UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE BABAHOYO

Centro De Idiomas
(CENID)

PORTFOLIO FIFTH LEVEl

NAME:
MALENA AGUIRRE ROELAS

TEACHER:
MARTA CECILIA ÁLVAREZ PEÑA
COURSE:
FIFTH LEVEL C – MORNING
PERIOD:
DECEMBER 2022 – APRIL 2023
DESCRIPTION ABOUT ME

My name is Malena
Aguirre Roelas. I'm 25
years old. I live in
Urdaneta, Los Ríos. I am
a friendly person and I
like to spend a lot of time
with my family. I don't
like injustices.
In the future I will want to
graduate from the
University and find a job.
In the area of English
study I would like to
improve pronunciation
and grammar because I
still don't have much
knowledge.
SECCION #
2

GRAMMAR-UNIT1
Past simple – verb 'to be'
We can use the past simple of the verb to be to talk about situations and states
in the past.
Use was for I, he, she and it. Use were for you, we and they.

Examples:
I was at my gran's house yesterday.
She was with her friends last Saturday.
We were happy yesterday.
For negatives, use not. We can contract not and the verb, especially when
we're speaking.
I was not late for school this morning. = I wasn't late for school this morning.
He was not at home last Saturday. = He wasn't at home last Saturday.
We were not cold yesterday. = We weren't cold yesterday.
For questions, change the order of was or were and the person.
Were you tired this morning? Yes, I was.
Was she at the park last Sunday? No, she wasn't.
Where was he yesterday?

SIMPLE PAST OF OTHER VERBS

The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used to talk about
a completed action in a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of
past tense in English. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the
distant past and action duration is not important.

Affirmative
The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.

I was in Japan last year

She had a headache yesterday.

We did our homework last night.

Negative and interrogative

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "to do" as an ordinary
verb, use the auxiliary "did", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
Examples:

He went to a club last night.

They weren't in Rio last summer.

We didn't have any money.

We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.

Were they in Iceland last January?

Did you have a bicycle when you were young?

Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

 PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and

the past participle of a verb.
We use the present perfect:
For something that started in the past and continues in the present:
They've been married for nearly fifty years.
She has lived in Liverpool all her life.
When we are talking about our experience up to the present:
I've seen that film before.
I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.
We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the present:
My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.
And we use never for the negative form:
Have you ever met George?
Yes, but I've never met his wife.
 PAST SIMPLE TIME EXPRESSIONS
In English, we use the simple past to talk about when things happened. There
are a number of words and phrasesthat are often used to show when an action
or situation happened in the past.  We call them time adverbials. Here are some
of the most common ones.
Time adverbial: ago
We use time reference + ago to show how far back in the past something
happened
Examples:
The movie ended five minutes ago.
The plane landed two hours ago.
Time adverbial: last
We use last + time reference to mean the most recent or nearest to the present
day time:
Examples:
I saw a game on TV last night.
My parents traveled to Japan last month.
Time adverbial: yesterday
We use yesterday or yesterday + morning / afternoon / evening to talk about
the day before today:
Examples:
Charles wore a suit to work yesterday.
We got up early yesterday morning.

PRESENT PERFECT TIME EXPRESSIONS

For; since; yet; never; always; so far; # times; many
times; lately; recently; already.
Example:
Sam has visited Hawaii many times.
Paul has been here for six hours
Yoko has known Mary since 1994.
I have already written a letter to the president.
 GRAMMAR-UNIT2
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect
progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at
the present time. The present perfect continuous is formed using the
construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing).

Recently and lately are words that we often find with verbs in the present

perfect continuous tense.
Examples:
Mia has been competing in flute competitions recently. (And she will continue to
do so.)
I haven’t been feeling well lately. (And I am still sick now.)
Recently, I’ve been misplacing my wallet and keys. (Because I sure don’t know
where they are.)
I've been reading.
Jenny's been helping us recently.
I haven't been playing tennis.
It hasn't been snowing.

