DESIGN PROJECT - STAGE 1 - LOADS

University of South Australia

Group 7

Student Name & ID:

Minghao Ding (110315022)
Minghui Gao (110208076)
Wenqi Hu (110314613)
Date: 01/04/2023
 Content
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................3
2. Dead Load and Live Load for roof................................................................................4
2.1 Roof dead load calculation......................................................................................4
2.1.1 Metal sheet roof.......................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Purlin.......................................................................................................................5
2.1.3 rafter........................................................................................................................6
2.1.4 Bulk insulation.........................................................................................................7
2.1.5 Thermal break insulation.........................................................................................8
2.1.6 Additional dead load................................................................................................8
2.1.7 Roof’s total dead load..............................................................................................8
2.2 Roof live load calculation........................................................................................9
2.3 Dead Load and Live Load for ground floor...........................................................9
2.3.1 Ground floor dead load calculation..................................................................11
2.3.2 Ground floor live load calculation....................................................................11
3. Wind load......................................................................................................................12
3.1 Site wind speed Vsit , β ................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Find the gust wind speedsVR .................................................................................13
3.1.2 Find the wind directional multiplier Md ................................................................15
3.1.3 Find the terrain and structure height multiplier Mz , cat ........................................15
3.1.4 Find the shielding multiplier Ms .............................................................................18
3.1.5 Find the topographic multiplier Mt ........................................................................19
3.1.6 Determine Vsit , β ..................................................................................................22
3.2 Find out the value of aerodynamic shape factor, Cshp..................................................23
3.2.1 Determine internal pressure...................................................................................23
3.2.2 Determine external pressure...................................................................................25
Case 1: The wind blows from West to East or from East to West...................................26
Case 2: The wind blows from North to South or from South to North............................31
3.3 Design wind pressure....................................................................................................34
3.3.1 For the internal pressure.........................................................................................34
3.3.2 For the external pressure........................................................................................34

1
4. Reference........................................................................................................................38

Disclaimer
We declare the following to be my own work, unless otherwise referenced.

Minghao Ding
Minghui Gao
Wenqi Hu

2
1. Introduction
The main design object of this project is the South Australian Drill Core Reference
Library. The project consists of three teams, mainly focusing on the design of the steel
and wooden structures of the library's roof and floor. The members will design and
calculate based on the drawing data provided by the course. This is a large project that
will be divided into three different stages. This report represents the first stage of the
project, which includes the calculation of the building's dead load, live load and wind
load.

3
2. Dead Load and Live Load for roof
2.1Roof dead load calculation

Figure 1: Roof detail (From Architectural Drawing A621)

The extent of the roof can be seen through Architectural Drawing A126 and A127.
The layering of the building can be seen from Figure 1. Team members can calculate
the roof brace through The Structural Drawing ST-301. From the notes in Figure 2, it
can be seen that the catalog number of the purlin is Z15019, and the spacing is
1200mm c/c.

Figure 2: Roof framing plan (From Structural Drawing ST-301)

4
2.1.1 Metal sheet roof

- The minimum slope is 3 degrees.

- The spacing of purlin is 1200mm, so the max recommended spacing should
support 1200mm.

The roof named custom orb accent35 ° . have a mass 5.5kg /m2, and have a minimum
roof slope 2 °.

Figure 3: Data sheet for roof material

The roofing’s dead load (metal sheeting):

2
5.5 kg/m ∗9.8 2
G 1= =0.0539 kN /m
1000

5
2.1.2 Purlin

Figure 4: Purlin types

Because the distance between every two purlins is 1.2m, the center point of two
adjacent purlins needs to be taken to calculate the load width, so:
1.2 1.2
+ =1.2m
2 2

The purlin’s dead load:

4.51 kg /m∗9.8 2
G 2= =0.0368 kN /m
1000∗1.2 m

2.1.3 rafter

- The drawing has a scale of 1:100.

- AC to AD=AD to AE=16725mm.
- The RB1D length can be calculate by:
16725 mm
=5575 mm=5.575 m
3

6
 Figure 5: Rafter (From Architectural Drawing A126)

The general roof beam is a universal beam UB:

Figure 6: Beam size

7
 Figure 7: One Steel Table
Data 610UB 113 selected for calculation. So, the depth of the section is 60mm, and
the section’s mass is 113kg/m.

The rafter’s dead load:

113 kg /m∗9.8 2
G 3= =0.1986 kN /m
1000∗5.575 m

2.1.4 Bulk insulation

- The Bulk Insulation’s density is 10 kg /m3 .

- The Bulk Insulation’s thickness is 200 mm=0.2 m.

