AMEB13 Lab Manual

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043
Lab Manual:
Fluid Machinery and IC engines Laboratory (AMEB13)
Prepared by
(Mr. A Somaiah)
Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Institute of Aeronautical Engineering
August 16, 2021
Contents
Content i
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Student Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Responsibilities of Faculty Teaching the Lab Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Laboratory In-charge Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 Course Coordinator Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Lab Policy and Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Course Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Use of Laboratory Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1 Instrument Protection Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Data Recording and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5.1 The Laboratory Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5.2 The Laboratory Files/Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 LAB-1 ORIENTATION 5
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Prelab Preparation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Equipment needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6 Further Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 LAB-2 CALIBERATION OF VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEMETER 6

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.9 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 LAB-3 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR 10

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
i
4.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.9 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 LAB-4 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULIS THEOREM 14

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.3 Prelab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.9 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 LAB-5 PERFORMANCE TEST OF REACTION TURBINE 17

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.10 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7 LAB-6 PERFORMANCE TEST OF IMPULSE TURBINE 21

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.10 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8 LAB-7 PERFORMANCE TEST ON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP 25

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ii
8.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
8.10 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9 LAB-8 PERFORMANCE TEST OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMP 28

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.10 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10 LAB-9 PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE 32

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.7 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.8 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.9 PORT TIMING DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.10VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.11Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.12Further Probing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11 LAB-10 PERFORMANCE TEST OF 4-STROKE SI ENGINE 36

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.10Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
12 LAB-11 PERFORMANCE TEST OF 4-STROKE CI ENGINE 39

12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
12.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
iii
12.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
12.10Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
13 LAB-12 PERFORMANCE TEST ON AIR COMPRESSOR UNIT 43

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
13.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
13.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
13.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
13.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
13.10Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
14 LAB-13 PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION RA-

TIO (VCR) ENGINE 46
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
14.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
14.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
14.6 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
14.7 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
14.8 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
14.9 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
14.10Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
iv
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The Fluid Mechanics laboratory is designed to examine the properties of fluids and to conduct
experiments involving both incompressible and compressible flow. Students are expected to get
hands on experience on investigating the fundamentals of fluid statics as well as kinematics and
kinetics of fluid flow and operation of turbo machineries. It is an introductory course where flow
behavior, fluid forces and analysis tools are introduced. The goals of the experiments include
determination of forces generated when fluid flow takes place over a solid object, applications of
the control volume approach, flow measurement. How the student performs in the lab depends
on his/her preparation, participation, and teamwork. Each team member must participate in
all aspects of the lab to insure a thorough understanding of the equipment and concepts. The
student, lab teaching assistant, and faculty coordinator all have certain responsibilities toward
successful completion of the lab’s goals and objectives.
1.1.1 Student Responsibilities

The student is expected tocome prepared for each lab.Lab preparation includes understanding
the labexperiment from the lab manual and reading the related textbook material.
Students have to write the allotted experiment for that particular week in the work sheets
given and carry them to the Lab. In case of any questions or problems with the preparation,
students can contact the Faculty Teaching the Lab course, but in a timely manner.
Students have to be in formal dress code, wear shoes and lab coat for the Laboratory Class.
After the demonstration of experiment by the faculty, student has to perform the experiment
individually. They have to note down the observations in the observation Tables drawn in work
sheets, do the calculations and analyze the results.
Active participation by each student in lab activities is expected. The student is expected
to ask the Faculty any questions they may have related to the experiment.
The student should remain alert and use commonsense while performing the lab experi-
ment.They are also responsible for keeping a professional and accurate record of the labexperi-
ments in the files provided.
1.1.2 Responsibilities of Faculty Teaching the Lab Course

The Faculty shall be completely familiar with each labprior to the laboratory. He/She shall pro-
vide the students with details regarding the syllabus and safety review during the first week.Lab
experiments should be checked in advance to make sure that everything is in working order.The
Faculty should demonstrate and explain the experiment and answer any questions posed by the
students.Faculty have to supervise the students while they perform the lab experiments. The
Faculty is expected to evaluate the lab worksheets and grade them based on their practical skills
and understanding of the experiment by taking Viva Voce. Evaluation of work sheets has to
be done in a fair and timely manner to enable the students, for uploading them online through
their CMS login within the stipulated time.
1
1.1.3 Laboratory In-charge Responsibilities
The Laboratory In-charge should ensure that the laboratory is properly equipped, i.e., the
Faculty teaching the lab receive any equipment/components necessary to perform the experi-
ments.He/She is responsible for ensuring that all the necessary equipment for the lab is available
and in working condition. The Laboratory In-charge is responsible for resolving any problems
that are identified by the teaching Faculty or the students.
1.1.4 Course Coordinator Responsibilities

The course coordinator is responsible fo rmaking any necessary corrections in Course Description
and lab manual. He/She has to ensure that it is continually updated and available to the students
in the CMS learning Portal.
1.2 Lab Policy and Grading

The student should understand the following policy:
ATTENDANCE: Attendance is mandatory as per the academic regulations.
LAB RECORD’s: The student must:
1. Write the work sheets for the allotted experiment and keep them ready before the beginning
of eachlab.
2. Keep all work in preparation of and obtained during lab.
3. Perform the experiment and record the observations in the worksheets.
4. Analyze the resultsand get the work sheets evaluated by the Faculty.
5. Upload the evaluated reports online from CMS LOGIN within the stipulated time.
Grading Policy:
The final grade of this course is awarded using the criterion detailed in the academic regula-
tions. A large portion of the student’s grade is determined in the comprehensive final exam of
the Laboratory course (SEE PRACTICALS),resulting in a requirement of understanding the
concepts and procedure of each lab experiment for successful completion of the lab course.
Pre-Requistes and Co-Requisties:

The lab course is to be taken during the samesemester as AHSC03, but receives a separate
grade. Students are required to have completed both AHSC03 and AHSC05 with minimum
passing grade or better grade in each.
1.3 Course Goals and Objectives

The fluid dynamic laboratory is designed to provide the student with the knowledge to use
basic measuring instruments and design concepts in flow measurements. The experiments are
designed to complement the concepts introduced in AE R18. In addition, the student should
learn how to record experimental results effectively and present these results in a written report.
More explicitly, the class objectives are:
2
1. The types of fluids, properties and behavior under static and dynamic conditions of closed
conduit and external flow systems.
2. The operating principle of various turbo machinery and analyze their performance char-
acteristics under various operating conditions.
3. The measurement of flow rate through various internal and external flow systems.
1.4 Use of Laboratory Instruments

One of the major goals of this lab is to familiarize the student with the proper equipment
andtechniques for conducting experiments. Some understanding of the lab instruments is neces-
saryto avoid personal or equipment damage.By understanding the device’s purpose and following
a fewsimple rules, costly mistakes can be avoided.
The following rules provide a guideline for instrument protection.
1.4.1 Instrument Protection Rules