Time Expressions for Present Perfect Continuous

Here are time markers that can be used with the present perfect continuous. 1)
for
This gives a period of time.
Examples:
I've been working at this company for two years.
1) since
This gives a starting point.
Examples:
I've been living in this apartment since 2015.
2)  this week / month / year / today / all day
These expressions can be used for periods of time that are not finished.
Examples:
He's been studying hard this week.
3)  recently
This started not long ago.
Examples:
We've been going to the gym recently.

Present Perfect vs Perfect Continuous

We use the present perfect simple with action verbs to emphasise the
completion of an event in the recent past. We use the present perfect
continuous to talk about ongoing events or activities which started at a time in
the past and are still continuing up until now.
We use both the present perfect simple (have or has + past participle) and the
present perfect continuous (have or has + been + -ing form) to talk about past
actions or states which are still connected to the present.
Sometimes we can use either form and the meaning is the same:
I’ve lived here for 20 years.
I’ve been living here for 20 years.

Present Perfect Continuous Time Expressions

Time Expressions in the Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)
Use since or ever since with a specific month, year or a period in the past > I
have been jogging in this park since 2002 / He has been staring at the wall ever
since he heard the news.
Use for with a number of hours, days, months, years > She’s been talking on
the phone for 3 hours.

GRAMMAR-UNIT 3
GRAMMAR – MAY- MIGHT (POSSIBILITY)
May and might are modal auxiliary verbs—words that clarify a main verb by
indicating possibility, permission, or necessity.
1. “May” or “Might” When It Comes to Tense
When a sentence is in the present tense, the preferred word to use is may:
She may join us for dinner.
Howard may call you soon.
We may go to the party.
When a sentence is in the past perfect tense, the preferred word to use
is might.
I might have joined you last night if it weren’t for the rain.
Elsa might have called, but my phone was on silent.
Lorraine might not have asked for help, but I knew she needed it.
2. “May” or “Might” When It Comes to Probability
If something is likely to happen (but there’s still a small chance that it won’t), the
preferred word to use is may.
It may rain tonight, but I’m still going to the concert.
Johanna may get a promotion.
We may go on vacation this summer.
Might, on the other hand, indicates a lower probability of something occurring. It
could happen, but there’s a high chance it won’t.
If we take this upcoming exit, we might make it on time.
We all laughed when Jacob said he might win the lottery tonight.
Stick around and you just might find out.
The difference between may and might is subtle, but it can help clarify your
writing, especially when it comes to permission and probability. It can take some
practice before using these words correctly 100% of the time, but try to
remember these key points:

 Use may for present tense, and might for past perfect tense.

 May expresses a high possibility of something happening,
 whereas might hints that it might not happen.
 Both may and might can be used to ask for permission, but
use may when giving permission.

GRAMMAR – SHALL
Shall comes first in the verb phrase (after the subject and before another verb).
We use it mostly with I and we:
I shall post it to you tomorrow.
Shall cannot be used with another modal verb:
I shall have to be at the airport by 5 pm.
Shall can be followed by have to, need to and be able to:
We shall have to tell him what happened.
The good news is I shall be able to join you at your meeting next week.
The negative form of shall is shan’t. We don’t use don’t, doesn’t,
didn’t with shall:
I shan’t be home tomorrow night.
We shan’t know the result of the tests till Tuesday.

GRAMMAR – OUGHT TO
Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and
in some ways like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed
by to, but like modal verbs, it does not change form for person:
I ought to phone my parents.
It ought to be easy now.

Affirmative
Ought to comes first in the verb phrase (after the subject and before another
verb):
We ought to do more exercise.
Ought to cannot be used with another modal verb:
Medicine ought to be free.

Negative
The negative is formed by adding ‘not’ after ought (ought not to). It can be
contracted to oughtn’t to. We don’t use don’t, doesn’t, didn’t with ought to:
We ought not to have ordered so much food.
Questions
The subject and ought to change position to form questions. We don’t use do,
does, did:
Ought she to call the police?