The bulk insulation’s dead load:

10 kg
m∗ ∗9.8
m3 2
G4 =0.2 =0.0196 kN /m
1000

2.1.5 Thermal break insulation

Figure 8: Insulation data table

The thermal break insulation’s dead load:

G5=0.34 kN /m2

2.1.6 Additional dead load

The additional dead load:

8
 n ( kPa ) =Group number∗0.05+0.3
∴ G6=7∗0.05+3=0.65 kPa

2.1.7 Roof’s total dead load

2
1 kN /m =1 kPa

- The roofing’s dead load (metal sheeting):G1=0.0539 kPa

- The purlin’s dead load:G2=0.0368 kPa
- The rafter’s dead load:G3=0.1986 kPa
- The bulk insulation’s dead load:G4 =0.0196 kPa
- The thermal break insulation’s dead load:G5=0.34 kPa
- The additional dead load: G6=0.65 kPa

The total dead load of roof:

Groof =G1+G 2+G3 +G 4 +G5 +G6
¿ 0.0539+0.0368+ 0.1986+0.0196+0.34 +0.65
¿ 1.2989 kPa

2.2Roof live load calculation

The tributary area A:

2
A=16.725∗2∗6=100.35m
1.8 1.8
∴ +0.12= + 0.12=0.1379 kPa<0.25 kPa
A 100.35

9
∴ For the uniform distributed actions shall be equal to or more than 0.25 kPa, so 0.25
kPa as the roof s live load.
The roof s live load is 0.25 kPa , equals 0.25 kN /m2 .

2.3Dead Load and Live Load for ground floor

Figure 10: The floor detail (From Architectural Drawing A601)

10
Based on the label of 'RL 0', it can be seen that the ground floor is already at a level
height of 0 meters, and further down is the foundation. Therefore, after discussion
among team members, the dead load of the floor will be determined by the value of
the service load.

2.3.1 Ground floor dead load calculation

Service load:
2
G=0.2kN /m
Therefore, the total dead load of ground floor should be: 0.2 kN /m2=0.2kPa

2.3.2 Ground floor live load calculation

Figure 11: AS 1170.1 Table 3.1

G=4.0 kPa
Therefore, the total live load of ground floor should be: 4.0kPa.

11
3. Wind load
2
p=( 0.5 ρair )( V des ,θ ) C shp C dyn

- p is design wind pressure in Pa ( N /m2).

- ρair is desity of air, which is 1.2 kg /m3.
- V des , θ is building orthogonal design of wind speeds.
- C shp is aerodynamic shape factor.
- C dyn is dynamic response factor, which is 1.0 for normal structures.

So, the formula of design of wind pressure will become:

p=0.6 ( V des ,θ ) 2 C shp

The design of wind speed V des , θ is the max, and the site wind speed V sit , β have a
direction. The AS1170.2 Clause 2.2 shows:
V des , θ=max ⁡(V sit , β )

∴ p=0.6 ( V sit , β )2 C shp

3.1 Site wind speed V sit , β

The AS1170.2 Clause 2.2 shows:

V sit , β =V R M d ( M z , cat M s M t )

- V R is regional 3 sec gust wind speeds (m/s ).

- M d is wind directional multiplier.
- M z ,cat is terrain and structure height multiplier.
- M s is shielding multiplier.
- M t is topographic multiplier.

12
3.1.1 Find the gust wind speedsV R

According to AS1170.2, the library area is in the Adelaide area. As shown in the
figure, the Region belongs to Region A5.

13
According to the description in the picture, we can judge that the library is a normal
structure. Its importance level is 2.

According to Table E2 of AS/NZS 1170.0, importance level2 corresponds to the

annual probability of a final limit state exceeding a design event of 1/500. Because the
design life of a normal building is 50 years.

`Because of the above, regional wind speed is V500. Because the library is in the A5
zone, the V R value is 45m/s.

14
3.1.2 Find the wind directional multiplier M d

According to Table 3.2 (A), regionA5 corresponds to M d in different directions in the

table.

3.1.3 Find the terrain and structure height multiplier M z ,cat

According to the drawing, it can be seen that the height of the design building is the
data
∵h=12.15 m=z
∴ x i=20∗z=243
Average distance = max {500m*40z} = max {500m,486m} = 500m
According to Table 4.1, the M z ,cat of different category is different when the height is
12.15m. The following is the calculation:

h=12.5 m C 1=1.10 C 2=1.02

C 2.5=0.94 C 3=0.86 C 4=0.75
15
For TC 1,
M z ,cat 1 =1.10
[ 1.10−1.12
15−10 ]
∗( 12.5−10 ) =1.11