1. Set instrument scales to the highest range before its usage.
2. Be sure instrument are handled properly to avoid accidental touching of rotating machiner-
ies.
3. Check maximum load for given turbo machinery carefully before connecting power.
4. Always operate the me.chanical devices within the permissible limit
1.5 Data Recording and Reports

1.5.1 The Laboratory Worksheets
Students must record their experimental values in the provided tables in this laboratory manual
and reproduce them in the lab reports. Reports are integral to recording the methodology
and results of an experiment. In engineering practice, the laboratory worksheets serves as an
invaluable reference to the technique used in the lab and is essential when trying to duplicate a
result or write a report. Note that the data collected will be an accurate and permanent record
of the data obtained during the experiment and the analysis of the results. You will need this
record when you are ready to prepare a lab report
1.5.2 The Laboratory Files/Reports

COVER PAGE - Cover page must include lab name and number, your name, your lab partner’s
name, and the date the lab was performed.
OBJECTIVE - Clearly state the experiment objective in your own words.
EQUIPMENT USED - Indicate which equipment was used in performing the experiment.
FOR EACH PART OF THE LAB:
Write the lab’s part number and title in bold font.
Firstly, describe the problem that you studied in this part, give an introduction of the
theory, and explain why you did this experiment. Do not lift the text from the lab manual;
use your own words.
3
Secondly, describe the experimental setup and procedures. Do not follow the lab manual in
listing out individual pieces of equipment and assembly instructions. That is not relevant
information in a lab report! Instead, describe the circuit as a whole and explain how it
works. Your description should take the form of a narrative, and include information not
present in the manual, such as descriptions of what happened during intermediate steps
of the experiment.
Thirdly, explain your findings. This is the most important part of your report, because
here, you show that you understand the experiment beyond the simple level of completing
it. Explain (compare expected results with those obtained). Analyze (analyze experimen-
tal error).
Finally, provide a summary of what was learned from this part of the laboratory ex-
periment. If the results seem unexpected or unreliable, discuss them and give possible
explanation
4
LAB-1 ORIENTATION
2.1 Introduction
In the first lab period, the students should become familiar with the location of equipment and
components in the lab, the course requirements, and the teaching instructor.
2.2 Objective
To familiarize the students with the lab facilities, equipment, standard operating procedures,
lab safety, and the course requirements.
2.3 Prelab Preparation:

Read the Introduction and procedure of the experiment of respective experiments which are
given this manual.
2.4 Equipment needed

Labmanual.
2.5 Procedure
1. 1 During the first laboratory period, the instructor will provide the students with a general
idea of what is expected from them in this course. Each student will receive a copy of
the syllabus, stating the instructor’s contact information. In addition, the instructor will
review the safety concepts of the course.
2. 2 During this period, the instructor will briefly review the equipment which will be used
throughout the semester. The location of instruments, equipment, and components will
be indicated. The guidelines for instrument use will be reviewed.
2.6 Further Probing Experiments

Advance experiments pertaining to this lab must be probed in further coming weeks
5
LAB-2 CALIBERATION OF VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEME-
TER
3.1 Introduction
Venturimeter and orificemeter is an equipment utilized for determination of the speed of flow of
a fluid flowing through pipes to calculate the discharge of a fluid flowing through a pipe. This
is one of the applications of Bernoulli’s equation. It consists of three parts:1) Short converging
part 2) Throat 3) Divergent part. The result of a flowmeter calibration will normally provide
two related figures: one related to the flow rate and the other as a performance indicator
3.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how to calibrate Venturimeter and orificemeter

Prior to coming to lab class, read about Orificemeter, Venturimeter and have glance of the
Procedure.

1. Venturimeter
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
6. Orificemeter
3.5 Background
Venturi, the Italian engineer, discovered in 1791 that a pressure difference related the rate of flow
could be created in pipe by deliberately reducing its area of cross-section. The modern version
of the venturi meter was first developed and employed for measurement of flow of water by
Clemens Herschel in 1886. Venturi meter continues to be the best and most precise instrument
for measurement of all types of fluid flow in pipes. The meter consists of a short length of gradual
convergence throat and a longer length of gradual divergence. The semi-angle of convergence is
8 to 10 degrees and the semi-angle of divergenceis3 to 5 degrees. By measuring the difference in
fluid pressure before and after throat the flow rate can be obtained from Bernoulli’s equation.
6
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When a
fluid passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly upstream of the orifice, but as the
fluid is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases and the fluid pressure
decreases. A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its point of maximum convergence,
after that, the flow expands, the velocity falls and the pressure increases. By measuring the
difference in fluid pressure across tappings upstream and downstream of the plate, the flow rate
can be obtained from Bernoulli’s equation
3.6 Procedure
1. The pipe is selected for conducting venturimeter experiment.
2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
7
3. According to the flow, the manometer fluid level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted
5. The time taken for 5 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
8. The same procedure is followed for conducting orifice experiment
3.7 Observation
Venturimeter
S No Manometric head Time Theoretical Actual Coefficient

taken for discharge discharge of dis-
h cm rise charge
h1 h2 hw of water Qt [m3 /s] Qa [m3 /s] Cd =

in tank Qa /Qt
(t)
Orificemeter
S No Manometric head Time Theoretical Actual Coefficient

taken for discharge discharge of dis-
h cm rise charge
h1 h2 hw of water Qt [m3 /s] Qa [m3 /s] Cd =

in tank Qa /Qt
(t)
8
3.8 Calculation
t= Time taken for h cm rise of water in tank
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
hw = Venturi head interms of flowing liquid
Specif icgravityof ccl4
(hw )=h2 -h1 x -1
Specif icgravityof water
Specific gravity of carbon tetra chloride ccl4 =1.6
Specific gravity of water=1
Diameter of pipe= 4 cm
Diameter of the throat =2.4 cm
Area of collecting tank= 50x 50√cm2
Theoritical discharge Qt = K x h.
a1 a2 (2gh)0.5
K= 2
(a1 − a22 )0.5
a1 = area of cross section of pipe
a2 = area of cross section of pipe at throat
Volume of water collected in tank
Actual discharge(Qa )=
time taken to collect water
Area of tank x height of water collected in tank
Actual discharge(Qa )=
t
Actual discharge
Coefficient of discharge (Cd )=
Theoritical discharge
3.9 Results

Q1 : Change the rate of convergence and divergence of venturi and repeat the same experiment
Q2 : Change the height of wedge fororifice and find the discharge coefficient
9
LAB-3 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR
4.1 Introduction
Friction losses are a complex function of the system geometry, the fluid properties and the flow
rate in the system. By observation, the head loss is roughly proportional to the square of the
flow rate in most engineering flows. Pipe Cross-section is important, as deviations from circular
cross-section will cause secondary flows that increase the pressure drop. Non-circular pipes and
ducts are generally treated by using the hydraulic diameter
4.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how to calculate friction losses in circular and
rectangular pipes.