Ought to Vs. Should

You use should or ought to to say that you expect something to happen.
We should be there by dinner time.
It ought to get easier with practice.
You use should or ought to with have and a past participle to say that you
expect something to have happened already.
You should have heard by now that I'm OK.
It's ten o'clock, so they ought to have reached the station.
You also use should or ought to with have and a past participle to say that
something was expected to happen, but did not happen.
Bags which should have gone to Rome were sent to New York.
The project ought to have finished by now.
 GRAMMAR UNIT 4
ZERO CONDITIONAL
In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the
simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the
sentence is the simple present.
The structure looks like this:
If + present tense clause + present tense clause
As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may
have to rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the
order of the clauses, but the meaning is identical. In zero conditional sentences,
you can replace "if" with "when", because both express general truths. The
meaning will be unchanged.
Examples:

 If you heat ice, it melts.

 Ice melts if you heat it.
 When you heat ice, it melts.
 Ice melts when you heat it.
 If it rains, the grass gets wet.
 The grass gets wet if it rains.
 When it rains, the grass gets wet.
  The grass gets wet when it rains.

ZERO CONDITIONAL REVIEW

You are going to review conditions that occur in our context and that had
occurred before, and the result is always the same. You already know facts, like
your habits for example:
If you do not sleep well, you feel tired.
What about your context:
If people use aerosols, they pollute the air. . 
For instance:
If you heat water, it is going to boil at 212º F.
Thus, water always boils at that temperature. This condition happens now and
always.

GRAMMAR UNIT 5
FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional is used to express the future consequence of a realistic
possibility now or in the future. For example,
If I miss the train, I’ll take the next one.
There is a 50% chance that the first part of this sentence (the action following
‘if’) will happen. And if it happens, the second part is 100% certain.
To make a sentence in the first conditional, we use,
If + present simple, will/won’t + verb.
If I pass this exam, I’ll celebrate.
If I pass this exam, I won’t have to do it again.
Like all conditionals we can also invert this structure:
Will + verb if + present simple.
I’ll celebrate if I pass this exam.
I won’t have to do this exam again if I pass it.
As an alternative to will, It’s possible to complete the second part of a first
conditional sentence with a modal verb or an imperative. For example,
If it rains, we can’t play tennis.
If it rains, we must postpone our game.
If it rains, wear your waterproof clothing.
The important thing to remember with the first conditional is that we can never
use will near if. Will can only come in the other part of the sentence. For
example,
We’ll be pleased if the client accepts our offer.

GRAMMAR – IMPERATIVE
Commands are also known as the imperative form. There is no difference if you
give a command to a single person or to a goup of people - the form of the verb
is the same. Put the verb in the infinitive form without "to" at the beginning of the
sentence, you don't use a subject and end the sentence with an object.
Tell someone to do something
Put out the rubbish.
Take an umbrella with you.
Turn off the TV.
Negative form: to make commands negative, put "don't" or "do not" before the
verb.
Tell someone not to do something
Don't shout at me.
Don't open the window.
Do not stay out too late.
Polite form: if you want to use the polite form, then add the word "please".
Polite form
Please don't shout at me.
Please tell me your phone number.
Hand out the books, please.
Help me with the homework, please.
PRACTICE
SECCION #
3
 WRITING
Write about the high school, give details about that partners can find
there. Use simple past tense, and “there was,” “there were.” Write on the
platform Moodle, in the forum section. Minimun 100 words.

At school I found many partners. The school was an incredible experience. In

my school there were bars where they sold delicious healthy food, I miss bars a
lot. My classmates and I were studious, we always got 10's in exams. In my
course there was a fellow athlete who won many competitions. At school I could
go to the library, there were many books and computers to surf the internet. In
the patio there was a basketball court, I had fun playing with my classmates. In
addition, at the exit door there was a lady who sold delicious sweets.

Let’s create a bucket list, remember your past experiences, and write a list
of things you have done when you were a child (experiences you have
had in the past). Then, write two paragraphs talking about 1. what you
have done, and 2. What you haven't done until this moment. Providing all
the information you need and use present perfect as main grammar.

I have had so many adventures in the past. I remember... I have visited

different waterfalls and I have jumped from some of them.

I have had so many trips around the equator when I was little. I remember that I
have been visiting Salinas for 10 years.

I have eaten many delicious dishes in my childhood but lasagna has remained
my favorite.

Imagine you recently have finished your university career. Then, you need
to comment Why have you decided to study that career? Have someone
inspired you to choose that career? What did you enjoy the most? What
did you not like? Minimum 120 words, you need to use present perfect
and past simple.

