‫دى مجموعه من الحاجات اللى ممكن نتسأل فيها في‬

‫االنترفيو انا جمعتها من اماكن كتير‬

‫اول حاجه شوية حاجات قلنا عليها معيد عندنا في القسم وهو للعلم‬
‫دخل الدبلومه وسافر ألمانيا واخد الماجستير من هناك (تبع المنحه‬
‫‪ :‬يعنى) وهو حاليا اخد الدكتوراه كمان‬

‫تعرف ايه عن ؟‬
‫‪AI -1‬‬
‫‪NN -2‬‬
‫‪DCS-3‬‬
‫‪CHAOS-4‬‬
‫‪FUZZY-5‬‬
‫‪Neural network-6‬‬
‫‪Artificial Intelligence -7‬‬
‫‪Expert system-8‬‬
‫‪Particle swarm-9‬‬

‫‪ :‬ثانيا دى مجموعة حاجات من تجارب ناس دخلت االنترفيو‬

‫‪control theory-1‬‬
‫)‪Open loop control sys. (Examples‬‬

‫)‪Closed loop control sys. (Examples‬‬

PID CONTROL (VIP****) -2
Digital control -3
Object oriented programming -4
What do u know about (class-object) and what is the different bet.
.Them

Matlab& simulink -5
PIDtuning& control tool box & mechanical simulation with
. simulink&automatic code generation

.Sensors and measurement instrumentation -6

.real time embedded control sys -7
. logic control systems& automation technology -8
acuators& mechatronic system component-9
different bet. SCADA&DSC and bet. Robots&cnc -10
real time control -11
servomechanism& stepper motor& PLC -12
different bet. C languague & C embedded and bet. -13
.Interface&abstract database
‫مع تمنياتنا لكم بالتوفيق إن شاء الله ولو حد عنده اى اضافات ياريت‬
‫ في كومنت وال تنسونا من صالح الدعاء‬.
 ‫بالنسبه للناس اللى بتسأل على انترفيو للميكا ‪ ..‬أغلب األسئله بتدور حوالين ال‬
‫‪sensors classifications & different actuators‬‬
‫‪AI techniques‬‬
‫)‪industrial control systems (PLC , SCADA & DCS‬‬
‫‪Embedded control systems‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪general questions about motors , may be electronics , could be about CNC & Robotic‬‬
‫‪.systems , questions about Hydraulic & Pneumatic systems are also predicted...... etc‬‬

‫‪that's what I heard‬‬

‫أنا تقريبا فاكر كل األسئلة زى ما أكون اتسألتها امبارح و هى باختصار ‪ :‬ايه مفهومك عن الميكاترونكس‬
‫هاتلى ‪ 3‬حاجات موجودة فى البيت عندك تكون ميكاترونك سيستم‬
‫ايه السينسورزـ اللى موجودة فى الغسالة االوتوماتك‬
‫ايه اللى تعرفه عن ال ‪AI,servo mechanism ,servo motor‬‬
‫ايه الفرق ما بين ال ‪servo motor , stepper motor‬‬
‫يعنى ايه ‪embeded system‬‬
‫ايه اللى تعرفه عن الكونترولرز‬
‫ايه هى لغات البرمجة اللى اشتغلت عليها‬
‫هل اخدت كورسات بره الكلية خاصة بالميكاترونكس‬
‫تعرف ايه عن ‪Real Time Embedded Control System‬‬
‫هاتلى مثال ل ‪open loop control system ,closed loop control system‬‬
‫ايه هى انواع ال ‪ feedback‬و ايه الفرق ما بينهم‬
‫ال ‪ hydraulic , pnematic‬انهى فيهم ادق و انهى فيهم اسرع و ليه‬
‫ايه الفرق ما بين ال ‪cnc machine , robotics‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫السنه إللي فاتت لما قدمت إتسألت في الحاجات دي‬

‫‪1-types of control systems‬‬
‫‪2- diff from Open loop sys & closed loop‬‬
‫‪3- diff from SCADA & DCS‬‬