Read about factors causing losses in pipes and have a glance of procedure prior coming to the
lab.

1. Venturimeter
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
4.5 Background
When the fluid flows through a pipe the viscosity of the fluid and the inner surface of the pipe
offer resistance to the flow. In overcoming the resistance some energy of the flowing fluid is lost.
This is called the major loss in pipe flow. Boundary roughness, which has little significance in
laminar flow, plays an important role in turbulence. This, together with transverse momentum
exchange of fluid particles due to the perpetual turbulent intermixing, are the main sources
of tangential or shear stresses in turbulent flow. Various equations have been proposed to
determine the head losses due to friction. These equations relate the friction losses to physical
characteristics of the pipe and various flow parameters.
10
4.6 Procedure
1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments
2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. The reading of h1 and h2 are noted
5. The time taken for 5cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
4.7 Observation
Rectangular pipe
S No Manometric head Time Discharge Velocity Friction

taken for factor
h cm rise
h1 h2 hf of water Q [m3 /s] V [m/s] f

in tank
(t)
11
Circular pipe
S No Manometric head Time Discharge Velocity Friction

taken for factor
h cm rise
h1 h2 hf of water Q [m3 /s] V [m/s] f

in tank
(t)
4.8 Calculation
2 ∗ g ∗ D ∗ hf )
Friction factor(f)=
4lV 2
where g is acceleration due to gravity
Cross section area π ∗ r2
Df orcircularpipe=4x = 4x =d
wetted perimeter π∗D
d= Diameter of pipe= 2 cm
Cross section area w∗h
Df orrectangularpipe=4x =4x
wetted perimeter 2 ∗ (w + h)
Width of pipe (w)= 2 cm,
Height of pipe (h)= 2 cm
Length of pipe(l)= 200 cm
V= Velocity of liquid flowing in the pipe
Specif icgravityof mercury
hf = Loss of head due to friction= (hf )=h2 -h1 x -1
Specif icgravityof water
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
A ∗ h)
Actual discharge Q=
t
Where
A= Area of collecting tank
h= Rise of water for 5 cm
t= Time taken for 5 cm rise
Q= Velocity in pipe x Area of pipe
Q= V*a
V= Q/a
12
4.9 Results

Q1 . Change the roughness of pipes and find the friction factor
Q2 . Change thegeometry of pipes and find the friction factor
13
LAB-4 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULIS THEOREM
5.1 Introduction
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids with no energy exchange
due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work (pump or some other device). The
relationship among these three forms of energy was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-
1782), based upon the conservation of energy principle. Bernoulli’s theorem pertaining to a flow
streamline is based on three assumptions: steady flow, incompressible fluid, and no losses from
the fluid friction. The validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be examined in this experiment.
5.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how to validate the Bernoullis equation.
5.3 Prelab
Prior to coming to lab class, read Bernoulis theoremand, their application and have glance of
the Procedure.

1. A water supply tank
2. A tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometer tubes point
3. Measuring tank
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
5.5 Background
Bernoulli’s theorem provides a mathematical means to understanding the mechanics of fluids. It
has many real-world applications, ranging from understanding the aerodynamics of an airplane;
calculating wind load on buildings; designing water supply and sewer networks; measuring flow
using devices such as weirs, Parshall flumes, and venturimeters; and estimating seepage through
soil, etc. Although the expression for Bernoulli’s theorem is simple, the principle involved in the
equation plays vital roles in the technological advancements designed to improve the quality of
human life. 1-9: Piezo meters
10: Stainless steel duct
11: Sigle phase motor with pump
12: Flow control valves
14
13: Supply tank with piezo meter.
14: Delivery tank with piezo meter
15: Supply tank drain control valve.
16: Out flow control valve.
17: Drain valve from dicharge tank
18: Discharge measuring tank(0.3 x 0.3 m)
19: Water storagetank
5.6 Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and outflow
equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes. Note
down piezometer readings.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time
5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.
6. Compute the values of velocity head and pressure head.
15
7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.
5.7 Observation
S No Piezo me- Time Discharge Pressure Velocity Datum Total

ter read- taken for Q [m3 /s] head (m) head (m) head (m) head
ing 5 cm rise
5.8 Calculation
p
Pressure head = m
ρg
V2
Velocity head = m
2g
Datum head = Z= 0 m (for this experiment)
Volume of water collected in tank
DischargeQ=
time taken to collect water
Area of tank x height of water collected in tank
DischargeQ=
t
Q= Velocity of water in pipe * area of cross section = V* AX
(Ai − At ) ∗ Ln
Area of cross section(AX )= At +
L
At = Area of throat
Ai = Area of inlet
Diameter of throat= 25 mm
Diameter of inlet= 50 mm
Ln = Distance between throat and corresponding piezometer
L= Lemgth of the diverging duct or converging duct= 300 mm
Distance between each piezometer = 75 mm
p V2
Total head= + +Z
ρg 2g
5.9 Results

Q1 :Vary the mass flow rate and verify Bernoulis theorem
Q2 :Change the fluid type and verify Bernoulis theorem
16
LAB-5 PERFORMANCE TEST OF REACTION TURBINE
6.1 Introduction
The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, in which the fluid changes pressure as it moves through
the turbine, giving up its energy. The turbine is located between the high pressure water source
and the low pressure water exit. The inlet of turbine is in spiral shape. The guide vanes direct
the water tangentially to the turbine wheel which is known as a runner. This radial flow of water
acts on the runner’s vanes, causing the runner to spin. The guide vanes may be adjustable to
allow efficient turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions. At the point of exit, the
water leaves with no swirl and very little kinetic or potential energy. The shape of the turbine’s
exit tube helps to decelerate the flow of water and recover the pressure.
6.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn the functions of each component, calculate the
performance parameters and interpret the characteristic curves of a Francis Turbine.

Read the introduction of this manual and adopt the general safety precautions to be followed
in this laboratory while working with the machinery.

