Oedipus (Greek)
father.
The theme of the Greek tragedy of Oedipus is
the inevitability of fate. Perhaps its stark tragedy
and cathartic ending have led to its continued
popularity, as well as its usefulness to
storytellers.
Laius, king of Thebes, was warned by an oracle
that there was danger to his throne and to his
life if his newborn son was allowed to grow up.
Laius gave the child to a herdsman and ordered
that he destroy the boy.
The herdsman was moved to pity, yet he did not
dare disobey, so he tied up the child’s feet and
left him hanging from the branch of a tree on
Mount Cithaeron. Some versions of the tale say
that Laius pierced his son’s ankles through with
a pin.
The baby was found by another herdsman who
lived under the rule of Polybus, king of Corinth.
Polybus and his wife, Merope, had no children
of their own, and so they adopted the child,
whom they named Oedipus, or Swollen Foot.
Oedipus grew up in Corinth, knowing nothing of
his true origin.
The Oracle at Delphi
While Oedipus was at Delphi, the oracle there
told him that he would kill his father and marry
his own mother. Fighting against fate, Oedipus
resolved to leave Corinth and his parents, for he
thought that the oracle meant Polybus and
Merope.
Soon after Oedipus left his home in Corinth,
Laius was traveling back to Delphi,
accompanied by a single attendant. They met
another charioteer on a narrow road, a young
man, who refused to get out of the way at their
command.
This conflict led to a fight in which Laius was
slain. The young man in the chariot was
Oedipus, who had unknowingly slain his own
The Sphinx
A strange monster called the Sphinx came to
haunt the road to Thebes. The Sphinx had a
woman’s head and upper body and the
hindquarters of a lion. She lay crouched in wait
high up on a rock and stopped all who tried to
pass.
The Sphinx asked each traveler riddle, and only
one who could solve it would be allowed to pass
safely. No one had passed the test before
Oedipus arrived.
The Sphinx asked, “What animal is that which in
the morning goes on four feet, at noon on two,
and in the evening upon three?”
Oedipus answered, “Man, who in childhood
creeps on hands and knees, in manhood walks
erect, and in old age with the aid of a staff.”
The Sphinx was so mortified someone had
solved her riddle that she cast herself down from
the rock and perished.
Oedipus Learns the Truth
The Theban people were so grateful to Oedipus
that they made him their king and married him
to their queen, Jocasta. For years, the couple
had no idea that anything was wrong.
Then Thebes was struck with a plague that left
its fields and women barren. Oedipus sent his
brother-in-law Creon to ask the oracle at Delphi
how to put an end to the plague. Creon was told
that once the killer of King Laius was found,
Thebes would be saved.
Oedipus had no idea he was the killer, but he did
his best to learn the truth. At last, he asked the
blind seer Teiresias for help. But Teiresias
warned Oedipus not to ask.
 At last, when threatened by Oedipus, Teiresias
reluctantly told him the truth: Oedipus had killed
his father and married his mother.
Jocasta, horror-struck, hanged herself.
Oedipus, maddened, blinded himself. He then
wandered off, accompanied by his daughters
Antigone and Ismene, until at last his misery
ended in death.
The story of Oedipus was known to psychologist
Sigmund Freud, who used the phrase.
“Oedipus complex” to describe a man who had
a secret—or unknown—desire for his mother.
Today, the incest taboo is as ingrained as ever
in most cultures, and the sad myth of Oedipus
can still create at least a touch of horror.
Oedipus
The tragic Greek hero Oedipus encounters the
Greek sphinx in an illustration from a red-figured
drinking cup of the fifth century B.C.E. The
sphinx asked Oedipus a riddle. When he
answered it correctly, she threw herself off a cliff
in despair.
REVIEWER: FILI 102
TAMA 1. Ang kasanayang gamitin ang
pinagsalinang wika nang may kalinawan,
katiyakan, at bisa ay isa sa mga katangiang
dapat taglayin ng taga salin sa tekstong
siyentipiko at teknikal.
TAMA 2. Maisasakatuparan ang kasanayang ito
kung ang tagasalin ay may malawak na
kaalaman at kasanayan sa dalawang wikang
sangkot sa pagsasalin.
TAMA 3. Sa saling paimbabaw, ang mga
salitang isinasalin mula sa banyagang wika ay
naiiba ang ispeling at pagbigkas ngunit
nananatili naman ang orihinal nitong kahulugan.
MALI 4. Ang pamaaaraang ito (saling-
paimbabaw) ay hind naiiba sa saling
panggramatika dahil nananatili rin ang
kahulugan ng mga salitang isinasalin.
TAMA 5. Hindi kompleto ang ginawang
pananaliksik kung hndi ito naibabahagi at
nailalathala sa mga akademikong journal.
TAMA 6. Ang pagkakabuo ng pananaliksik ay
kasinghalaga ng pagbabahagi nito sa
pamamagitan ng paglalathala o presentasyon.
MALI 7. Ayon kay Nuncio et al., 2013 ang
pananaliksik ay isang maingat, masistematiko,
at obhetibong imbetigasyon na isinasagawa
upang makakuha ng mga balidong
katotohanan, makabuo ng konklusyon, at
makalikha ng mga sulating kaugnay ng
tinutukoy na suliranin batay sa iba’t larangan o
disiplina.
TAMA 8. Hindi ito nalalayo sa
pagpapakaulugan ni Aquino sa pananaliksk
dahil ayon sa kanya, ang pananaliksik ay
proseso ng pangangalap ng mga totoong
impormasyon na humahantong sa kaalaman.
Isinasagawa ito sa pamamagitan ng paggamit
ng kung ano ang nalalaman o napag-alaman
na.
TAMA 9. Ang paglikha o Coining ay isa sa mga
hakbang sa pagsasalin ayon sa Unibersidad ng
Pilipinas.
TAMA 10. Ito ay tumutukoy sa paglikha ng mga
bagong salita na maaaring maipanumbas sa
ilang mga terminnolohiyang ginagamit sa iba’t
ibang larangan.
MALI 11. Rebisyon ang pinaka-unang proseso
ng pananaliksik.
TAMA 12. Sa pamamagitan nito, natutuklasan
ng mananaliksik ang kahinaan ng ginawang
pananaliksik, pagkakamali sa padron ng
gramatika at sistematisasyon ng ideya.
TAMA 13. Malaking bilang ng mga mag-aaral
ang nakararanas ng kahirapan sa pag-aaral sa
larangan ng agham at teknolohiya.
TAMA 14. Dahil sa limitadong bokabularuo ng
wikang Filipino sa konseptong teknikal,
maraming siyentipiko ang nahihirapang gamitin
ito bilang wikang panturo
TAMA 15. Isa sa mga dapat tandaan sa
pagsulat ng abstrak ay iwasan ang paggamit ng
sariling opinyon.
TAMA 16. Kailangan nakapaloob sa kabuuan
ng papel ang isusualat sa abstrak.
TAMA 17. Sa pagpili ng batis ng impormasyon
kailnganag tiyakin ng mananliksik na isang
akademiko ang sanggunian.
TAMA 18. Ang ilan sa mga halimbawa ng
akademikong sanggunian ay aklat at tesis.
MALI 19. May anim na katangian dapat taglayin
ang isang mabuting mananaliksik ayon ito kay
Bernales 2010.
TAMA 20. Ang Kritikal ay isa sa katangian ito at
binibigyaang diin nito ang karunungan o
kahusayan ng mananaliksik sap ag-aanalisa ng
mga nakalap na impormasyo/datos.
MALI 21. Ang metodong IMRAD ay kadalasang
ginagamit sa agham panlipunan at
Humanidades.
TAMA 22. Ang I ay Introduksyon at nakapaloob
dito ang layunin , problema at motibo ng pag-
aaral.
MALI 23. Ayon kay Bernales et al., 2018 may
siyam na tiyak na layunin ang pananaliksik.
TAMA 24. Ang isa dito ay ang mapagbuti ang
umiiral na Teknik at makadebelop ng mga
bagong instruemento o produkto.
TAMA 25. Ang mga salita na hiniram mula sa
wikang Ingkes at Kastila ay binibigkas sa
orihinal at saka binabaybay sa Filipino.
MALI 26. Katulad ng COMMERCIAL mula sa
Ingles, COMMERSYAL ang baybay nito sa
Filipino.
TAMA 27. Ang salitang siyensiya o science ay
mula sa salitang Latin na scientia na
nangangahulugan ng karunungan.
MALI 28. Ito ay higit na kilala ng mga Pilipino sa
tawag na teknolohiya.
TAMA 29. Hindi maikakaila na maraming mga
salita sa Filipino na kasalukuyang ginagamit na
hiniram sa banyagang wika.
MALI 30. Ang mga salitang hiniram mula sa
banyagang wika ay ditrektang tinutumbasan
lamang sa Filipino.
TAMA 31. Ang abstrak ay isang uri ng lagom
na karaniwang ginagamit sa pagsulat ng
akademikong papel tulad ng tesis, papel na
siyentipiko at teknikal lektyur, at mga report.
MALI 32. Ito ay karaniwang makikita sa hulihan
ng pananaliksik na naglalahad ng buod ng
akdang akademiko o ulat.
MALI 33. May tatlong disiplina sa larangan ng
teknolohiya.
MALI 34. Ito ay ang biyolohiya, kemistri at
matematika.
TAMA 35. Hindi na mahalaga kung bago o luma
ang paksa.