‫و ذكر لي أسماء أجهزة و قالي دي ميكاترونكس و ال أل ؟؟‬

‫ده إللي فكراه‬

‫بص هو اللي فاكره ‪ ..‬يعني ايه "‪PLC‬‬

‫" ‪,‬وايه الفرق بينه وبين ال " ‪SCADA‬‬

‫" وايه الفرق بين ال " ‪Pneumatic & Hydraulic‬‬

‫" ‪ ...‬وايه الفرق بين ال " ‪closed loop & open loop Control‬‬

‫" >>> مش فاكر حاجة تاني الصراحة‬

‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪-----------------------------‬‬
 ‫لما تتسأل عن انواع الكونترول مابيبقاش قصده انك تشرحله ال‬
adaptive control or AI controllers (fuzzy,ANN,Ants algorithm, genetic,....etc)
‫لكنه بيسألك عن ال‬
fundamental control methodologies : & majorly there are five types

1-On/Off control
2-Modulating control
3-Open loop control
4-Feedforward control
5-Feedback control

search on ur own to grasp these different types

‫شرحهم يطول‬
‫‪ ....‬السالم عليكم ‪ ..‬كل سنة وانتوا طيبين ورمضان كريم عليكم‬

‫أوال ‪ :‬احب اقول ان السنة اللي فاتت احنا عملنا احلي شغل في الجروبـ بتاع المذاكرة في رمضان ‪ ..‬فأوعوا تخلوا‬
‫‪ ...‬الحر والصيام يأثروا علي المذاكرة بالعكس ده هايدلكم دافع كويس للمذاكرة‬

‫ثانيا ‪ :‬بالنسبة ان في ناس كتير بتسألني عن االنترفيوا التكنكال " واللي هاقولواـ ده خاص بقسم ميكاترونكس بس‬
‫معرفش بالنسبة لالقسام الثانية " ‪ ..‬يا جماعة االنترفيوا التكنكال مش بأهمية باقي االمتحانات ‪ ..‬ركز دلوقتي في‬
‫االنجليزي واالي كيو وحاول تجيب فيهم اكبر درجات ممكنة علشان تهون علي نفسك في االنترفيوا ‪ ....‬االنترفيواـ‬
‫التكنكال ساعات هم بيتعمقواـ معاك في االسئلة وده مش مؤشر انك اتبهدلت والمؤشر انك كويس خالص ‪ ..‬هو ممكن‬
‫" بيكون بيعمل كده علشان هايشوفك هاتفتي وال أل واخر معلوماتك ايه ‪ ...‬ومفيش حاجة اسمها‬

‫‪over qualified‬‬

‫في القسم بتاعنا ‪ ...‬ركز كويس اوي في المذاكرة علي الحاجة اللي انت عارفها و حاول تعرف حاجات عامة في "‬
‫‪ ...‬بقية فروع الميكاترونكس ‪ ...‬يعني مثال ‪ :‬اعرفـ عن الهيدروليك والنيوماتيك ‪ ..‬انواع المحركات‬

‫ثالثا ‪ :‬القسم بتاعنا هو عبارة عن تداخل بين ثالث دوائر " الكترونيات وميكانيكا وبرمجة " ‪ ..‬الزم تكون عندك الرؤيا‬
‫دي وازاي الميكاترونكس بتربط مابينهم يعني فكر مثال بينك وبين نفسك هل تعتبر الغسالة ميكاترونكس سيستم وال أل‬
‫" ؟؟؟؟ وقيس علي كده حاجات كتير بتقابلها في حياتك ‪ ...‬بس اوعي اوعي اوعي تنسي الدائرة الرابعة اللي هي‬

‫‪ ....‬او البرمجة والمعلومات حاول تجيب االمثلة دي وتحطها في دماغك كويس وتكون جاهز بيها لالنترفيواـ " ‪IT‬‬

‫رابعا ‪ ::‬المواد اللي تركز علي المذاكرة فيها ‪ ::‬الكنترول ثم الكنترول ثم الكنترول وقليل من الميكانيكا وكثير من‬
‫البرمجة ‪ ...‬ولو كانت عارف فرع ومتعرفش االثنين الثانيين زي حاالتي كده حاول تكون عندك عليهم فكرة ‪ .‬مجرد‬
‫‪ .......‬فكرة ‪ .‬وتقول في االنترفيو انا جاي اتعلم دول هنا في المنحة‬

‫‪ Inbox‬خامسا ‪ ::‬يا جماعة انا اسف انا فعال مش بشوف الرسائل اللي بتجيلي علي‬

‫‪ ..‬وعلشان كده ياريت لو حد عايز حاجة ياريت يكتبها هنا ويعملي تاج احسن وكمان علشان كل الناس تستفيد‬