1. Francis turbine test rig
2. Venturimeter
3. Dead weight
4. Stopwatch
5. Tachometer.
6.5 Background
The water from the penstock enters a scroll casing which completely surrounds the runner. The
purpose of the casing is to provide an even distribution around the circumference of the turbine
runner, maintaining a constant velocity of water. In order to keep the velocity of water constant
throughout its path around the runner, the cross-sectional area of casing is gradually decreased.
The casing is made up of material depending upon the pressure into which it is subjected from
the scroll casing the water passes through the speed ring consist of upper and lower ring held
together by a series of fixed vanes called stay vanes. The number of stay vanes is usually taken
17
as half number of guide vanes. The speed ring has two functions to perform. It directs the
water to scroll casing to guide vanes. Francis turbine consists of runner mounted on a shaft
and enclosed in a spiral casing with guide vanes. The cross section of flow between the guide
vanes can be varied, known as gate opening. It can be adjusted ¼,½, ¾, or full gate opening. A
brake drum is fixed to the turbine shaft. By means of this drum the speed of the turbine can
be varied. The discharge can be varied by operating a throttle valve on the pipeline. The water
after doing work leaves the turbine through a draft tube and flows down into the tail race. A
Venturimeter is fitted to the pipe for measuring discharge.
6.6 Procedure
1. Keep theguide vaneat required opening (say½th)
2. Prime the turbine if necessary.
3. Close themain gatevalve and start the turbine.
4. Open thegate valve for required discharge
5. Open the brakedrum coolingwatergate valve for coolingthe brakedrum.
18
6. Note the Venturimeter pressure gauge readings
7. Note the inlet pressure gauge & outlet vacuum gauge readings
8. Notedown applied weights springbalance
9. Measure the turbine runner speed in rpm with tachometer
10. Repeat the experiment fordifferent loadings.
6.7 Observation
Venturimeterinlet Diameter, d1=100 mm
Venturimeterinlet area, a1 =
Venturimeter throat diameter ,d2=60mm
Venturimeterthroat area, a2 =
Speed(N)=
Diameter of brakedrum, D =300mm
S No Gate Pressure Vacuum Manometer Speed Spring balance Output Input η

open- gauge gauge N power power
ing (kg/cm2 ) Po Pi
KW KW
h1 (cm) h2 (cm) T1 (kg) T2 (kg)
6.8 Calculation
Inlet pressure P= kg/cm2 // Vacuum gauge= mm of hg
a1 a2 (2gh)0.5
Q= Discharge =
(a21 − a22 )0.5
Cd = 0.98
Manometric difference = h
s1
h = h1 − h2 ( − 1)
s2
whereas
s1 -specificgravityof mercury=13.6
s1 -specificgravityof water=1
2π ∗ a ∗ N ∗ T
Outputpower(Po )= watts
60
19
Input power Pi =ρ *g*Q*h W
T= (T1 -T2 )*g* radius of break drum N-m
T1 =load applied on Brake drum dynamometer(Kg).

Radius of break drum = 0.15 m
N= Speed of Brake drum Dynamometer (Rpm).
Po
Efficiency of the turbine ηm = ∗ 100
Pi
Po
Electrical efficiency ηe = ∗ 100
Pi
Po = Electrical output= VÖ I watts
6.9 Graphs
1. Speed Vs.Efficiency
2. Discharge Vs.Powerinput
3. Inputpower Vs.Speed
4. Outputpower Vs Speed
6.10 Results

Q1 : Performance characteristics of Francis turbine for change in the vane angle
Q2 : Performance characteristics of Francis wheel turbine for change in datum head
20
LAB-6 PERFORMANCE TEST OF IMPULSE TURBINE
7.1 Introduction
A turbine is a machine which converts the fluid energy into mechanical energy which is then
utilized to run the electric generator of a power plant. Fluid used can be water or steam.
The Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the bucket along the
tangent of the runner. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy.
The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmosphere. The turbine is used for high
head.
7.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn the functions of each component, calculate the
performance parameters and interpret the characteristic curves of a Pelton wheel turbine.


1. Pelton wheel test rig
2. Venturimeter
3. Dead weight
4. Stopwatch
5. Tachometer.
7.5 Background
Pelton Wheel turbine is an impulse type of hydraulic turbine. The total drop in pressure of the
fluid takes place in stationary nozzles. A proportion of the kinetic energy of a high velocity jet
is converted into mechanical work delivered to the shaft, the remainder being dissipated by fluid
friction and partly retained as kinetic energy of fluid leaving the cups. The fluid transfers its
momentum to buckets mounted on the circumference of a wheel. Pelton Wheel or impulse type
hydraulic turbine is used in hydroelectric scheme when the head available exceeds about 300m.
The turbine is supplied with water under high head through a long conduit called penstock. The
water is then accelerated through a nozzle and discharge at high-speed free jet at atmospheric
pressure, which then impinges the cascade of impulse buckets.
21
7.6 Procedure
1. Gradually open the delivery valve of the pump.
2. Adjust the nozzle opening at about½ th of the opening by operating the spear valve by
Handwheel
3. The head should be made constant by operating the delivery valve and the head should
be maintained at constant value.
4. Observe the speed of the turbine using the tachometer
5. Observe the readings of h1and h2corresponding the manometric fluid in the two limbs
which are connected to the Venturimeter.
6. Adjust the load on the brake drum; note the speed of the turbine using tachometer and
spring balance reading.
7. Repeat the experiment for different loadings
7.7 Observation
Venturimeterinlet Diameter, d1=65 mm
Venturimeterinlet area, a1 =
Venturimeter throat diameter ,d2=39mm
Venturimeterthroat area, a2 =
Speed(N)=
Diameter ofbrakedrum, D =300mm
22
S No Gate Pressure Vacuum Manometer Speed Spring balance Output Input η
open- gauge gauge N power power
ing (kg/cm2 ) Po Pi
KW KW
h1 (cm) h2 (cm) T1 (kg) T2 (kg)
S No Load (kW) Voltameter Current(A) Power(kW) Speed of η

(V) break drum
dynamome-
ter N
7.8 Calculation
Inlet pressure P= kg/cm2 // Vacuum gauge= mm of hg
a1 a2 (2gh)0.5
Q= Discharge =
(a21 − a22 )0.5
Cd = 0.98
Manometric difference = h
s1
h = h1 − h2 ( − 1)
s2
whereas
s1 -specificgravityof mercury=13.6
s1 -specificgravityof water=1
2π ∗ A ∗ N ∗ T
Outputpower(Po )= watts
60
Input power Pi =ρ *g*Q*h W
T= (T1 -T2 )*g* radius of break drum N-m
23
Radius of break drum = 0.15 m
N= Speed of Brake drum Dynamometer (Rpm).
Po
Efficiency of the turbine ηm = ∗ 100
Pi
Po
Electrical efficiency ηe = ∗ 100
Pi
Po = Electrical output= VÖ I watts
7.9 Graphs
1. Speed Vs.Efficiency
2. Discharge Vs.Powerinput
3. nputpower Vs.Speed
4. Outputpower Vs Speed
5. Head Vs Speed
7.10 Results

Q1 : Performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine for change in the bucket design
Q2 : Performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine for change in head
24
LAB-7 PERFORMANCE TEST ON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
8.1 Introduction
A pump is a device, which lifts water from a lower level to a higher level at the expense of
mechanical energy. Pump can be broadly classified. into two categories, positive displacement
and rotodynamic or dynamic pressure pump. In a positive displacement pump, a small quantity
of liquid is taken inside the pump and is displaced and forced out of the pump under pressure.
The liquid inside a positive displacement pump may be subjected either to a reciprocating
motion (reciprocating pump) or to a rotary/circular motion (gear pump, screw pumps etc.).
8.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how measure the performance of reciprocating
pump

Prior to coming to lab class, read about reciprocating pump, their oerating principle, application
and have glance of the procedure.