TAMA 36. Tungkulin ng mananaliksik na bigyan
ng makabagong dimensyon ang paksa upang
ang
mga ginawang pagsusuri, kongklusyon at
rekomendasyon ay batay sa bagong nakalap na
datos at makakapag-ambag ng bagong
kaalaman.
MALI 37. Nakatuon sa mga property at
interaksyon ng panahon, espasyo, enerhiya at
matter ang disiplinang biyolohiya.
MALI 38. Samantalang, nakatuon sa pag-aaral
ng buhay at mga nabubuhay na organismo
kabilang ang kanilang estruktura, mga
tungkulin, paglago, ebolusyon, distribusyon at
taksonomiya ang pisika.
TAMA 39. Sa pangangalap ng impormasyon sa
pananaliksik kailngang sitematiko o may
sinusunod na hkabang o proseso.
TAMA 40. Kailangan ding matalino sa
pangangalap at pagsusuri ng mga datos.
MALI 41. Sa pagpili ng paksa ng pananaliksik
kailangang pumili ng paksang malawak at hindi
limitado ang saklaw.
MALI 42. Kapag malawak ang paksa,
nagkakaroon ng tiyak na pokus ang gagawing
pananaliksik.
TAMA 43. Sa pagpili ng paksa ng pananaliksik
kailangang isaalang-alang ang mga
sangguniang pagbabatayan.
TAMA 44. Nararapat lamang na may sapat na
mga literaturang pagbabatayan upang
mapatotohanan at mapalawak ang pagtalakay
sa paksa.
MALI 45. Mayroong tatlong uri ng pagsasalin sa
larangang agham at teknolohiya.
TAMA 46. Malaki ang naitutulong ng
pagsasaling teknikal sa pagpapalaganap ng
impormasyon sa iba’t ibang sangay at
institusyon sa bansa sapagkat ang
pangunahing layon nito ay ang magkaroon ng
malinaw at mablis na komuniskasyon gamit ang
Filipino.
TAMA 47. Sa pagtataguyod ng wikang Filipino
bilang wika sa pagtuturo sa mga larangang
siyentipiko-teknikal, kailangan ang
intelektwalisasyon ng wika.
TAMA 48. Malaki ang ginagampanang papel ng
pagsasalin sa adhikaing intelektwalisasyon ng
wika, ang pagsasa-Filipino ng iba’t ibang akda
mula sa iba’t ibang wika ay isang paraan ng
intelektwalisasyon ng wika.
TAMA 49. Mayroong dalawang proseso sa
pagtatamo ng intelektwalisasyon ng wika sa
akademya, ito ay ang linggwistiko at ekstra-
linggwistiko.
MALI 50. Ang ekstra-linggwistiko ay tumutukoy
sap ag-aaral/pagbuo ng register ng wika o ang
tangi at tiyak na gamit ng wika sa isang
larangan
TAMA 51. Ang saling taal ay pumapatungkol sa
panghihiram ng mga banyagang konsepto na
isinasaisip ang katumbas nito sa wikang Filipino
o sa katutubong konsepto. MALI 60. Samanatalang ang saling daglat ay
paglikha ng mga bagong salita.
TAMA 52. Halimbawa nito ay ang “participating
mula sa Ingles at pakikilahok ang katumbas sa
Filipino.

MALI 53. Ayon kay Bernlaes, et al., 2018, ang

pananaliksik ay may mga katangian na
Sistematik, kontrolado at etikal.