‫سادسا ‪ ::‬بالنسبة للكتب اللي تذاكرو منها لالنترفيو ‪ ...‬زي ماقلت قبل كده مفيش حاجة معينة وكتب الكلية كافية ‪..‬‬
‫لكن لو حد عايز حاجة فى موضوعـ بعينة يعملي تاج في بوست وانا هاحاول اجيبهولواـ ‪ ..‬وياريت تتفهموا لو انا‬
‫‪ ...‬مجبتش الماتريال اللي عندي علشان فعال في بعضها صاحبها محظر علينا من باب االمانة من نشرها‬

‫واسف لالطالة ‪................‬‬

‫‪ :‬انا واحد من دفعة ‪ 32‬ميكاترونكس ‪ . .‬احب اقولكم علي ثالث نقاط مهمين جداااااااااا خاصين بالقبول في المنحة‬
‫‪............................................................‬‬

‫أوال ‪ :‬الزم انوه ان كل امتحانات القبول في المنحة " االنجليزي واالي كيو واالنترفيو التكنكال واالنترفيو السوفت‬
‫سكيلز " كلهم مهميييييييييين جدااااا ومفيش حد أهم من التاني ‪ ...‬والدليل علي كده ان في واحد قبل في المنحةـ‬
‫وهو واخد " صفر " في االنترفيو التكنكال علشان كان جايب درجات عالية جدااااااا في االمتحانات الباقية ‪ ..‬ولذلك‬
‫انت الزم تركز كويس جداااا في كل االمتحانات ومفيش اي اولوية المتحان عن التاني ‪ ..‬ذاكر كله وحاول تجيب اعلي‬
‫الدرجات في كله االمتحانات ‪ ..‬علشان هم سواااااااااااااااااااااااااء‬
‫‪...........................................................‬‬

‫‪ " over qualified‬ثانيا ‪ :‬في ناس مش بتقبل في المنحة علشان هم‬

‫النقطة دي احب اوضحهاا علشان هي بتتقال كتير ‪ ..‬هي عبارة عن ان في اقسام بتأهلك ألنك تاخد شهادات من "‬
‫‪ " Microsoft & Oracle‬شركاتـ مشهورة زي‬

‫وبعد كده بتأهلك انك تشتغل بالشهادات دي والشهادات دي بتبقي المحور االساسي للقسم ‪ ..‬فلو انت اصال " ‪, .....‬‬
‫" عايز تدخل المنحة وانت معاك الشهادات دي ‪ ..‬فأنت المنحة مش هاتضيفلك اي حاجة وعلشان كده انت بتبقي‬
‫‪over qualified‬‬

‫ومش بتقبل في المنحةـ ‪ ...‬ومش معني كده انك " تكذب " وتقول انك مش معاك الشهادات دي ‪ ..‬علشان تدي فرصة "‬
‫لغيرك ان هو يستفيد ‪ ..‬من مبدأ االمانة يعني‬
‫‪.............................................................‬‬

‫ثالثا ‪ :‬االي تي اي مش مكتب توظيف ومش بيشغل حد ‪ ..‬هو بيأهلك أنك تكون علي مستوي الشركات الكبيرة‬
‫وبيسهلك انك تخش انترفيو ‪ ..‬لكن انت لو مش كويس مش هتشتغل ‪ ..‬والدليل علي كده ان في ناس لحد دلوقتي كتير‬
‫ماشتغلتش مع ان زمايلهم قبلو في شركات كبيرة ‪ ...‬ولذلك انت مينفعش تقول في االنترفيواـ انك داخل علشان‬
‫تشتغل " خالص " اوعي تقول النقطة دي ‪ ..‬انت الزم يكون هدفك االساسي انك داخل تتعلم وبالتعليم الكويس ده‬
‫هيأهلك انك تشتغل في مكان كويس ‪ ...‬والزم تبين نقطة انك داخل تتعلم مش داخل علشان االي تي اي بيشغل‬
‫‪ ....‬الناس‬

‫‪...........................................................‬‬
‫يارب اكون كنت واضح ‪ ...‬وأحب اقول برده ان مصدري في الكالم ده من رؤساء اقسام يعني اللي في ايديهم اتخاذ‬
‫قرارات القبول ‪ ....‬والله الموفق والمستعان‬