1. Reciprocating test Rig,
2. Pressure gauges at the inlet and delivery pipes,
3. Energy meter to measure the input electrical energy,
4. Stopwatch
5. Tachometer.
8.5 Background
Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pump as a definite volume of liquid is trapped in
a chamber which is alternatively filled from the inlet and emptied at a higher pressure through
the discharge. The fluid enters a pumping chamber through an inlet and is pushed out through
outlet valve by the action of piston. They are either single acting independent suction and
delivery strokes or double acting suction and delivery both the directions. Reciprocating pumps
are self-priming pumps and are suitable for very high head at low flows. They deliver reliable
discharge flows and is often used for metering duties because of constancy of flow rate.
25
Figure 8.1: Reciprocating pump
8.6 Procedure
1. Keep the delivery valve open and switch on pump slowly. Close the delivery valve and
maintain a constant head
2. Note the delivery and suction pressure gauge reading
3. Note the time for10 revolutions of Energy meter
4. Note the time for10cmrise in water level in collecting tank.
5. Note the speed of the pump
6. Repeat the test for4 other different head.
8.7 Observation
S No Pressure Vacuum Time Time Speed Discharge Input Output η

gauge gauge for 3 for 10 Np (Q) power power
readingPd read- rev of cm Rpm m3 /s Pi KW Po KW
Kg/cm2 ing in energy rise of
mm of meter water
Hg(Ps ) (t) (t)
26
8.8 Calculation
Stroke length of the pump (L)= 0.045m
Bore (d)= 0.04m

π
Piston area (a) = *(0.04)2 m2
4
Area of collecting tank (A)= 50*50 cm2
Qt − Qa
To find the percentage of slip = x 100
Qt
2L ∗ a ∗ Np 3
Qt = Theoretical discharge= m /s
60
A∗h 3
Qa = Actual discharge= m /s
t
t= Time for(h) cm rise in watter level
Po
To find oveall effidiency of the pump= ∗ 100
Pi
ρQgH
Output power Po = KW
1000
ρ = water density= 1000 kg/m3
Total head (H)= Hs +Hd +Z
Hs = Suction head
Hd = Delivery head
Z=datum head
Pd ∗ 9.81 ∗ 100
Hd =
9.81 ∗ 1000
3600 ∗ N
Input power Pi = KW
E ∗ tE
N= Number of blinks o energy meter disc E= Energy meter constant=1600(rev/Kwhr)
tE = time for three revolution of energymeter
8.9 Graphs
1. Actaul dicharge Vs Total head
2. Actaul dicharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actaul dicharge Vs Input power
4. Actaul dicharge Vs Output power
8.10 Results

Q1 : Performance characteristics of reciprocating pumps in series connection
Q2 : Performance characteristics of reciprocating pumps in parallel connection
27
LAB-8 PERFORMANCE TEST OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMP
9.1 Introduction
A centrifugal pump consists of a rotating shaft that is connected to an impeller, which is usually
comprised of curved blades. The impeller rotates within its casing and sucks the fluid through
the eye of the casing. The fluid’s kinetic energy increases due to the energy added by the impeller
and enters the discharge end of the casing that has an expanding area. The pressure within the
fluid increases accordingly.
9.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how measure the performance of centrifugal
pump

Prior to coming to lab class, read about centrifugal pump, their oerating principle, application
and have glance of the procedure.

1. Centrifugal pump test Rig,
2. Pressure gauges at the inlet and delivery pipes,
3. Energy meter to measure the input electrical energy,
4. Stopwatch
5. Tachometer.
9.5 Background
Centrifugal pumps are classified as rotodynamic type of pumps in which a dynamic pressure is
developed which enables the lifting of liquids from a lower to a higher level. The basic principle
on which a centrifugal pump works is that when a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by
an external force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is
impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level.
Now if more liquid is constantly made available at the centre of rotation, a continuous supply
of liquid at a higher level may be ensured. Since in these pumps the lifting of the liquid is due
to centrifugal action, these pumps are called ‘centrifugal pumps’. In addition to the centrifugal
action, as the liquid passes through the revolving wheel or impeller, its angular momentum
changes, which also results in increasing the pressure of the liquid.
28
A centrifugal pump does not push the liquid as in the case of a positive displacement pump,
but it modifies the hydraulic gradient such that the liquid is lifted to a higher level. In general
all the rotodynamic pumps closely resemble reaction type of hydraulic turbines and they may
be regarded as reversed reaction turbines. Thus the action of a centrifugal pump is just the
reverse of a radially inward flow reaction turbine. Similarly the axial flow pumps are reverse
of propeller or Kaplan turbines and the mixed flow pumps are the reverse of mixed flow type
turbines such as Francis turbine.
Figure 9.1: Centrifugal pump
9.6 Procedure
1. Prime the pump, close the delivery valve and switch on the unit.
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head. Note the reading.
3. Note the corresponding suction head pressure reading.
4. Measure the area of the collecting tank.
5. Close the drain the valve and note down the time taken for 10cm rise of the water level in
the collecting tank.
6. For different delivery heads repeat the experiment.
7. For every set of reading note the time taken for 10 revolutions of Energy meter.
29
9.7 Observation
S No Pressure Vacuum Time Time Speed Discharge Input Output η

gauge gauge for 3 for 10 Np (Q) power power
readingPd read- rev of cm Rpm m3 /s Pi KW Po KW
Kg/cm2 ing in energy rise of
mm of meter water
Hg(Ps ) (t) (t)
9.8 Calculation
Po
To find oveall effidiency of the pump= ∗ 100
Pi
ρQgH
Output power Po = KW
1000
ρ = water density= 1000 kg/m3
Total head (H)= Hs +Hd +Z
Hs = Suction head
Hd = Delivery head
Z=datum head
Pd ∗ 9.81 ∗ 100
Hd =
9.81 ∗ 1000
3600 ∗ N
Input power Pi = KW
E ∗ tE
N= Number of blinks o energy meter disc E= Energy meter constant=1500(rev/Kwhr)
tE = time for three revolution of energymeter
9.9 Graphs
1. Input and Output Power Vs Total head
2. Head Vs Speed
3. Speed Vs Efficiency
4. Head Vs Discharge
30
9.10 Results

Q1 : 1. Change the impeller type and determine the performance of a centrifugal pump.
Q2 : 2. Test the performance of a pump by replacing the input fluid.
31
LAB-9 PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 2-STROKE PETROL
ENGINE
10.1 Introduction
In 2-S engines ports which take charges and remove exhaust are in the cylinder itself. By virtue
of piston when the piston moves inside the cylinder it closes and opens ports. Here in this type
of engine (two strokes) one revolution of crank shaft complete one cycle.
10.2 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the actual PORT timing for a 2-stroke petrol
engine and hence draw the diagram.