TAMA 54. Ang etikal ay pumapatungkol sa

pagiging matapat ng mananalilsik sa buong
proseso ng paggawa ng pananaliksik.

TAMA 55. Hindi magiging madali ang gagawing

pagtalakay kung salat sa kaalaman at malayo
sa interes ng mananaliksik ang paksang pag-
aaralan.

TAMA 56. Mahalaga na ang mapipiling paksa

ng pananaliksik ay naaayon sa disiplina ng mga
mag-aaral ng sa gayon ay may sapat siyang
kaalaman sa napili niyang paksa.

TAMA 57. Isa sa mga gabay sa pagrerebisa ng

sulating pananaliksik ay tukuyin ang
pangunahing punto ng pananaliksik.
TAMA 58. Maisasakatuparan ang gabay na ito
sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy sa tiyak na
layunin at mga suliraning inilahad sa
pananaliksik.

MALI 59. Ang saling tapat ay tumutukoy sa

pagpapaikli ng mga salita at paggamit ng
akronim.
Lesson 2 - Roles of ICT in Teaching and Learning
Roles of ICT in Teaching for Learning
ICT have had a marked effect on schools, on teaching and
on learning. At the institutional level, schools have similar
needs to any small business and use the same kinds of
computer software for such tasks as accounting,
inventory control, communicating, document
preparation and printing.
Schools also use specialist software for tasks like
-timetabling, electronic reporting, behavior tracking and
student profiling, monitoring attendance and library
management.
ICT tools are proving indispensable in making school
administration more efficient and responsive to
community needs
Changes in Teacher Roles
• Knowledge transmitter
• Primary source of information
• Controls and directs all aspect of learning.
-Learning facilitator, collaborator, coach, knowledge
navigator and co-learner teacher giving students more
options and responsibilities for their own learning
use of ICT in instruction brings about changes in teacher
roles Changes in Teacher Roles A shift from to knowledge
transmitter; primary source of information teacher
controlling and directing all aspects of learning facilitator,
collaborator, coach, knowledge navigator and co-learner
teacher giving students more options and responsibilities
for their own learning
To make the teacher–centered classroom a learner-
centered should be more and Teacher Talk time (TTT)
-should be less because the method of teaching must
become interactive.
The role of a teacher should be changed as mentor,
monitor, planner, and facilitator.
-Teacher gives pair work and group work activities to
make TTT to STT.
-Here student gets an opportunity brainstorm and share
the knowledge to peers.
With the advent of ICT in the classroom the teaching-
learning scenario has taken a paradigm shift.
-ICT has changed teaching methods where teacher as the
facilitator facilitates the learner to acquire knowledge
through technology-based methods.
These effective new teaching methods led to improve
learners learning methods.
-With various research studies it is proved that
integration of ICT in the curriculum led to a significant
improvement in the student performance.
Changes in Student Roles
• A shift from Passive recipient of information
• Reproducing knowledge Learning as a solitary
activity
-To Active participation in the learning process
-Producing knowledge Learning collaboratively with
others.
In the same way that teachers’ roles are changing as a
result of the use of ICT, so are the roles of students
changing.
The use of ICT brings about changes in student roles
Changes in Student Roles A shift from to passive recipient
of information reproducing knowledge learning as a
solitary activity active participant in the learning process
producing knowledge learning collaboratively with
others.
Students in classrooms where ICT are regularly found are
likely to participate in virtual excursions and be active
researchers, searching the web for information to
complete individual or group projects, communicating
via email, blogs and social networking with students and
teachers in other schools, and reaching conclusions on
the basis of evidence gathered.
Appropriate use of ICT can transform the whole
teaching-learning processes leading to paradigm shift in
both content and teaching methodology.
- ICT has the potential to transcend the barrier and space.
-ICT integration in the field of education has impacted
hugely in improving the quality of education. It is widely
believed that ICT integration will help us in making
education more accessible and affordable.
Increasing role of ICT will make education more
democratic that is improving the quality education
services available to even students sitting in far- flung
remotest corners of the country.
The new environment of interactive learner-centered
approach of ICT has completely metamorphosized the
process of education i.e delivery and dissemination.
The technological creativity learner will help generate
sharing of knowledge
-to perform tasks in a better way and to develop their
capacity and skills to keep pace with the rapid changes
but the pace of change is so fast that what was avant-
garde few years ago is just a thing of past.
-We must not allow the ICT related opportunities to slip
out of our hands.
- We must empower our youth with the latest technology
to tap the latest skills and hidden potential of our youth
population.
There is considerable hope that technology can expand
and improve education in all levels with special reference
to design and content of instructional materials, delivery,
and assessment and feedback.
In technology enhanced learning (TEL) teacher’s role
will be more challenging and different from what is
presently the traditional classroom teaching.
-In the new role he will be more a director/coach or a
facilitator because the ET enhances the quality of
teaching and learning by arousing inquiry, curiosity, and
exploration. ICT will afford opportunity to the individual
for self-paced learning, which caters to learner’s abilities
and aptitude.
The role of computers in Education computers
-is generally helpful for educational activity which
requires significant interaction for that instructional
software should be highly interactive.
Interactive learning environments
- are called Intelligent Testing System.
-Because of their interactive capability computers
provide individualized and self-paced learning.
SW may be customized to meet the specific
requirements of the individuals depending upon their
diverse background and abilities.
-The use word Excel, Access, PowerPoint, animation,
graphics can be utilized to enhance the learning of
content.
- Computers are good for reexplaining complex
processes. Computer-aided learning is not a replacement
technology but a complementary tool.
-Computers are useful for teaching, problem solving and
decision-making skills.
MODERN FANTASY
-distinguished from other genres by story
elements that violate the natural, physical
laws of our world
-stories in this genre include such elements as
talking animals, imaginary worlds, fanciful
characters, and magical beings
-authors of modern fantasy do not merely make
up an imaginary story - they must create a
setting with a new set of physical laws,
believable characters, and a credible plot
-these stories should invite the reader to
examine issues of the human condition and
believe that such a world could really exist
MODERN FANTASY
-This works are written down by known authors
who can
be identified.
TRADITIONAL FANTASY
-The original author is unknown.
-Written as early as the 1800s.
SIMILARITIES OF MODERN FANTASY &
TRADITIONAL FANTASY
-much like traditional literature, modern fantasy
sometimes uses talking animals as characters.
-readers will still encounter magical realms or
spells and mythological figures, like gods and
goddesses.
-modern fantasy borrows from the tales of old,
sometimes uses ancient mythologies and
folktales to create a new and original
tale that may be set in the present or in the past,
depending upon the preferences of the author.
-In addition to this, the hero in these works of
fiction are often called to experience some form
of quest where he/she needs to not only reach
a goal (or boon), but also
develops and learns about him/herself as a
character.
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN FANTASY
-Genre began in the 19th century. Known as
literary fairytales and stylized by oral tradition
-Generic settings, distant times, magical, one
dimensional, happy times.
-Unlike oral tradition, literary fairy tales had
known authors.
1st publication in the U.S.
– The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by
Frank Baum in 1900.
-1945 Newberry Medal to Robert Lawson for
Rabbit Hill.
FANTASIES FROM THE BEGINNING
Alice in the Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
-The story centres on Alice, a young girl who
falls asleep in a meadow and dreams that she
follows the White Rabbit down a rabbit hole.
-She has many wondrous, often bizarre
adventures with thoroughly illogical and very
strange creatures, often changing size
unexpectedly. She basically had her adventure.
Alice is then called as a witness in the trial of the
Knave of Hearts, who is accused of having
stolen the Queen’s tarts. However, when the
Queen demands that Alice be beheaded, Alice
realizes that the characters are only a pack of
cards, and she then awakens from her dream.