‫هو في تقريبا ثالث ايام بين نتيجة امتحان االي كيو واالنجليزي وبين االنترفيوهات ‪ ...‬لكن لو عايز نصيحتي في في‬
‫موضوع االنترفيوا التكنكال فانت ركز في نقط قوتك اللي هي تخصصك في الكلية والزم تكون عارف " قشور " عن‬
‫الكورسات اللي بتتاخد في المنحة‬

‫مش شرط ان هو اخد صفر في االنترفيوا ان هو مجاوبش وال سؤال بالعكس انت ممكن تتسأل عشر اسألة تجاوب‬
‫منهم علي سؤال واحد بس وتتقبل ‪ ..‬الفكرة كلها ان الشخص اللي بيعملك انترفيوا الزم يقرأك كويس ويشوف انت‬
‫شخصيتك عاملة ازاي ‪ ..‬انت ممكن تجاوب علي سؤال واحد بس لكن مثال اجابتك دي هو اول مرة يسمعها بالشكل‬
‫ده من حد فيحس انك كويس فيديلك درجة عالية ‪ ...‬وممكن تجاوب علي كل االسئلة وتقعد تفتي وتبين انك عارف‬
‫وكده وتتقنعر عليه يقوم مديلك صفر علشان انت متنفعش في القسم ‪ ...‬وهكذه فعال ‪ ....‬وحكاية الولد اللي اخد صفر‬
‫واتقبل ده ‪ ..‬اه حقيقة ‪D:‬‬

‫طريقتك كمان وانت بتجاوب عاملة ازاي ده مهم برده ‪ ...‬وممكن انك تكون جيبت درجات كويسة في االنترفيوا ده‬
‫بس جبت قليل في امتحان تاني او االنترفيوا السوفت سكيلز مثال ‪ ...‬زي ماقلتلك كل االمتحانات ليهم نفس االهمية‬
‫و االنترفيواـ التكنكال علي كمان درجات اقل من السوفت سكيلز " تخيل بقي " فكلهم مهمين جدااااااا ‪ ...‬وحط في‬
‫اعتبارك انك ممكن تكون الشخص رقم " ‪ " 13‬بس في ‪ 12‬قبلك قبلوا وانت كنت يدوب بعدهم ‪ ...‬هو الموضوع برده‬
‫توفيق من ربنا‬

‫في اشخاص بيبان عليهم انك عجبتهم وفي اشخاص تانية بتعمدوا ان هم يدولك وش خشب علشان متحسش من‬
‫ناحيتهم بحاجة وفي االخر بتكون اخدت معاهم درجات كويسة ‪ ...‬زي مثال في واحدة اسمها " م ‪ /‬داليا رسمي " دي‬
‫رئيسة وحدة السوفت سكيلز في المعهد ‪..‬ممكن تعصرك في االنترفيوا بس في االخر تديلك درجات كويسة ‪ ...‬المهم‬
‫انك تفضل هادي مهما كان اللي قدامك ضاغط عليك اوي تبطل ابتسام واوعي تتوتر‬
 ‫هو كل قسم ليه مواصفات معينة للقبول في السوفت سكيلز ‪ ...‬يعني قسم ميكا من االخر كده بيتمرمطـ في المنحة‬
‫ومن اكتر االقسام اللي بتتعب علشان كده بيبقي عاوزينهم رجالة تستحمل " قي بنات رجالة برده " مش عيل‬
‫‪ ..‬صغير ‪ ...‬يعني الزم تبين في االنترفيوا انك قد المسئوليةـ وانك بتاع شغل‬

‫أنا اللي قصدته‬

‫إن الـ ‪Applicant‬‬
‫مش يبقى ‪tension‬‬
‫متجهم و هو قاعد‬
‫ُ‬ ‫و‬
‫يعني على األقل لو ما عرفش يبتسم من وقت للتاني يبقى مش يكشر‬
‫يعني يبقى الـ ‪ Facial reactions‬بتاعته ‪Positive‬‬

‫بس ده ما يمنعش إنك و إنتي داخله الـ إنترفيو تحيي الـ إنترفيورز بإبتسامه‬
‫و نفس الكالم و إنتي خارجه‬

‫ده بجد بيـ ‪reflect‬‬

‫‪ Positive attitude‬عندهم إنك عندك‬

‫و بيدوكي درجات على كده‬
‫بتاعك ‪ Score‬و ده ممكن يزود الـ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ :‬هتتسال فى‬