1. 2-Stroke Petrol engine
2. Meter scale/Steel rule, Marker and thread.
10.5 Background
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
Here in this type of engine ports which take charges and remove exhaust are in the cylinder
itself. By virtue of piston when the piston moves inside the cylinder it closes and opens ports.
Here in this type of engine (two strokes) one revolution of crank shaft complete one cycle.
Inlet port:
1. It is uncovered 45 to 500 in advance of TDC.
2. It is covered 40 to 450 after BDC.
Exhaust port:
1. It is uncovered 40 to 450 in advance of BDC.
2. It is covered 40 to 550 after the TDC.
Transfer port:
1. It is uncovered 35 to 450 in advance of BDC.
2. It is covered 35 to 450 after the BDC.
32
10.6 Procedure
1. Identify the ports.
2. Find out the direction of rotation of the crank shaft.
3. Mark the TDC and BDC positions on the flywheel.
4. Mark the openings and closings of the inlet, exhaust and transverse ports.
5. Using a rope or thread and scale, find out the circumference of the flywheel.
6. Find out the arc lengths of the events IPO, IPC, EPO, EPC, TPO and TPC.
7. Draw the flywheel diagram with the help of four angles calculated from lengths.
8. Circumference of the fly wheel = 53cm
10.7 Calculation
1. Radius of the flywheel, R
Circumference of the flywheel
R=
2π
2. Angle θ in degrees
Xx360
θ=
2πR
Where, X = Arc length, mm
33
10.8 Observation
S No Event Position of the Arc Distance Angle θ in De-

crank (V) from Nearest grees
Dead Centre, cm
1 IPO BTDC
2 IPC ATDC
3 TPO BBDC
4 TPC ABDC
5 EPO BBDC
6 EPC ABDC
10.9 PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
10.10 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
10.11 Results

Q1 : Draw the port timing diagram for actual SI engine.
Q2 : 2. Observe the variations in angles of thermodynamic cycle for 4 and 2 stroke SI engines.
34
35
LAB-10 PERFORMANCE TEST OF 4-STROKE SI ENGINE
11.1 Introduction
A 4-stroke engine is a very common variation of an internal combustion engine. Most modern
internal combustion-powered vehicles are 4-strokes, powered by either gasoline or diesel fuel.
During engine operation, pistons go through 4 events to achieve each power cycle. The definition
of an event is an up or down piston motion. Upon completion of the 4 events, the cycle is
complete and ready to begin again.
11.2 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to study the performance characteristics of the engine and
compare with standards.


1. 4-Stroke Petrol engine test rig.
2. Tachometer
3. Stop watch
11.5 Background
Intake stroke: Piston moves down the cylinder bore from top dead center (TDC) to bottom
dead center (BDC). Intake valve is open, the exhaust valve is closed. Downward piston motion
creates a vacuum (negative air pressure) that draws that air/fuel mixture into the engine via
the open intake valve.
Compression stroke: Piston moves up the cylinder bore from bottom dead center to top
dead center. Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed. Upward piston motion compresses
air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
Power stroke: At the end of the compression (previous) stroke, the spark plug fires and
ignites the compressed air/fuel mixture. This ignition/explosion forces the piston back down
the cylinder bore and rotates the crankshaft, propelling the vehicle forward.Piston moves down
the cylinder bore from top dead center to bottom dead center.Both the intake and exhaust valve
are closed.
36
Exhaust stroke: Piston moves up the cylinder bore from bottom dead center to top dead
center. The momentum caused by the power stroke is what continues the crankshaft movement
and the other 3 strokes consecutively. Intake valve is closed, the exhaust valve is open. This
final stroke forces the spent gasses/exhaust out of the cylinder. The cycle in now complete and
the piston is ready to begin the intake stroke.
11.6 Procedure
1. Check the lubricating oil level.
2. Check the fuel level.
3. Check and Release the load on the dynamometer if loaded.
4. Check the necessary electrical connections and switch on the Panel.
5. Provide the Battery Connections.
6. Open water valve for engine cooling and adjust flow rate, say 4to 6 LPM
7. Note down manometer, spring balance, fuel consumption readings, etc.
8. Repeat the experiment for different loadings.
11.7 Observation
1. Orifice diameter d0 =25mm
2. Density of water =1000kg/m3
3. Density of air =1.2kg/m3
4. Density of Petrol =0.7kg/lit
5. Acceleration due to gravity g =9.81m/sec2
6. Torque on length R =0.3mt
7. Calorific value of Petrol Cv =43,210kJ/kg
37
8. Cd of orifice = 0.62
9. Cylinder bore D =73mm
10. Stroke length L =70mm
S No Speed, rpm Fuel load, Fuel load, Manometer readings Spring bal-
initial read- final read- ance, Kg
ing ing
11.8 Calculation
Mass of fuel consumed, mf = IR-FR/t kg/s
t = 60 sec.
Heat input = mf x Cv
Cv = 43210 KJ/kg for petrol
Mass flow rate of Air Ma√in kg/hr
1. Ma = Ao ∗ Cd ∗ ρa ∗ 2gHa
10 ∗ 3600 ∗ ρf
2. Total fuel consumption, TFC=
t1 ∗ 1000
2∗π∗N ∗T
3. Brake power, BP =
60
BP
4. Brake Thermal Efficiency = ∗ 100
T F C ∗ Cv
11.9 Graphs
1. Brake power Vs.TFC
2. Brake power Vs.SFC
3. Brake power Vs.A/F
11.10 Results

Q1 : 1. Use lesser density alternate fuel as input and test the performance of an engine.
Q2 : 2. Measure the pollutants which are emanating from the engine exhaust.
38
LAB-11 PERFORMANCE TEST OF 4-STROKE CI ENGINE
12.1 Introduction
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of fuel and converts it into mechan-
ical energy, is known as a heat engine. They are classified as external and internal combustion
engine. In an external combustion engine, combustion takes place outside the cylinder and the
heat generated from the combustion of the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then
expanded to develop the power. An internal combustion engine is one where combustion of the
fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. IC engines
may be classified based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling, method
of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.
12.2 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to study the performance characteristics of the engine and
compare with standards.


