. Many of the
engine’s accessories, such as the alternator, water pump, and AC compressor, can be belt driven. A
seized or loose fan belt adjuster can cause the belt to snap, which will disables those accessories and can
cause problems such as overheating, a dead electrical system and battery, or a disabled AC system.
4. A fan belt adjuster
is an important component as it is what keeps the belt properly tensioned so that it can properly drive
the vehicle’s accessories. If you suspect that your fan belt adjuster may be having an issue, have the
vehicle inspected by a professional technician,
 Belt Adjuster

3.2.7 STEERING SYSTEM

The car steering system or just steering system is the most important part in automobile vehicle
steering control, respond so well to the driver while driving.

The car steering system in the automobile is the process of running the vehicle in the desired
direction by turning, usually the front wheels. For effective control of the vehicle throughout its speed
range with safety, proper steering is necessary.

The major power steering system components between the steering wheel and steering gear
include the steering wheel itself, steering column, steering coupler, steering gear, power steering
hoses, and power steering pump.

3.2.7.1 How a Car Steering System Works

The steering system will convert the rotary motion of the steering wheel into the angular turn of the front
wheels.

1. Steering wheel rotates the steering column.

2. The steering gearbox is fitted to the end of this column. Therefore, when the wheel is rotated, the
cross shaft in the gearbox oscillates.
 3. The cross shaft is connected to the drop arm. This arm is linked by means of a drag link to the
steering arms.
4. Steering arms on both wheels are connected by the tie rods to the drag link.
5. When the steering wheel is operated the knuckle moves to and fro, moving the steering knuckle
are connected to each other.
6. One end of the drag link is connected to the tie rod. The other end is connected to the end of the
drop arm.

3.2.7.2 Functions of Steering System

1. With the help of the steering system, the driver can control the vehicle however he wants
2. The steering provides stability to the vehicle on the road.
3. It minimizes tyre wear and tear.
4. It prevents road shocks from reaching to the driver.
5. The steering provides self-rightening effect after taking a turn.
 CHAPTER FOUR

WORK SUMMARY

4.1 Summary Of Work Experience

This report contains the activities of my SIWES program held Works And Services Department
Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, and Mao Murphy Auto Services. Which aim at exposing
me to practical knowledge on thermodynamic and automobile engineering.

4.2 Problem Encounter

After 3 months at first placement Works and Service Department, Ekiti State university, due to
industrial strike, i had to transfer to Lagos to continue my industrial training. Which brings about high
cost expenses of transportation.

4.3 Experience Gained

 Ablilty to refill Air conditioning refrigerant

 Being able to service an A/C
 Understanding how an automobile oprate in practical.
 Identification of automobile part and component
 Being able to service a vehicle.
 Fault identification and repair.
 Changing some on automobile.

4.4 Conclution

After 6 month of industrial attachment at the two establishment i had my IT, i have gatherded not only
knowledge about my course of study, but also about the real life experience away from the pages of
book. The has been very helpful as it exposed me the practical knowledge of what i have learnt in my
theoretical world.

The SIWES training has given me a broader view to the importance and relevance of mechanical
engineering in the immediate society and the world as a whole, as I now look forward to impacting it
positively. I have also been able to appreciate the connection between my course of study and other
disciplines in producing a successful result.

4.5 Recommendation

i. I like to use this medium to explore the federal Government at all stage to take this SIWES
program more seriously seen by the students of applied science as a virtual improvement in
future of technology in our nature.
ii. Government should also ensure a proper supervision of SIWES student so that the purpose of the
programme will be achieved.
iii. The federal Government should make adequate provision in the annual budget for proper
funding of SIWES in view of the potential of the scheme to contribute to enhancing the quality
of the pool to technical skill available to the economy.
iv. A comprehensive and detail directory of employer who accept students for SIWES is urgently
required to facilitate placement of student in industry.
v. In order to guarantee quality assurance of institution and the ITF. The ITF should ensure that the
backlog in payment of students allowance is cleared urgently to remove the negative image being
created for SIWES.
REFERENCES LINKS

https://studentlesson.com/engine-lubrication-system-definition-parts-types/

https://www.dubizzle.com/blog/cars/car-axle-repair/

https://www.theengineerspost.com/car-steering-system-in-automobile/

https://engineeringlearn.com/types-of-air-conditioning-system-advantages-and-disadvantages/