‫‪Actuators‬‬

‫‪SCADA‬‬

‫‪DCS‬‬

‫‪Mechatronic system components‬‬

‫‪a atsa2alt fe AI, al far2 been SCADA we DSc al far2 been al robots wel CNC ya3ne‬‬
‫‪ea real time control al classification of sensors ya3ne ea servomechanism , ya3ne ea l‬‬
‫‪stepp motor we 2a3ad yar3'e ma3aya fel PLC 3ashan ana kan mashrory PLC‬‬
‫‪faramony as2ala we beta3 al embedded 2ale ea al far2 been al c language wel c‬‬
‫‪embedded we 2ale ea al far2 been al interface wel abstract‬‬

‫‪ -------------------------------------------------‬‬

‫السالم عليكم‬
‫بتاعى والحمد لله نجحت وعملت انترفيو من فترة ‪ iq‬انا كنت رديت قبل كدا بخصوص امتحان الى‬
‫‪mechtronics\ embedded system\ network administrator‬‬
‫االتنين االولنيين كانو انترفيو واحد بس طويل بيبقو اتنين رجالة رؤساءـ االقسام بتوع كل قسم‬
 ‫المهم فى الموضوع هما بيبدأواـ معاك بسؤال طبيعى اى حد يسمع عن الموضوع يقدر يجاوبوـ وبعد كدا يبدأ‬
‫يعلى معاك المستوى لغاية ما يخليك تقول مااعرفش مرة او مرتين وراـ بعض عايز يجيب اخرك يعنى ويقوم‬
‫يسكت ويتكلم بعدها زميله يبدا معاك تانى من مستوى منخفض لغاية ما يجيب اخرك وهكذا ويرجع يستلمك‬
‫الراجل االوالنى وتفضل كدا حوالى ربع او تلت ساعة علشان يتاكدوا ان دا مستواك‬
‫واحد صاحبى فى االنترفيو دا قعدوا يسالوه لغاية ما قال ما اعرفش وسالوه بعدها سؤال قام جاوبهـ فقالولوه‬
‫يعنى انت عارف دى ومش عارف دى يعنى االسئلة بتبقى عبارة عن مستويات‬
‫نوعية االسئلة كانت فى كل المواد الدراسية بالنسبة لخريجى هندسة قسم حاسبات و تحكم يعنى مثال انا‬
‫اسالت فى المواد دى‬
‫‪operating system‬‬
‫‪automatic control‬‬
‫)مش المقصود هنا البرمجة المادة اللى هيا بتعلمك خطوات عمل السوفت وير (‪software engineering‬‬
‫)الجافا والسى و السى شارب والسى بلس بلس والفروقـ ما بينهم(‪programming languges‬‬
‫)‪embedded system(pic atmel‬‬
‫‪artificial intiligance‬‬
‫‪digital‬‬

‫اللى بين االقواس دا مش السؤال اللى انت هتتساله دى حاجات مشهورة بس لكن هوا بيسأل فى اجزء فى‬
‫يعنى ما بتكونشـ زى امتحان الكلية ‪ high level‬الماده بس االسئلة بتكون‬

‫زى ما قولت فوق ما تقاوحش اال اما تكون عارف االجابة ولو تعرف عن االجابة بس مش متاكد قولها وقول‬
‫بتهيالى مش متاكد ولو قولت الكلمة دى اعرف ان السؤال الجاى هيبقى ما اعرفش هوا الزم يجيب اخرك‬

‫? ‪1- did you take any courses before related to mechatronics‬‬

‫? ‪2- what was your graduation project about‬‬

‫? ‪3-what are the components of any mechatron...ic system‬‬

‫‪4- give 3 examples for mechatronic systems‬‬

‫? ‪5-what programming languages u studied before‬‬

‫? ‪6-what will u do if the program u wrote contained error‬‬

‫)‪7-which operating systems you worked with ? ( on your computer‬‬

‫‪8-Give examples for actuators‬‬

‫‪9-Give example for an open loop control system and a closed loop control system‬‬

‫? ‪10-What are the types of controllers‬‬

‫?‪11-what is the difference between microcontroller & PLC‬‬

‫? ‪12-what is DCS system‬‬

‫? ‪13-what is the difference between DCS & SCADA systems‬‬

‫)‪14-what is the idea of Robots ? (idea of their work‬‬

15-What is the servomechanism ? Does it necessarily include servomotor ??

16-Can we use servomotor to control the "Position”?