At The Back of the North Wind by George
MacDonald
-The book tells of a young boy called Diamond
who is visited by a personification of the North
Wind.
Eventually – after a series of digressions – it
becomes clear that the wind is in fact Death, and
the story deals with the boy's sweet acceptance,
and embracing, of his own early demise.
The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling
-The stories tell mostly of Mowgli, an Indian boy
who is raised by wolves and learns self-
sufficiency and wisdom from the jungle animals.
-The book describes the social life of the wolf
pack and, more fancifully, the justice and natural
order of life in the jungle.
PETER PAN BY: J. M BARRIE
-Peter Pan is the story of a mischievous little boy
who can fly, and his adventures on the island of
Neverland.
-Peter Pan is a week-old baby when he leaves
home, and he never ages past that marker. He
believes that his mother will always leave the
window open for him, so he plays gleefully with
the fairies and the birds without fear of losing her
affection, but when he finally makes up his mind
to go back to her, he finds that it’s too late: The
windows are barred, and his mother is cuddling
another baby. Her love was conditional after all,
and now she’s replaced him. It’s a portrait of
Peter Pan that’s much more tragic than the
iconic portrait to come.
THE TALE OF PETER RABBIT BY: BEATRIX
POTTER
-The moral of Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Peter
Rabbit is that you should always listen to your
parents.
- In the story, Peter Rabbit's mother tells him
explicitly that he should not go into Mr.
McGregor's garden because that is how his
father died.
WIND IN THE WILLOWS BY: KENNETH
GRAHAME
-The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by
the Scottish novelist Kenneth Grahame, first
published in1908. It details the story of Mole,
Ratty, and Badger as they try to help Mr. Toad,
after he becomes obsessed with motorcars and
gets into trouble.
-In our journey of life, we need friends who will
direct, help, and add value to our lives. Some
friends will come into your life, but leave you
without anything to write home about.
WINNIE THE POOH BY: A. A MILNE
-A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-
Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son,
Christopher Robin Milne, on whom the
character Christopher Robin was based.
Shepard in turn based his illustrations of Pooh
on his own son's teddy bear named Growler,
instead of Christopher Robin's bear.
-Winnie the Pooh give importance on forming
solid lasting friendship.
HOBBIT BY: J.R. R TOLKEIN
-The Hobbit, fantasy novel by J.R.R. Tolkien,
published in 1937. The novel introduced
Tolkien’s richly imagined world of Middle Earth
in its Third Age and served as a prologue to his
The Lord of the Rings.
-The Hobbit is set within Tolkien's fictional
universe and follows the quest of home-loving
Bilbo Baggins, the titular hobbit, to win a share
of the treasure guarded by a dragon named
Smaug. Bilbo's journey takes him from his light-
hearted, rural surroundings into more sinister
territory.
The Chronicles of Narnia by: C. S Lewis
-The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of seven
children’s books by C.S. Lewis:
• The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
(1950), Prince Caspian (1951),
• The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
(1952),
• The Silver Chair (1953),
• The Horse and His Boy (1954),
• The Magician’s Nephew (1955)
• The Last Battle (1956).
- The series is considered a classic of fantasy
literature and has influenced many other
fantasies works.
The Horse and His Boy (1954)
-Shasta is a boy who lives in southern Calormen
with Arsheesh, an abusive fisherman, whom
Shasta believes to be his father.
-A powerful nobleman demands hospitality one
evening, and haggles with Arsheesh to buy
Shasta as his slave.
The Magician's Nephew (1955)
-The Magicians Nephew is the first sequential
story in the Chronicles of Narnia series and
follows the adventures of Polly and Digory, two
small children from London.
-Digory is living with his Aunty Hetty and Uncle
Andrew while his sick mother recovers from a
terminal illness. Everyday Polly and Digory.
Who live next door to each other invent their
own games in the attics of their houses.
CURRENT FANTASIES
MID-20TH CENTURY POPULARITY
Wemberly Worried
Picture books by: Kevin Henkes
-The story all about a little mouse who worries
about everything. She worries about little things
and big things, imaginary things and real things,
and every thing in between. She especially
worries about her doll.
Picture books by: Kevin Henkes
Chrysanthemum
-The story of Chrysanthemum is all about a
young mouse who loves her unique name until
she is teased about it by her classmates. Her
main tormentors are three girls named Jo, Rita,
and Victoria, who ridicule her for being named
after a flower and point out that her name is so
long it barely fits on a name tag. -
Chrysanthemum expresses her sadness to her
parents, who comfort her with her favorite meals
and a game of Parcheesi while her father
secretly reads a book on child psychology.
The World and Everything in it
-Young children are always figuring out their
place in the universe. Accompanied by Henkes’
signature charming watercolors, presented in
panels outlined in brown, the spare, quiet prose
differentiates between the “big things and little
things in the world.”
-This work goes beyond many similar concept
books by encouraging children to consider the
enormity of the sea, the sun, and the moon in
contrast to “little animals. Tiny flowers. Pebbles.