1. 4-Stroke Diesel Engine test rig.
2. Tachometer
3. Stop watch
12.5 Background
Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses heavy oil or diesel oil as a fuel and
operates on two or four stroke. In a 4-stroke Diesel engine, the working cycle takes place in two
revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this engine, pure air is sucked to the
engine and the fuel is injected with the combustion taking place at the end of the compression
stroke. The power developed and the performance of the engine depends on the condition of
operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for different conditions based on the requirement.
Electrical Loading (Water cooled):
The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp (3.7kW)
capacity and is Water cooled.
39
The Engine is coupled to a same capacity DC alternator with resistance heaters to dissipate
the energy.
Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital temperature
indicator with channel selector to select the position.
Rota meters of range 15LPM, 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water flow rate
to the engine and calorimeter respectively.
Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital RPM
Indicator and spring balance reading.
A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and measuring the
flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured by means of Manometer.
A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and directing the
fuel to the engine respectively.
12.6 Procedure
1. Check the lubricating oil level.
2. Check the fuel level.
4. Check the necessary electrical connections and switch on the Panel.
5. Provide the Battery Connections.
6. Open water valve for engine cooling and adjust flow rate, say 4to 6 LPM
7. Note down manometer, spring balance, fuel consumption readings, etc.
40
12.7 Observation
4. Specific gravity of Diesel =0.827kg/lit
5. Calorific value of Petrol Cv = 4461.96 KJ/kg
S No Speed, rpm Fuel load, Fuel load, Manometer readings Time for 10
initial read- final read- cc of fuel
ing ing collected, t
sec
12.8 Calculation
Xcc ∗ Sgf
1 Mass of fuel consumption, Mf =
1000 ∗ t
10 ∗ 3600 ∗ ρf
t1 ∗ 1000
2∗π∗N ∗T
60
BP
T F C ∗ Cv
IP
5. Indicated Thermal Efficiency = ∗ 100
T F C ∗ Cv
V ∗I
6. Output or Brake Power = KW
1000
12.9 Graphs
3. Brake Thermal efficiency Vs B.P
4. Mechanical efficiency Vs B.P
5. Volumetric efficiency Vs B.P
41
12.10 Results

Q1 : 1. Use alternate fuel as input and test the performance of an engine.
Q2 : 2. Measure the pollutants which are emanating from the engine exhaust.
42
LAB-12 PERFORMANCE TEST ON AIR COMPRESSOR UNIT
13.1 Introduction
An air compressor is a pneumatic device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel
or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air).
By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a storage tank,
increasing the pressure. When the tank’s pressure reaches its engineered upper limit, the air
compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until called into use. The
energy contained in the compressed air can be used for a variety of applications, utilizing the
kinetic energy of the air as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches
its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank. An air Compressor
must be differentiated from a pump because it works for any gas/air, while pumps work on a
liquid.
13.2 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the volumetric efficiency and isothermal effi-
ciency of an air compressor.


1. Air compressor test rig.
2. Stop watch
13.5 Background
A COMPRESSOR is a device, which sucks in air at atmospheric pressure and increases its
pressure by compressing it. If the air is compressed in a single cylinder it is called as a Single
Stage Compressor. If the air is compressed in two or more cylinders it is called as a Multi Stage
Compressor. In a Two Stage Compressor the air is sucked from atmosphere and compressed in
the first cylinder called the low-pressure cylinder. The compressed air then passes through an
inter cooler where its temperature is reduced. The air is then passed into the second cylinder
where it is further compressed. The air further goes to the air reservoir where it is stored.
Description:
Consists of Two Stage Reciprocating air compressor of 3hp capacity. The compressor is
fitted with similar capacity Motor as a driver and 160lt capacity reservoir tank.
43
Air tank with orifice plate assembly is provided to measure the volume of air taken and is
done using the Manometer provided.
Compressed air is stored in an air reservoir, which is provided with a pressure gauge and
automatic cut-off.
Necessary Pressure and Temperature tapings are made on the compressor for making
different measurements
Temperature is read using the Digital temperature indicator and speed by Digital RPM
indicator.
13.6 Procedure
1. Check the necessary electrical connections and also for the direction of the motor.
3. Start the compressor by switching on the motor.
4. Maintain the required pressure by slowly operating the discharge valve (open/close). (Note
there may be slight variations in the pressure readings since it is a dynamic process and
the reservoir will be filled continuously till the cut-off.)
5. Now note down the following readings in the respective units, Speed of the compressor,
Manometer readings, Delivery pressure, Temperatures and Energy meter reading.Repeat
the experiment for different delivery pressures.
6. Once the set of readings are taken switch of the compressor.
7. The air stored in the tank is discharged. Be careful while doing so, because the compressed
air passing through the small area also acts as air jet which may damage you or your
surroundings.
44
13.7 Observation
1. Density of water =1000 kg/m3
2. Density of air =1.293 kg/m3
3. Diameter of orifice = 0.02 m
4. Diameter of piston = 0.07 m
5. Stroke length = 0.085 m
6. Coefficient of orifice = 0.62 m
S No Compressor Delivery Head of Air Manometer readings Time for n

speed, rpm Pressure revolutions
of energy
meter, sec
13.8 Calculation
ρw
Air head causing the flow, Ha = ∗ (h1 − h2)
ρa
1. Actual volume of air compressed, Qa = Cd *A* (2gHa)0.5
π ∗ D2 ∗ L ∗ N
2. Actual volume of air compressed, Qth =
4 ∗ 60
Qa
3. Volumetric Efficiency = ∗ 100
Qth
13.9 Graphs
1. Delivery Pressure Vs.Volumetric efficiency
2. Delivery Pressure Vs.Isometric efficiency
13.10 Results

Q1 : 1. 1. Test single cylinder air compressor and compare the volumetric efficiency with multi
cylinder compressor.
Q2 : 2. 2. Change the diameters of cylinders and repeat the experiment.
45
LAB-13 PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRES-
SION RATIO (VCR) ENGINE
14.1 Introduction
Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal com-
bustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while
under varying loads. Variable compression engines allow the volume above the piston at top
dead centre to be changed. Higher loads require lower ratios to increase power, while lower loads
need higher ratios to increase efficiency, i.e. to lower fuel consumption. For automotive use this
needs to be done as the engine is running in response to the load and driving demands. The
2019 Infiniti QX50 is the first commercially available vehicle that uses a variable compression
ratio engine.
14.2 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to determine the performance and draw the characteristic
curves of the VCR engine and compare with standards.


