ALPHABET OF LINES

THE SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS

Visible lines – Used to show visible edges or
contours of an object .Visible lines are Top View. It is drawn above the front.
sometimes called object lines. Front View. It is drawn vertically aligned and
Hidden lines – Represented by a series of below the top view.
medium weight dashes used to show the hidden Right Side View. This located at the right side
or invisible edges of an object. and aligned with the front view.
Center lines – Used to show the centers of Left Side View. The opposite of the right side
holes of circular object or shape. view. It is located at the left side and aligned with
Section lines – Used to show a surface that has the front view.
been cut in a section view. The surface indicated Rear View. The opposite view of the front view.
with section line is presumed to be solid portion. It is located aligned after either at the right side
Extension lines – Indicates the limit of a view or left
dimension line. side view.
Dimension lines – Used to show the size Bottom View. The opposite view of the top view.
(dimensions) of an object; spans from one This must be drawn vertically aligned and below
extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both the front view.
ends, and is broken in the middle from the
measurement number. SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
Leader lines – Used to direct descriptive major a. ENGLISH SYSTEM-specifically refers to
information, notes, or special dimensions to inches and feet unit of measurement.
features on the drawing and done mechanically. b. METRIC SYSTEM-This is based upon
Cutting-plane lines – Used to show where a
the meter or millimeter as a linear unit of
section has been taken.
measurement.
arrows on the end show the direction in which
the section was taken ENGLISH UNITS AND EACH
Break lines – Used to show that part of the EQUIVALENT
object has been removed or broken away.
Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines 12 inches= 1 ft 1 yd= 36 inches 1 yd= 3ft
and applicable for small objects only.
Long break lines are solid with a Z symbol METRIC UNITS AND EACH EQUIVALENT
inserted in several places and done
mechanically and applicable for big objects only. 10 mm= 1 cm 10 cm= 10 dm
Reference line – an irregular fine curve line with
10 dm= 1 m 1 m= 100 cm
an arrowhead at one end used for indicating the
measurement and name of a part. ENGLISH TO METRIC
TWO METHODS OF SHAPE
REPRESENTATION 1 in= 2.54 1 ft= 30.48 cm 1 yd= 91.44 cm

1. PICTORIAL VIEW- representation of a Dimensions are given in the form of linear

complete shape of an object. distances, angles or notes irrespective of the
2. ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW- dimensioning units being used.
representation of two or more separate ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS TO BE CONSIDERED
views. IN DIMENSIONING TECHNIQUE:
THE SPACE DIMENSION 1. character of lines
a. Height is the distance elevation from top 2. spacing of the dimensions
to bottom. 3. the arrow heads
b. Width is the distance from left side to 4. the use of extension lines.
the right side.
c. Depth is the distance from front to rear. ARROW HEADS indicate the direction and
extent of a dimension. It should be uniformed in
THE THREE REGULAR VIEWS size as 3mm. in length.
1. Top View
2. Front View
3. Side View