Things so small you can’t see them.” The last
sentence is pictured with an empty box.
Children may question this representation of
infinitesimal objects, leading adults to start a
discussion about atoms or bacteria. Kids have
an innate interest in their surrounding world and
the science that explains it.
All Alone by : Kevin Henkes
-This brief and charming picture book explores
the experience of being by one’s self not as
something to be feared but as a time to think and
feel and to look at things in a new way
CURRENT FANTASIES
MID-20TH CENTURY POPULARITY
Picture books by: Rosemary Wells & Susan
Middaugh
IF YOU BELIEVE IN ME
-This story is all about a young bear finds its way
in the world with the support of the others in its
life.
-A perfect gift to celebrate the milestones in a
child's life or as a thank you gift to a teacher,
parent or anyone who has lifted another person
up to succeed because you believed in me.
Bunny Cakes by Rosemary Wells
- is a sweet and entertaining entry in the Max
and Ruby series. In this simple story for young
readers, Ruby attempts to bake a cake and Max
tries to shop for the needed ingredients.
Brimming with color and humor, everything
about Bunny Cakes will satisfy your funny bone.
The Best Place by Susan Meddaugh
-The story is all about the old wolf likes his
house. He likes his neighbors. But he loves his
screened in porch. From there he can watch the
beautiful sunset. He can be outside when it rains
and never get wet. The mosquitoes can't bite
him on his screened in porch, and even on the
hottest summer nights there is always a breeze.
-The wolf thinks his porch is the best place in the
world until one day his friend Bird says, "How do
you know? You've never been anyplace else."
This question inspires the wolf to sell his house
and travel the world. Eventually his journey
brings him back home, but he is unable to get
his house back. Upset, he behaves very badly,
and even his good intentions get him into
trouble. But in the end he understands that
sometimes when you can't get what you want,
you find something even better.
Tree of birds By Susan Middaugh
-The story is all about the wounded tropical bird
Harry adopts refuse to fly south without their
companion and take up residence in the tree
outside Harry's bedroom window, refusing to
budge even as the first snowstorm of the season
approaches.
CURRENT FANTASIES
MID-20TH CENTURY POPULARITY
Picture books by: Lisa Campbell Ernst
The Gingerbread Girl
-The story is all about the lonely old woman and
the lonely old man decide to bake a girl this time,
but when they open the oven, she runs off like
her brother did. Never fear, this smart cookie
has a plan to outfox the fox.
Little Red, Riding Hood
-The moral lesson of "Little Red Riding Hood" is
that children, especially young girls, must be
cautious of strangers. While they may appear to
be "tame, obliging, and gentle" they will
eventually show their teeth and eat up innocent
young girls. This animal reference hints strongly
towards a sexual warning.
THE GOLDILOCKS RETURNS
-The grown-up Goldilocks is so wracked with
guilt over breaking into the three bears house
that she shortens her name, pins up her cuts,
and opens a lock shop. But that isn't enough to
make her feel better, so she goes back to the
bears' house to make amends.
The Three Spinning Fairies
-The Three Spinning Fairies is a story about a
lazy, soon to be princess that does anything she
can to escape work. This lazy girl is named
Zelda.
CURRENT FANTASIES
21ST CENTURY EXTRAORDINARY
POPULARITY
Goosebumps series – R. L. SGne 1990’s
-Goosebumps is a children’s anthology horror
television series based on R. L. Stine’s best-
selling book series of the same name. It is an
anthology of stories about tweens and young
teens finding themselves in creepy and unusual
situations, typically involving supernatural
elements or the occult.
HARRY POTTER BY: J.K HOWLING
-The series follows the life of a boy named Harry
Potter. In the first book, Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone, Harry lives in a cupboard
under the stairs in the house of the Dursleys, his
aunt, uncle and cousin.
-The Dursleys consider themselves perfectly
normal, but at the age of eleven, Harry discovers
that he is a wizard. He meets a half-giant named
Hagrid who invites him to attend the Hogwarts
School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry learns
that as a baby, his parents were murdered by
the dark wizard Lord Voldemort. When
Voldemort attempted to kill Harry, his curse
rebounded and Harry survived with a lightning-
shaped scar on his forehead.
CATEGORIES OF MODERN FANTASY
1. ANIMAL FANTASY
2. TOYS AND OBJECTS
3. TINY HUMANS
4. PECULIAR CHARACTERS AND
SITUATIONS
5. IMAGINARY WORLDS
6. MAGICAL POWERS
7. SUPERNATURAL TALES
8. TIME-WARP FANTASIES
9. HIGH FANTASY
10. NOVELIZED TRADITIONAL TALES
(BEAUTY;BEAST
ANIMAL FANTASY
-Characterized by animals behaving as human
beings in which they experience emotions, talk,
and have the ability to reason.
Charlotte's Web,
- classic children's novel by E.B. White,
published in 1952, with illustrations by Garth
Williams.
-The widely read tale takes place on a farm and
concerns a pig named Wilbur and his devoted
friend Charlotte, the spider who manages to
save his life by writing about him in her web.
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe BY CS
LEWIS
-Four kids travel through a wardrobe to the land
of Narnia and learn of their destiny to free it with
the guidance of a mystical lion. Four siblings are
sent away from home during the blitz of WWII.
-They are sent to be watched over by an old
Professor Kirke, who owns a massive mansion.