I have decided to study Initial Education because I have liked working with small
children. I was inspired by my uncle who has been a teacher for 20 years. I
have always admired him for his incredible work and legacy in the schools. My
professional career is Initial Education, this career provides educational service
to children under 6 years of age with the purpose of promoting their integral
development. I enjoy studying with my classmates at the university and the
classes with the children are nice. I did not like this career, the irresponsibility of
some of the parents with their children since they did not complete their tasks
and did not carry material to work.

Answer the following questions using complete sentences in the simple

past tense giving extra information about it. Include past time expressions

When was the last time you watched a soccer match?

The last time I watched a football game was last weekend.

When was the last time you studied until late at night?

The last time I studied late at night was yesterday.

When was the last time you talked to an old friend?

The last time I spoke to an old friend was last year.

When was the last time you went to a good restaurant?

The last time I went to a good restaurant was 6 years ago.

When was the last time you wrote a letter?

The last time I wrote a letter was in my childhood.

When was the last time you went swimming?

The last time I went swimming was last summer.

When was the last time you saw an interesting movie?

The last time I saw an interesting movie was 2 days ago.

When was the last time you played a sport?

The last time I played a sport was in my childhood.

Do you know much about your favorite artist? Write an article about
a celebrity. Imagine you have interviewed your favorite celebrity. Use
the present perfect continuous and any other tense you consider
appropriate. Minimum 120 words.
For example:“The famous actor Jenifer Lopez has been working hard recently.
She has been making a movie for six months, and she’s been rehearsing a new
play since last week”

Justin Bieber is a famous singer, born in Canada in 1994. Justin Bieber's first
single, "One Time", was released on the radio at the time he was recording his
debut album. The song peaked at number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.
Justin has been singing to audiences for 15 years. On December 13, 2009, he
participated with other artists in the Christmas in Washington celebration, which
is organized every year at the White House. During the presentation he was
attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama and
performed the Stevie Wonder song "Someday at Christmas 》. Justin has been
living in the United States since 2008. Also, Justin has been married to Hailey
Baldwin who is his wife since 2018.

You have to participate in the forum in Moodle. Imagine you are an

exchange student and you have been living abroad for 2 years. Write a
text explaining what have you been doing in your trip? and try to use
Present perfect continuous. (And other tenses you think are important).
Minimum 100 words.

I am Malena and I have been studying abroad for 2 years. I did an exchange
and I'm in the United States. I have been enjoying this trip. I have been meeting
people from different countries like Spain, Colombia, Mexico, Canada,
Argentina, etc. At the University I have been learning a lot, I have acquired
knowledge for when I am a professional. I have been sharing rooms with
students from Spain, they have been teaching me the customs and traditions of
their country, I always like to learn. Also, my classmates and I have been
visiting many places in the United States, it is a big country and a lot of fun. It
has been an incredible experience but I admit that I miss my country a lot.
Write about the main routines you have been repeating during all of your
life.(Include the use of Present perfect, present perfect continuous, and
the time expressions that applied). Upload it to Moodle. Explain minimum
of 10 routines.

I have usually been getting up at 8 in the morning for 15 years.

I have often eaten breakfast at 9 am this week.

I have usually been taking a shower all morning.

I have often eaten lunch at 12pm.

I have usually done homework in the afternoon this week.

I have never gone to the gym to exercise.

I have hardly ever eaten dinner at 7 at night.

I have usually been watching movies at night for 4 years.

I have often been going to bed at 10 p.m. since 2010.

I have often been listening to music on my cell phone since 2019.

You have to participate in the forum in Moodle. Write a text talking about
skills that you always wanted to learn and things that you are looking
forward to do better to use Present perfect and Present perfect
continuous. Minimum 100 words.