1. The KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp (3.7kW) capacity and is Water
cooled.
2. Tachometer
3. Stop watch
14.5 Background
Variable compression engines have existed for decades but only in laboratories for the purposes
of studying combustion processes. These designs usually have a second adjustable piston set
in the head opposing the working piston. In 2018 Infiniti began production of their variable
compression turbo engine, which uses a mechanical linkage to achieve the variability. It was
installed in their QX50 SUV. The engine can produce any compression ratio from 8:1 to 14:1.
The highest torque is achieved at 8:1, giving high acceleration, while the best gas mileage (fuel
efficiency) is achieved at 14:1. The electronic engine controller responds to the pressure on the
46
gas pedal, in real-time, altering the compression ratio seamlessly. Although this engine has a
displacement of 2.0 L, and is an inline-four engine, it does not use balance shafts to eliminate
the secondary vibrations. It is inherently balanced by the mechanical linkage.
The first VCR engine built and tested was by Harry Ricardo in the 1920s. This work led
to him devising the octane rating system that is still in use today. Many companies have been
undertaking their own research into VCR Engines, including Saab, Nissan, Volvo, PSA/Peugeot-
Citroën and Renault. The 2019 Infiniti QX50 is available with a production version of the
turbocharged variable compression engine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
Electrical Loading (Water cooled)
The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank started) of 5hp (3.7kW)
capacity and is Water cooled.
The Engine is coupled to a same capacity DC alternator with resistance heaters to dissipate
the energy.
Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a digital temperature
indicator with channel selector to select the position.
Rota meters of range 15LPM and 10LPM are used for direct measurement of water flow
rate to the engine and calorimeter respectively.
Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is determined by a Digital RPM
Indicator and spring balance reading.
A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing and measuring the
flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the orifice is measured by means of Manometer.
A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement and directing the
fuel to the engine respectively.
14.6 Procedure
1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.
2. Check the fuel level and lubricating oil.
47
3. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and adjust the flow rate to 6lpm
and 3lpm respectively.
4. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
5. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
6. Start the engine by cranking.
7. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the Rope brake drum.
8. Note the following readings for particular condition, Engine Speed Time taken for –cc
of diesel consumption, Rota meter reading, Manometer readings, in cm of water and
Temperatures at different locations.
14.7 Observation
4. Specific gravity of Diesel =0.827kg/lit
5. Calorific value of Petrol Cv = 4461.96 KJ/kg
S No Speed, rpm Voltmeter Ammeter Manometer readings Time for 5

eading reading cc of fuel
collected, t
sec
14.8 Calculation
Xcc ∗ Sgf
1 Mass of fuel consumption, Mf =
1000 ∗ t
10 ∗ 3600 ∗ ρf
t1 ∗ 1000
mf ∗ 3600∗
3. Specific fuel consumption, TFC=
BP
V ∗I
4. Output or Brake Power = KW
1000
2∗π∗N ∗T
60
48
BP
T F C ∗ Cv
BP
5. Mechanical Efficiency = ∗ 100
IP
Qa
6. Volumetric Efficiency = ∗ 100
Qth
D= Bore diameter of the engine = 0.08 m L= Length of the stroke = 0.110 m
14.9 Graphs
3. Brake Thermal efficiency Vs B.P
4. Mechanical efficiency Vs B.P
5. Volumetric efficiency Vs B.P
14.10 Results

Q1 : 1. Observe the performance parameters of an engine for alternate fuel input.
Q2 : 2. Use different mechanism in piston arrangement and test the performance of an engine.
49

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INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Fluid Machinery and IC engines Laboratory (AMEB13)

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

3 LAB-2 CALIBERATION OF VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEMETER 6

4 LAB-3 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR 10

5 LAB-4 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULIS THEOREM 14

6 LAB-5 PERFORMANCE TEST OF REACTION TURBINE 17

7 LAB-6 PERFORMANCE TEST OF IMPULSE TURBINE 21

8 LAB-7 PERFORMANCE TEST ON POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP 25

9 LAB-8 PERFORMANCE TEST OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMP 28

10 LAB-9 PORT TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 2-STROKE PETROL ENGINE 32

11 LAB-10 PERFORMANCE TEST OF 4-STROKE SI ENGINE 36

12 LAB-11 PERFORMANCE TEST OF 4-STROKE CI ENGINE 39

13 LAB-12 PERFORMANCE TEST ON AIR COMPRESSOR UNIT 43

14 LAB-13 PERFORMANCE TEST ON VARIABLE COMPRESSION RA-

1.1.1 Student Responsibilities

1.1.2 Responsibilities of Faculty Teaching the Lab Course

1.1.4 Course Coordinator Responsibilities

1.2 Lab Policy and Grading

ATTENDANCE: Attendance is mandatory as per the academic regulations.

LAB RECORD’s: The student must:

2. Keep all work in preparation of and obtained during lab.

3. Perform the experiment and record the observations in the worksheets.

Pre-Requistes and Co-Requisties:

1.3 Course Goals and Objectives

More explicitly, the class objectives are:

1.4 Use of Laboratory Instruments

1.4.1 Instrument Protection Rules

4. Always operate the me.chanical devices within the permissible limit

1.5 Data Recording and Reports

1.5.2 The Laboratory Files/Reports

 Write the lab’s part number and title in bold font.

2.3 Prelab Preparation:

2.4 Equipment needed

2.6 Further Probing Experiments

3.3 Prelab Preparation:

3.4 Equipment needed

2. Differential u-tube manometer

3. Collecting tank with piezometer

2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow

4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted

6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe

7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated

8. The same procedure is followed for conducting orifice experiment

S No Manometric head Time Theoretical Actual Coefficient

h1 h2 hw of water Qt [m3 /s] Qa [m3 /s] Cd =

S No Manometric head Time Theoretical Actual Coefficient

h1 h2 hw of water Qt [m3 /s] Qa [m3 /s] Cd =

3.10 Further Probing Experiments

4.3 Prelab Preparation:

4.4 Equipment needed

2. Differential u-tube manometer

3. Collecting tank with piezometer

2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow

4. The reading of h1 and h2 are noted

6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe

7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated

S No Manometric head Time Discharge Velocity Friction

h1 h2 hf of water Q [m3 /s] V [m/s] f

S No Manometric head Time Discharge Velocity Friction

h1 h2 hf of water Q [m3 /s] V [m/s] f

4.10 Further Probing Experiments

5.4 Equipment needed

Write the lab’s part number and title in bold font.

T= (T1 -T2 )g radius of break drum N-m

T= (T1 -T2 )g radius of break drum N-m