The Cat in the Hat BY DR SEUSS
-The story takes place on a rainy day when two
siblings are home alone with their pet fish while
their parents are out of town. A tall cat wearing
a hat appears and creates havoc in the house,
leaving it destroyed when his friends show up to
help him clean everything up before their mother
gets back from her trip.
The Jungle Book BY RUDYARD KIPLING
-The stories tell mostly of Mowgli, an Indian boy
who is raised by wolves and learns self-
sufficiency and wisdom from the jungle animals.
-The book describes the social life of the wolf
pack and, more fancifully, the justice and natural
order of life in the jungle.
TOYS AND OBJECTS
-These stories bring inanimate objects (dolls,
cars, robots) to life.
Pinocchio BY JB KAUFMAN
-Was carved out of a piece of wood by the old
woodcarver Gepetto (Geppetto). The puppet
acts like a human child: he frequently gets into
trouble and is often impulsive and mischievous.
When he tells a lie, his nose grows longer, and
when he tells the truth, his nose resumes its
normal size.
TOY STORY
Woody (Tom Hanks), a good-hearted cowboy
doll who belongs to a young boy named Andy
(John Morris), sees his position as Andy's
favorite toy jeopardized when his parents buy
him a Buzz Lightyear (Tim Allen) action figure.
Even worse, the arrogant Buzz thinks he's a real
spaceman on a mission to return to his home
planet. When Andy's family moves to a new
house, Woody and Buzz must escape the
clutches of maladjusted neighbor Sid Phillips
(Erik von Detten) and reunite with their boy.
The Indian in the Cupboard BY LYNNE REID
BANKS
-All the books revolve around a young boy,
Omri, who discovers the powers of a magical
cupboard.
-When plastic toys are locked in the cupboard,
they become real, living beings, resulting in
Omri befriending an 18th-century Iroquois
(Haudenosaunee) chief named Little Bear.
Corduroy
-Strong durable fabric with a rounded cord, rib,
or wale surface formed by cut pile yarn. The
back of the goods has a plain or a twill weave.
-Corduroy is made from any of the major textile
fibres and with one warp and two fillings.
TINY HUMANS
-These stories deal with tiny people who think
and act like the average person.
The Borrowers
-Tells the story of a family of little people who
live beneath the kitchen floor of a deteriorating
English country home.
-Pod and Homily Clock care for their
adventurous daughter Arrietty by borrowing
what they need, and a little more, from the
human “beans” who live up above.
Winter Wood
-The winter woods are a wide stretch of
woodland, with a snow-covered ground, and
snow on the numerous trees and bushes. It also
hosts a wide iced-over lake
PECULIAR CHARACTERS AND SITUATIONS
-These are situations and characters that are
"over the top!"
-They may occur in realistic settings, making
them more believable.
Pippi Long stocking BY ASTRID LINDGREN
-Pippi is red-haired, freckled, unconventional
and superhumanly strong – able to lift her horse
one-handed.
-She is playful and unpredictable. She often
makes fun of unreasonable adults, especially if
they are pompous and condescending. Her
anger comes out in extreme cases, such as
when a man mistreats his horse.
Mr. Popper's Penguins BY RICHARD AND
FLORENCE ATWATER
-Mr. Popper is a house painter of modest
means, living with his wife and two children (Bill
and Janie) in the small town of Stillwater,
Minnesota. He has a happy life. However, he is
also a restless dreamer, spending his time
reading of famous explorers in faraway places.
Mary Poppins by pl travelers
-She is extraordinary and strange, neat and tidy,
delightfully vain yet particular, and sometimes a
little frightening but always exciting. She is
practically perfect in every way and always
means what she says.
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Ronald dahl
-A young boy wins a tour through the most
magnificent chocolate factory in the world, led
by the world's most unusual candy maker.
-A young boy wins a tour through the most
magnificent chocolate factory in the world, led
by the world's most unusual candy maker.
IMAGINARY WORLDS
-Imaginary worlds are worlds that do not exist in
the real world.
-It is almost indistinguishable except for the
presence of invented characters and events.
Celestal Globe
-Shows the sky surrounding the Earth and,
depending on the subject area, the stars,
planets and constellations. The Earth's equator
corresponds to the celestial equator. Among the
celestial globes are also globes which depict the
planets and moons of our solar system.
Alice in Wonderland
-Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly
Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 English novel
by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics professor at
Oxford University.
- It details the story of a young girl named Alice
who falls through a rabbit hole into a fantasy
world of anthropomorphic creatures.
The Chronicles of Narnia
-follows a group of children who are evacuated
to the English countryside during WWII. The
books tell of their adventures in the imaginary
kingdom of Narnia, guided by a talking lion
named Aslan, as they fight the White Witch and
restore the throne to its rightful line.
MAGICAL POWERS
Characters in these stories possess a magic
object, know a magical saying or have magical
powers.
MAGICAL POWERS Author: Patrick Skene
Catling
-John Midas is a young boy with an intense, but
obsessive love of confectionery, especially
chocolate.
-One day, he goes for a walk and then sees a
coin on the ground engraved with JM. He also
came across a candy store he has never seen
before which is run by a man whom John has
never met before. The man offered John a box
of his chocolates in exchange for the strange
coin and John agreed. He ate the chocolate
balls at night and the next morning, John woke
up and realized that everything he touched with
his mouth transformed into chocolate.
MATILDA Author: Roald Dahl
-The story is about a brilliant nine-year-old girl
with extraordinary powers, who uses her genius
to take revenge on her abusive parents, and
later fight back against the tyrannical principal of
her school. The majority of the novel focuses on
the latter half of her story.
-The most important moral of the book is that
being unique is a good thing. As people are
often thought of as outcasts if they are a little
different than others, the lesson is that
differences should be both appreciated and
celebrated.
THE magic thief Author: Sarah Prineas
-In a city that runs on a dwindling supply of
magic, a young boy is drawn into a life of
wizardry and adventure. Conn should have
dropped dead the day he picked Nevery’s
pocket and touched the wizard's locus
magicalicus, a stone used to focus magic and
work spells. But for some reason he did not.
-The moral of this story is to listen to your elders.
The setting in this book changes multiple times
throughout the story and makes the story more
interesting.
SUPERNATURAL TALES
-Occur outside the known bounds of reality. It
has elements like monsters, ghosts, even
religious plots.
WAIT TILL HELEN COMES Author: Mary
Downing Hahn
-When a reconstructed family moves to a
converted church in the country, 14-year-old
Molly, must save her new troubled step-sister
from a dangerous relationship with the
desperate ghost of a young girl.
-Moral theme of "Wait Till Helen Comes " is don't
judge a book by it's cover. No one can tell what
is going on in someone else's life that makes
them act in certain ways.
THE SEER OF SHADOWS Author: Avi
-In 1872 New York City, 14-year-old Horace
takes an apprenticeship with Enoch Middleditch,
a society photographer.
- Middleditch is excited to make money through
the clever deception of a wealthy client by
convincing her that her daughter’s ghost has
appeared in the ones he’s already taken. It’s
Horace’s job to create images of the girl. Yet
Horace somehow captures the girl’s spirit along
with her likeness. And when the spirit escapes
the photographs, Horace discovers he’s
released a ghost bent on a deadly revenge.
TIME-WARP FANTASIES
-Based on characters who seem to move easily
from their own time to a long-lost point in time.
THE GATE OF DAYS Author: Avi
-Sam Faulkner's father is trapped in Vlad
Tepes's castle, but he can't save him without the
seven coins that will allow him to direct his travel
to the right year in Time. So he sets off on a
desperate journey through the ages to collect