17-What is the difference between Robot & CNC machine ?

18-What is "AI" ?

19- What is " deadlock" ?

classical PID ‫ وال‬Fuzzy ‫بالنسبة للمقارنة بين ال‬

‫من حيث ال‬
settling time and rise time
‫ليه ؟‬............... ‫مفيش فارق‬
‫ألن االتنين هما عبارة طرق للوصول لل‬
response
‫ وألن لكل طريق مميزاته وعيبه‬.......... ‫ تختلف من شخص الخر فى اختيار الطريق‬................ ‫المطلوبـ‬

---------------------------------

1- did you take any courses before related to mechatronics ?

2- what was your graduation project about ?

3-what are the components of any mechatron...ic system ?

4- give 3 examples for mechatronic systems

5-what programing languages u studied before ?

6-what will u do if the program u wrote contained error ?

7-which operating systems you worked with ? ( on your computer)

8- Difference between electromechanical system & mechatronics system?

(Examples)
A mechatronic system: is not just a marriage of electrical and mechanical systems and is more
than just a control system; it is a complete integration of all of them.

Ex: mechatronic motion generator, mechatronic power consuming machine, mechatronic

automobiles.
Electromechanical systems or devices: convert electrical energy into mechanical movement and
sometimes vice versa.

Ex: disk drive, motors.

9- What are the components of any mechatronic system? Give 3

examples for mechatronic systems?
Actuators ,sensors ,signal input ,digital controller ,output signals and graphical display.

Ex. (elevators, cnc product machines ,helicopter ,anti-lock braking system)

10- Different actuators & sensors classifications? Give examples for

actuators?

Classification of actuators: Actuators are available in various forms to suit the

particular requirement of process control. It can be classified into three main

categories:

1. Pneumatic actuators

2. Hydraulic actuators

3. Electrical actuators.

Sensors might be categorized in two types:

1. Discrete.

2. Continuous.

11-Give examples for actuators?

An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or

system.

· Comb drive

· Digital micromirror device

· Electric motor
 · Electroactive polymer

· Hydraulic piston

· Piezoelectric actuator

· Pneumatic actuator

· Relay

· Servomechanism

· Thermal bimorph

12- How can I change a circulating motion to linear and frequent motion?
What’s the name of this mechanism and show me some of them?
Actuators (the name of mechanism) and Conversion between circular and linear motion is
commonly made via a few simple types of mechanism including:

· Screw: Screw jack, ball screw and roller screw actuators all operate on the

principle of the simple machine known as the screw. By rotating the actuator's

nut, the screw shaft moves in a line. By moving the screw shaft, the nut rotates.

· Wheel and axle: Hoist, winch, rack and pinion, chain drive, belt drive, rigid chain

and rigid belt actuators operate on the principle of the wheel and axle. By

rotating a wheel/axle (e.g. drum, gear, pulley or shaft) a linear member (e.g.

cable, rack, chain or belt) moves. By moving the linear member, the wheel/axle

rotates.[1]

13-What is the servomechanism? Does it necessarily include servomotor

And when I use it?
Servomechanism: is an automatic device that uses error-sensing negative feedback to correct the
performance of a mechanism.
A servomechanism may or may not use a servomotor. For example, a household furnace
controlled by a thermostat is a servomechanism, because of the feedback and resulting error
signal, yet there is no motor being controlled directly by the servomechanism.

14- What’s servo motor? Can we use servomotor to control the

"Position"?
A servomotor is a motor which forms part of a servomechanism. The servomotor is paired with
some type of encoder to provide position/speed feedback.

15- What’s stepper motor?

A stepper motor is actually built to move angular positions based upon each possible step
around the entire rotation.

16- Does it’s better than dc motor or not? And why?

DC motors are best used when heavy loads need to be driven, a load needs to be
accelerated rapidly or short response times are needed. Stepper motors are better for
all other applications, especially digital applications.
………………………………………………………………….

17- Control theory?

Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with
the behavior of dynamical systems with inputs, and how their behavior is modified by feedback

18-What are the types of controlling system?

There are two basic types of control( feedback and feed-forward.)

19- Types of feedback?

Positive Feedback Systems: “increase” the systems gain

Negative Feedback Systems: “reduce” the gain.

