Lexical semantics

Contents
-definition of lexical semantics
-semantic relations
-when u say a word, it might mean different to others.
-Structural semantics
-synonym is lexical relationship
-synonyms is under structural semantics
-Semantic features
-prototypes
-semantic anomaly

Meaning (breakout 3)
-context of a word
-explanation of a certain word
-definition
-concept of a word
-idea of a word
-interpretation
-factual definition
-history of any matter

dictionary meaning - technical

associated meaning - refer the association of a word to something. rain = sadness

semantics is about meaning

-used to represent meaning
-explain how the literal meanings can be linguistically

Basic semantic relationships

-refers to the understanding of a number of semantic relationships that hold
between either words or sentences in the language.

Sematic relations
1. Paraphrase - it is a restatement of a text, passage, or an utterance.
-put the text in your own words.
2. Entailment or Implication - that if one sentence is true, then another sentence
would also have to be true. The second sentence would be entailed by the first
sentence
e.g. I am teaching right now. I have students.
I am eating. I have vegetables and fruits.
-one way relationship.
3. Inclusion - one utterance encompasses another
e.g. The child wants to buy a toy. (but it does not mean that the child wants all
toys.)
A - B ; B=/= A
4. Contradiction - a statement or sequence of utterances is logically
contradictory; that is, if one is true, the other must be false.
e.g. The teacher is tenured. She is a fresh graduate.
5. Anomaly - an utterance has no meaning in the everyday world.
-violates semantic rules.
-these are somethings that are hyperbole, personification, figurative languages.
e.g. The mountain talked.
The class went to the bakery for a basket of books
-anomalous statement, unexpected.
6. Lexical ambiguity - the presence of two or more possible meanings for a single
word.
-e.g. an old friend. Can be a long time friend or just an old aged friend.
7. Denotation - dictionary meaning; literal meaning in the dictionary
-Conceptual meaning
Connotation - is the opposite of denotation.
-Operational meaning
-Associated meaning
8.Polysemy - association of one word to two or more meanings.
e.g. He is a bright student - smart
The stars are bright tonight - shining. Bright means standout in both sentences.
9.Homonomy - Words that sound the same and are spelled the same but have different
meanings.
can - ability
can - storage/container
10. Meronomy - A term is used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical
items
-expressing a relationship
-hand is a body part
11.Presupposition - background belief, relating to an utterance, that
-must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and adressee for the utterance to
be considered appropriate in context.
Have another cup of coffee. The person already had their coffee.
factive - factual; It is depressing that it is raining.
non factive - opinionated; I believe it is going to rain.