the coins for the oracle at Delphi, Pompeii
before Mt. Vesuvius -- even Chicago in 1932,
where he meets his seven-year-old grandfather.
But things get wilder still when he finally finds his
father, who is sick, dying, raving, and who insists
they must rescue Sam' s dead mother from
Time!
KING OF SHADOWS Author: Susan Cooper
-King of Shadows is a daring and complex
novel, set against the backdrop of the life of an
unhappy child who, by traveling unwittingly
through time, learns how to face his real-life
troubles. It is about a young boy's journey to
overcome his devastating past in exchange for
a hopeful future. Nat is an orphan who escapes
into the world of the theatre to avoid his
sadness.
-Compassion, trust, respect, hard work,
returning evil with good, and dealing with grief
are all things that Nat learn and experiences.
THE TIME TRAVELER’S WIFE Author:
Audrey Niffenegger
-It tells the love story of Clare Abshire and Henry
DeTamble, revealed through their alternating
perspectives in which each character is the first-
person narrator. Henry was born with a
condition that allows him to travel in time, though
when and where in time he travels is out of his
control.
-It explores determinism (the idea that your life
is already pre-determined) versus free will (the
idea that your choices can influence and alter
your future). Although time traveler Henry
knows his future, he tries to live as though he
doesn't know what life is bringing.
HIGH FANTASY
-Consists of complex narratives, often
connected to sequels, which contain recurring
themes and motifs.
-They may be set in a created world, and
characters may call on ancient or fundamental
powers, good or evil.
THE LION, THE WITCH AND THE
WARDEOBE Author: Carol Lewis
THEME; BETRAYAL AND FORGIVENESS
• Four kids travel through a wardrobe to
the land of Narnia and learn of their
destiny to free it with the guidance of a
mystical lion.
• There's the supposed chronological
order:
• The Magician's Nephew
• The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
• The Horse and His Boy
• Prince Caspian
• The Voyage of the “Dawn Treader”
• The Silver Chair
• The Last Battle.
HIGH FANTASY
HARRY POTTER Author: J.K. Rowling
-The novels chronicle the lives of a young
wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione
Granger and Ron Weasley.
-The four Houses are called Gryffindor,
Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin. Harry
Potter is in Gryffindor.
-He's the one who catched the golden snitch. He
fought many battles and had a long journey.
-He got the scar when he was attacked by
Voldemort, who had just murdered his parents.
Voldemort launched the killing curse"Avada
Kedavra " but the spell rebounded. It was the
only time someone had been hit in the face by
the curse and survived.
-The Harry Potter films in order Harry Potter and
the Philosopher's Stone (2001), the Chamber of
Secrets (2002), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of
Azkaban (2004), Harry Potter and the Goblet of
Fire (2005), Harry Potter and the Order of the
Phoenix (2007), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood
Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly
Hallows – Part 1 (2010,) Harry Potter and the
Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).
-Harry taught us to never give up. He destroyed
the horcrux within himself. He endured so much
in the series and persevered through all of it. He
showed us that you can push through even the
hardest times, bounce back and succeed.
THE HOBBIT Author: John Ronald Reuel
Tolkien
-The Hobbit is set within Tolkien's fictional
universe and follows the quest of home-loving
Bilbo Baggins, the titular hobbit, to win a share
of the treasure guarded by a dragon named
Smaug. Bilbo's journey takes him from his light-
hearted, rural surroundings into the more
sinister territory.
-Lesson: What we can learn from Bilbo here is
that what we really need in life more than
anything is the courage to overcome any
challenge that comes our way. Let's be real– life
isn't a cakewalk. It's brutally honest; it's
unforgivingly indifferent; it's as raw and real as it
gets. So it' s up to you.
NOVELIZED TRADITIONAL TALES
-Tales that long enchanted listeners and
readers. Authors draw from familiar stories and
create complex plots featuring multidimensional
characters.
CINDERELLA BY CHARLES PERAULT
Cinderella has glass shoes and she's mistreated
by her stepmother and stepsisters when her
father died. She also married a royalty after the
prince saw her in the ball wearing beautiful blue
gown then left her glass shoes when she's
running out of time. The fairy god mother told
her that she must go home before 12 because
the magic will lasts only until that time.
-Cinderella" teaches about how to behave in
the world, is that kindness will be rewarded,
whereas selfishness will not.
BEAUTY AND THE BEAST TALES Author:
Gabrielle-Suzanne de Villeneuve
-Beauty and the Beast is a story about a young
prince that was cast under a spell. His spell
could only be broken with true love. Through
many ups and downs, he found love with
-Beauty, and she, intime, returned his love.
They marry and the prince's spell is broken, and
they live happily ever after.
-Don't judge the book by its cover. We should
value inward characteristics such as kindness
over other superficial qualities, such as wit and
appearance.
RAPUNZEL BY SARAH GIBB
-The story of Rapunzel in English is a well-
known fairytale that kids love. This story is about
a girl with beautiful long golden hair who was
locked up in a tower by an evil witch. The tale
goes on to tell us how she defeated the witch
and lived a happy life with her prince.
-This short story of Rapunzel teaches children
to never give up on something they love.
6 BASIC FANTASY MOTIF
-Not all Modern Fantasy employs these six
motifs. Any combination of these motifs
classifies a story as Modern Fantasy.
Sometimes, only one motif is utilized.
-However, if a story uses all six of these
elements, it is considered MODERN HIGH
FANTASY
1. MAGIC
- • Fantasy literature’s most basic element
• Often a part of the setting, explaining
otherwise inexplicable events.
• Cannot be explained—it’s just there
2. OTHER WORLDS/ SECONDARY WORLDS
• A special geography or universe is established,
a place wherein magic may freely operate
• The entire tale may be set in an imaginary
place
• The characters are taken from a primary world
to a secondary world, through some type of
portal
• The secondary world invades our primary
world
3. GOOD VS. EVIL
• Modern fantasy stories have strong
mythological base • The basic theme gives rise
to the conflict in a story
• How do good and evil manifest in each of the
characters?
4. HEROISM
Every hero has a quest--a circular journey; an
age-old patterns
Six elements in every hero ' s quest
1. the call to adventure
2. crossing threshold of safety and familiarity
3. surviving the trials of the new and dangerous
environment
4. assistance from a protective figure
5. maturing and becoming a " whole person "
6. returning home
5. SPECIAL CHARACTER TYPES
• Characters who come from either our
legendary past or author’s vivid imagination
• Rarely typically humans (Fairies, pixies, giants,
wicked witches, ogres, vampires, wizards,
dwarves, elves, hobbits, etc.)
6. FANTASTIC OBJECTS
• Characters employ magical props to
accomplish heroic or evil deeds
• Magical cloaks, swords, staffs, cauldrons,
mirrors, silver slippers, wands, the ring, flying
brooms
SCIENCE FICTION
-The final point to be made about modern
fantasy is the role that science fiction plays in
the genre.
-Science fiction is often grouped with fantasy
even though it explores scientific concepts in
our world versus magical concepts in an
imaginary world.
1.SOMETIMES CALLED FUTURISTIC FICTION
-Concerns the way in which scientific possibilities might
affect societies of human or alien beings; or both.
- Can include a combination of scientific fact and scientific
possibility
2.FOCUSES ON DYSTOPIA
-imaginary place where people live dehumanized and
often fearful lives
EX. THE GIVER AND THE HUNGER GAMES
3.SCIENCE FANTASY
- stories with plots that play on scientific fact as well as
magical occurrences
EX. Star Wars Series
The truth in Fantasy
Adults dismiss modern fantasy.
-too whimsical and not grounded firmly in reality
-tells the truth about life
-clarifies human condition
-captures the essence of deepest emotions, dreams
hopes and fears