An example of a positive & negative feedback system is an electronic amplifier

20-Give example for an open loop control system and a closed loop
control system?
Open loop:

1. Light switch --> light

2. Toaster --> toast (For timer-based toasters, only -- see below)
3. Water faucet --> water flow amount
4. Water faucets (hot/cold) --> water temperature in the sink or shower.
5. Temperature setting for the stovetop --> heat to cook food
6. TV remote control
7. Clothes dryer (timer based)
8. Volume on a stereo / home entertainment system

Closed loop:
1. Thermostat --> furnace (constant temperature)
2. Toaster setting (light/dark) --> toast (IF the toaster has heat sensors)
3. Refrigerator cold/hot setting --> refrigerator inside temperature (constant)
4. Temperature setting for oven (not stovetop) --> oven temperature constant
5. Clothes dryer with moisture sensor
6. Washing machine water level

21- Controllers and What are the types of controllers?

In control theory controller is a device, historically using mechanical, hydraulic,
pneumatic or electronic techniques often in combination, but more recently in the form
of a microprocessor or computer. Applications of controllers are to hold settings for
temperature, pressure, flow or speed.

1. Electronic analog controller.

2. Industrial controller.

3. proportional controller

4. proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller)

22- What do you know about PID control, which of them is the best,
which is the fastest?
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is a control loop
feedbackmechanism (controller) used in industrial control systems. A PID controller
calculates an error value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired
set point. The controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process through use of
a manipulated variable.

used to adjust the process via a control element such as the position of a control valve, a
damper, or the power supplied to a heating element.

23-what is the difference between microcontroller & PLC?

PLC is special micro controller designed for industrial
applications. A micro controller is a microprocessor that
can be used for any type of application
the basic difference between PLC & U. Controller is the way
of programming languages

24-what is DCS system ?

A distributed control system (DCS) refers to a control system of a process plant and
industrial process wherein control elements are not only located in central location
(like the brain) but are also distributed throughout the system

25-what is the idea of Robots ? (idea of their work)

A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electro-mechanical machine that is
guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry.

26-What is the difference between Robot & CNC machine ?

1. CNC machines generally have a smaller number of degrees of freedom or axis of
movement. Basic CNC lathes have 3 degrees of freedom. CNC mills have three or four
degrees of freedom. Robots typically have more than 7 degrees of freedom. Some
robots may have more than 12.

2.The language used to create their movements is different. The one of the most
common languages for CNC machines is called G-code. Robots have an entirely
different language structure based on vectors.

2b. Because of the differences in the languages CNC machines can be programmed
from a keyboard. Robots in the past have been programmed by manually moving the
robot through the steps or movements that are required.

2c.Yes, there are robots that will train themselves just like people learn how to move as
we grow up, or learn a new activity. Just as with us it is a trial and error process. A
trainer must help the robot or person learn by correcting errors.

3. Because of their structure CNC machines very good at fabrication functions and
cutting materials. They are very stiff and allow lots of force to be used to remove
material using cutters. Because of their structure Robots are better at assembly
functions or putting parts together.

27-What is "AI"?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software.

28- What is "deadlock"?

A deadlock is a situation in which two or more competing actions are each waiting for
the other to finish. In an operating system, a deadlock is a situation which occurs when a
process or thread enters a waiting state because a resource requested is being held by another
waiting process.

29- CHAOS?
Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in meteorology, sociology,
physics, engineering, economics, biology, and philosophy. Chaos theory studies the behavior of
dynamical systems

30- Particle swarm optimization?

Is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate
solution with regard to a given measure of quality.
31- Expert system?
An expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human
expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge.

32- Digital control?

A digital computer the use of digital or discrete technology to maintain conditions in
operating systems as close as possible to desired values despite changes in the
operating environment

33- What’s the difference between hydraulic and pneumatic systems?

What’s the faster?
Pneumatic Systems - These systems have two main features:
a) Pneumatic systems use compressed gas such as air or nitrogen to perform work
processes.
b) Pneumatic systems are open systems, exhausting the compressed air to
atmosphere after use.

Hydraulic Systems - These systems also have two main features:

a) Hydraulic systems use liquids such as oil and water to perform work processes.
b) Hydraulic systems are closed systems, recirculating the oil or water after use.

Pneumatic systems are relatively clean and operate at high speed

34- Embedded control systems? (Examples)

Embedded system is a special purpose system used to perform one or few dedicated function.

Simply, we can call any computer system embedded inside an electronic device in embedded
system.