All my life I have wanted to learn things and have skills in different areas of life. I
have always wanted to cook delicious but it has been very difficult for me. I
have been watching tutorials on Youtube to learn but I don't prepare the same. I
have wanted to be in a culinary arts course but I have not had the opportunity.
Also, I have always wanted to learn to speak languages because it is necessary
to speak different languages for life. I have been studying English and French
for a year, I need to go to other countries to speak fluently.
WRITING AND SPEAKING Let’s become weather forecasters!
Rain,Sun,Snow!
STEP 1• Get into groups. Brainstorm some ideas on how you can make
some weather predictions by using just your naked eyes and write some
notes on the lines below:

STEP 2• Come to an agreement with each other on the best way to predict
the weather by using your naked eye. You can rely on elderly people's
advice.
STEP 3 • Prepare a 5-minute oral presentation with pictures, to explain the
way you predict the weather.
• Don’t forget to use all the new vocabulary you have learned so far,
especially the words related to the weather, and the modals May and
Might.

Yesterday, the weather was crazy because in the morning I enjoyed a beautiful
sunny day, but in the afternoon everything changed all of the sudden. It started
to rain and lasted for two to three long hours! Lately, the weather has been so
unpredictable, in the last five months I have changed my outfit on the same day
three times. In the month of March it may rain very hard. In April it might be very
cold.

Jack has emailed his friend Adam for dime advice. So, imagine you are
Adam, and give advice to Jack using ougth to. Write at least 100 words.
Dear jack

How are you?

Classes at the university have been relaxed and we miss you very much.

I think, that you should relax a lot and do a lot of activities. You should watch
movies in Spanish to improve it and learn more. You should listen to songs in
Spanish and learn the lyrics. Also, you should read Spanish grammar books
and read all about the culture of Spain. I know that until the summer with all
these tips you will speak Spanish very fluently.

WRITING – Recommendations.

Write recommendations for a blog. How do think people usually react

when there is a natural disaster? What should we actually do? Use
Should, and ought to.

When a natural disaster happens, people have different reactions.

We should be relaxed and calm down.

We ought to ask the authorities for help.

We should go to conferences about natural disasters.

We ought to have a suitcase ready of things that can be used for some kind of
disaster.
WRITING – Giving Advice on “your carbon footprint”
4. Write a paragraph about how to reduce our carbon footprint on a daily
basis. Your paragraph is expected to include the following information:
•What is a carbon footprint?
• What should we, as citizens, do to reduce it?Use Should, Ought to or
Shall.

The carbon footprint represents the total volume of greenhouse gases (GHG)
produced by the economic and daily activities of the human being.

If we consider reducing our carbon footprint, we must take into account the
following emission sources:

We Ought to check the air conditioning regularly and keep the filters clean. Turn
on the air only when needed.

We should avoid baths and take short showers.

We Shall turn off and unplug electrical appliances when not in use.

WRITING – What if? Answer the following questions using zero

conditional:

1. What if you don’t sleep for 24 hours?

 If I don't sleep for 24 hours, I feel tired.

2. What happens if you eat something very cold?

 If I eat something very cold, it gives me sensitivity in my teeth.

3. What happens if you put a spicy pepper in your mouth?

 If I put a spice in my mouth, it stings too much.

4. What happens if you never exercise?

 If I never exercise, I don't have a fit body.

5. What happens if a baby gets hungry?

 If a baby is hungry, it cries.

6. What happens if a dog senses danger?

 If a dog senses danger, he barks.

7. What happens if a person touches a hot stove?

 If a person touches the hot stove, that person gets burned.

8. What happens if you study hard?

 If I study hard, I get good grades.

9. What happens if the police catch you speeding?

 If the policeman finds me driving at high speed, he takes me to jail.

10. What happens if you don’t recharge your phone?

 If I don't recharge my cell phone, it turns off.

WRITING – Learning activity using the zero conditional.

Think about 5 different situations related to health. They may be neutral,

positive or negative situations.

Example: If you eat too much sugar, your glucose level gets high.

1. If you eat too much food with high fat, I cholesterol level increases.

2. If you exercise, your health improves.

3. If you don't drink water, it affects your kidneys.

4. If you visit the doctor, you have knowledge of different diseases.

5. If you feel sick, take medicine.

Do you know these women? These have been famous leaders throughout
the years. Write about their characteristics and mention how a good
leader should be. Use all the tenses. you have reviewed until now. Upload
it to Moodle. Write at least 120 words.