ANCIENT ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY HAS HUGE
SIMILARITIES WITH GREEK MYTHOLOGY.
• Stories of Creation
• Early gods and goddesses
• Heroes and Creatures
• Stories of Love and Conquest
• Main Differences: NAME and CULTURAL
CONTEXTS
EXAMPLES
• Jupiter (Greek myth: Zeus)
• Master of the gods
• God of the sky (thunder and lightning)
• Symbols: Thunderbolt, Eagle, Oak
• Juno (Greek myth: Hera)
• Queen of the Gods
• Goddess of women and childbirth
• Symbols: Pomegranate, Peacock
• Mars (Greek myth: Ares)
• God of war
• Second in command to Zeus
• Sacred animals: Vulture, Boar, Snake
• Venus (Greek myth: Aphrodite)
• Goddess of love and beauty
• Mother of Cupid (Eros)
• Sacred animals: Two Doves, Dolphin
The First Humans
• The Golden Age:
-Humans were said to live among the gods and
freely mingled with them.
-Peace and harmony prevailed during this age.
-Humans did not have to work to feed
themselves, for the earth provided food in
abundance.
-They lived to very old age but with a youthful
appearance and eventually died peacefully
• The Silver Age :
-They lived only a short time as grown adults,
and spent that time in strife with one another.
-During this Age men refused to worship the
gods
• The Bronze Age:
-Smart but loved fighting.
-Men of the Bronze Age were hardened and
tough, as war was their purpose and passion
The First Humans
• The Heroic Age: SUCESSFUL!
• Jupiter refused to give humans fire in fear they
would become too powerful
• Prometheus worked on the side of the
humans: Fire, Animal Sacrifice
• He was punished for these deeds with endless
torture
• Humans punished with the creation of The
Women (Pandora)
Pandora’s Box
• Jupiter gave Pandora a golden box and told
her never to open it since she was given
everything that she could possibly need
• Epimetheus was Pandora’s husband and was
given the key to the box
• One night Pandora stole the key and opened
the box
• Out of it came all the things that make people
suffer:
• Sickness, hatred, greed, poverty, jealousy, and
distrust
• Pandora did not let hope out, making life
bearable for humans.
THE ULTIMATE HOLIDAY- NEW YEAR!
• The month of March, named after the Roman
God of War, Mars, was filled with festivals,
celebrations, and even bloodletting!
• One of the biggest festivals was THE
FESTIVAL OF ANNA PERENNA to celebrate
the new year (old lunar Roman calendar: March
15 as first full moon).
• Deity of the circle or wheel or "ring" of the year,
as indicated by the name (per annum): so that
the circle of the year may be completed happily
• The festival includes drunkenness and sexual
and verbal freedoms typical of carnivalesque
holidays.
• The Romans even needed a holiday just to rest
from all the activities in March!
THE MUNDUS IS OPENED (MUNDUS PATET):
OCTOBER 5 AND NOVEMBER 8
• Mundus Cerialis (The World of Ceres)
• Mundus = Pit or hole to the underworld
• Its opening offered the spirits of the dead
temporary leave from the underworld, to roam
lawfully among the living
• The dead may communicate with the living
• No public business could be performed
• No battle fought, No ships set sail, No
marriages
RITUALS
• Roman rituals and festivals are often longer
than a single day and could last up to a week.
• Throughout the year., Romans dedicated days
to honor each god.
-During festivals, slaves were excused from
laws and restrictions.
RITUALS - LUPERCALIA (FEBRUARY 13-15) •
-Lupercalia as a pagan festival has roots to pre-
Roman traditions
• The festival was originally known as Februa
("Purifications")
• In Rome, the ritual was used to purify the
people from curses, bad luck, and infertility.
• The festival begins with the sacrifice of goats
and dogs by two chosen young men.
• After the sacrifice, the men wipe the blood on
their forehead (to symbolize human sacrifice)
then wipe themselves clean with wool dipped in
milk.
• The young men dressed themselves in the skin
of the sacrificed goat and proceeded to run
around the city walls striking women with
wolf/goat skin
• A strike was said to prevent infertility in women
The objective was to secure the fruitfulness of
the land, the increase of the flock and the
prosperity of the whole people
Birth
• Naming of baby is seen as more important than
birth of baby.
• Babies were given 3 names (Tria Nomina):
• Praenomen: First/Personal name
• Nomen: Clan of Child’s family
• Cognomen: Family Branch (eventually
becoming a personal surname)
• Ex: Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marriage
• Confarreatio : oldest and most sacred form of
marriage
• The Flamen Dialis (high priest of Jupiter) and
Pontifex Maximus (chief high priest) preside
over the wedding, and ten witnesses have to be
present.
• Divorce was only an option for men in case of
infertility or adultery.
• Man is the master of a woman in ancient
Roman civilization.
• Occurred in June-July

Death
• Once a member of a family dies, they are
treated as one of the
family deities.
• The family makes offerings to them and asks
them for protection.
• Romans believed that the deified dead could
extend the lives of their worshippers, offer
guidance in dreams, and intervene in
the lives of the living in a wide variety of ways.
• A funeral was a requirement, or the spirits
ignored would punish families by causing pain
and diseases until the funeral
was established.