EX: digital and analog television, cameras, refrigerators, microwave, MP3, I pods, global
positioning system

35- Different bet. C language & C embedded?

As, embedded C is generally an extension of the C language, they are more or less

similar. However, some differences do exist, such as:

 · C is generally used for desktop computers, while embedded C is for

microcontroller based applications.

· C can use the resources of a desktop PC like memory, OS, etc. While,

embedded C has to use with the limited resources, such as RAM, ROM, I/Os

on an embedded processor.

· Embedded C includes extra features over C, such as fixed point types,

multiple memory areas, and I/O register mapping.

· Compilers for C (ANSI C) typically generate OS dependant executables.

Embedded C requires compilers to create files to be downloaded to the

microcontrollers/microprocessors where it needs to run.

36- What’s real time control and (real time embedded control sys)?
Closed loop control system, which have tight time window to gather data, process data, and then
update the system. If miss the time window system become unstable. Its application power
conversion and advanced motor control.

Real time embedded control system: ………………………..

37- Physical definition of transfer function? What’s the transfer function?

Transfer function is telling you what kind of an OUTPUT the system produces to a
given INPUT

Transfer function: is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal

frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-constantsystem
with zero initial conditions and zero-point equilibrium.
38- What’s Object oriented programming (OOP)? What do you know
about (class-object) and what is the different between them?
Object Oriented Programming, or OOP, is a very popular style of programming,
due to its ability to handle more complex applications with a lot more code. This
is because it organizes the datainto objects that are comparable to real life
objects.
A class is a blueprint or template or set of instructions to build a specific type of
object. Every object is built from a class.

Different between Them:

1. An object is an instance of a class.

2. You define all the properties and functions in a class, while you use them in an object.

3. Classes do not hold any information, while an object does.

4. You can create subclasses, but not sub-objects.

39- Different between Interface and abstract database?

Interfaces provide definitions of methods that must be implemented by a class. The

purpose of interfaces is to allow you to generalize specific functionality regardless of

implementation. You may have an I Database interface that has an Open/Close

method. The class that implements that interface may be connecting to a MySQL

database or MS Access database. Irrespective of how it accomplishes this task, the

goal is still the same...Open database, close database.

Abstract classes are base classes that contain some abstract methods. They cannot be

instantiated they are to be derived from. The purpose of an Abstract class is to allow

you to define some generic functionality and sub-class to implement more specific

functionality where appropriate.

So in summary, you should use interfaces when the implementation of each class

differs completely. Use abstract classes when you have some similar behavior but

need to implement parts differently.

40 -what's (Neural network) & fuzzy logic?

A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex
input/output relationships. it learns through examples on a trial and error basis. The goal of this
type network to create a model that correctly maps an input to the desired output using historical
data.

Fuzzy logic is a mathematical method for answering questions with imprecise information. It
deals with reasoning, that is approximate rather than fixed and precise. In contrast to traditional
logic theory where there is only true or false fuzzy logic deals what's in-between. The basic
approach is to assign a value between zero and one to describe the area between upper and lower
limit.

Fuzzy logic product: automotive companies, petro physics, deep water drilling,

air conditioners' elevators, anti-lock brake system, banking systems

41- Logic control systems& automation technology?

Logic control systems for industrial and commercial machinery were historically
implemented at mains voltage using interconnected relays, designed using ladder logic.
Today, most such systems are constructed with programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
or microcontrollers. The notation of ladder logic is still in use as a programming idiom
for PLCs.

Examples include elevators, washing machines and other systems with interrelated

stop-go operations.

Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating
equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens,
switching in telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other
applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been
completely automated.

42-What is V-cycle?
The V-model represents a software development process (also applicable to hardware
development) which may be considered an extension of the waterfall model. Instead of moving
down in a linear way, the process steps are bent upwards after the coding phase, to form the
typical V shape.

System identify: uses statistical methods to build mathematical models of

dynamicalsystems from measured data. System identification also includes the optimal
design ofexperiments for efficiently generating informative data for fitting such models
as well as model reduction.

Rapid prototyping: is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model

of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD)
data.[1][2] Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or
"additive layer manufacturing" technology.[3]
Backlash: clearance between mating components

dynamic system initial "what`s the error"?

Measurement Instrumentation?

Turbo machine control:

Structure & Mechanism:

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http://www.mediafire.com/download/7chib42x7b5bfa2/Technical.zip