Female leaders have been proven to be more likely to coach, mentor, and
develop their direct reports than male leaders. They are true talent agents,
using feedback and direction to help people grow. This means being less
transactional and more strategic in their relationship with employees, and it also
includes the openness to hire people who are better than themselves, because
their egos are less likely to stand in the way. This enables them to unlock other
people’s potential and promote effective cooperation on their teams. While we
gravitate towards leaders who are self-focused and self-centered, the likelihood
that such individuals can turn a group of people into a high-performing team is
low.

The solid form of water, Known as ice, floats. write your thoughts about
what would happen to the plants and animals that live in lakes and
streams, if ice formed on the bottom instead of floating on the top? Use
allthe tenses you have reviewed until this unit.

If ice forms at the bottom of a place where plants and animals live, I believe that
many of the living things that live there do not live well. In addition, the ice
produces too much cold and there are animals that are not used to it.

What's your learning style? Do you learn best by listening, reading,

interaction, doing thing, or by some other method?

My best learning style is reading. I have read many books since my childhood. I
learn by reading.

Write a short composition (a paragraph) where you recommend to the

people visit one of your favorite’s places in Ecuador. Explain the reasons
for your recommendation. Write at least 120 words.

My country is named Ecuador and it is a beautiful country. My country has

incredible places both on the Coast, Sierra and Oriente. There are many natural
places in Ecuador such as: The sea lion in Salinas, I have visited this place and
it has been amazing to see the sea lions so close.

The region that I liked the most is the Coast. Because it has many tourist places
and the coast has a warm climate compared to that of the Sierra. In addition, I
have visited some beaches in Ecuador such as Atacames, Montañita and
Salinas. I don't like the Sierra very much because it is very cold there, but there
are many beautiful places to visit. I haven't visited the woods yet, but I'd like to
visit one day. My favorite city in Ecuador is Guayaquil because it is a very
popular city and full of opportunities for everyone.

Imagine you work in Walt Disney world at the Magic Kingdom Park.
Give directions to the guests, how to get to Fantasy land from Main

Street U.S.A., and explain what they have to do as a preventive

measure for covid 19 within the facilities. Write at least 100 words.

Welcome to the best Magic Kingdom theme park. I work here and I can help
you with whatever you need. To get to Fantasyland from Main Street U.S.A you
can continue along this street and then turn right and you find TomorrowLand
Terrace, on the corner is Mad Tea Party and from there you turn left and this
Fantasyland, Fantasyland is between Liberty Square and Tomorrowland. To
enter each of the Magic Kingdom theme park facilities, they must wear masks,
they must wash their hands with disinfectants, they must use alcohol at all times
and people with covid 19 must not enter.

Write a composition about “the golf balls “in your life. Who are the most
important people in your life?

What are the most important things in your life? What are your passions?
The composition must be done In 120 words.

¨Golf balls¨

The most important people in my life are my son, my mother, my brothers and
nephews. I love them very much and would give my life for them. The most
important things in my life are values such as respect towards others, humility,
honesty and love. These values I teach my son Mateo. All the things I do
towards my son are with passion, my studies, my dedication at home, my
future.
Lesson
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4

Vocabulary
Cashless: characterized by the exchange of funds by check, debit or credit
card, or various electronic methods rather than the use of cash.
Sin efectivo: caracterizado por el intercambio de fondos por cheque, tarjeta de
débito o crédito, o varios métodos electrónicos en lugar del uso de efectivo.

Sale: the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling something.

Venta: el intercambio de una mercancía por dinero; la acción de vender algo.

Payroll: a list of a company's employees and the amount of money they are to
be paid.

Nómina de sueldos: una lista de los empleados de una empresa y la cantidad

de dinero que se les debe pagar.

Raise: lift or move to a higher position or level.

Aumenta; levantar o mover a una posición o nivel más alto.

Childhood: the state of being a child.

Infancia: El estado de ser niños.

Horseback: the back of a horse.

Lomo de caballo: el lomo de un caballo.

Mess; a situation or state of affairs that is confused or full of difficulties.

Desorden; una situación o estado de cosas que es confuso o lleno de

dificultades.

Mistake: an action or judgment that is misguided or wrong.

Error: una acción o juicio que es erróneo o erróneo.