For TC 2,
M z ,cat 2 =1.02
[ 1.02−1.05
15−10 ]
∗ (12.5−10 ) =1.04

For TC 2.5,
M z ,cat 2.5 =0.94
[ 0.94−0.97
15−10 ]
∗( 12.5−10 ) =0.96

For TC 3,
M z ,cat 3 =0.86
[ 0.86−0.89
15−10 ]
∗( 12.5−10 ) =0.88

For TC 4,
M z ,cat 4=0.75
[ 0.75−0.75
15−10 ]
∗( 12.5−10 ) =0.75

12.1
5

16
 NW N
NE

W 243 500 E

SW SE

S
This is an image of the area that will be affected by the wind. The red circle area is the
lag area. Between red and purple is the average region. The values of x t in different
directions can be measured and inferred from the picture.
For example,

M z , cat 2 x t 2+ M z ,cat 3 x t 3 + M z ,cat 4 xt 4 1.02 x t 2 +0.86 x t 3 +0.75 x t 4

=
xt 2 + xt 3 + xt 4 500 m
For the North:
1.02∗270+0.86∗0+0.75∗230
M z ,cat = =0.896
500 m
For the Northeast:
1.02∗140+0.86∗200+0.75∗160
M z ,cat = =0.870
500 m
For the East:
1.02∗160+0.86∗240+0.75∗100
M z ,cat = =0.899
500 m
The same way to compute M z ,cat in all directions.

xt2 M z ,cat 2 x t 2 xt 3 M z ,cat 3 x t 3 xt4 M z ,cat 4 x t 4 M z ,cat

17
 (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
N 270 270∗1.02=275.4 0 - 23 230∗0.75=172.5 0.896
0
NE 140 140∗1.02=142.8 200 200∗0.86=172 16 160∗0.75=120 0.870
0
E 160 160∗1.02=163.2 240 240∗0.86=206.410 100∗0.75=75 0.899
0
SE 500 500∗1.02=510 0 - 0 - 1.020
S 0 - 450 450∗0.86=387 50 80∗0.75=60 0.849
S 500 500∗1.02=510 0 - 0 - 1.020
W
W 400 400∗1.02=408 0 - 10 100∗0.75=75 0.966
0
N 500 500∗1.02=510 0 - 0 - 1.020
W

3.1.4 Find the shielding multiplier M s

When other buildings are lower than the library, the value of M is 1. When a building
is higher than the library, it needs to be analyzed and calculated. According to the
actual geographical observation, only Flinders University to the northwest is higher

than the library.

According to the courseware information, assuming that the average roof height of
Flinders University is 12.5, the shielding buildings normal to the wind stream is
160m.

Average roof height of shielding buildings, h s=12.5

Average breath of shielding buildings normal to the wind stream, b s=160 m

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Average roof height, above ground, of the structure being shielding, h=12.15
Number of upwind shielding buildings within a 45 sector of radius 20h and with h s ≥ h
，n s=1

Average spacing of shielding buildings, I s=h ( 10

ns
+5
)
Average spacing of shielding buildings， I s=12.15 ( 10+5 ) =182.25 m

Is 182.25
The shielding parameter， s= = =4.1
√ hsbs √12.5∗160

According to Table 4.2, M s can be calculated through shielding parameter is 4.1.

M s=0.8−
[
0.8−0.9
6.0−3.0
∗( 4.1−3.0 ) =0.84
]
For Flinders University in the west,
M s=0.84
Other direction
M s=1

3.1.5 Find the topographic multiplier M t

As Australia area,
Hill shape multiplier M h=M t

19
 N(flat)
NE(flat)
NW(flat)

W(flat)
E(steep)

SW(flat) SE(steep)

SE(steep)

According to Nature maps, there are steep peaks to the south, southeast and east of the
library. The other directions are flatter. The following is an analysis of data in three
directions.

SE(steep)

20
For South,
H=115 m
Lu=1500 m
H 115
= =0.038< 0.05
2 Lu 2∗1500
M h=1

E(steep)

For East,
H=1 58 m
Lu=1410 m
H 158
= =0.056
2 Lu 2∗1410
H
0.05 ≤ ≤ 0.45
2 Lu

L1=Max . ( 0.36 Lu , 0.4 H ) =Max . ( 507.6 m , 63.2m )=507.6 m

L2=10 L1=5076 m
x=1200 z=12

M h=1+
( H
)(
3.5 ( z + L1 )
1− )
1∗1
L2
=1.066

21
 SE(steep)

For South East,

H=1 60 m
Lu=700 m
H 160
= =0.12
2 Lu 2∗700
H
0.05 ≤ ≤ 0.45
2 Lu

L1=Max . ( 0.36 Lu , 0.4 H ) =Max . ( 252 m ,64 m )=252 m

L2=10 L1=2520 m
x=1500 z=12.2

M h=1+
( H
3.5 ( z + L1 ))(
1−
1∗1
L2 )
=1.07

3.1.6 Determine V sit , β

V sit , β =V R M d ( M z , cat M s M t )
V 500 Md M z ,cat Ms Mt V sit , β (m/s)
N 45 0.95 0.896 1 1 38.30
NE 45 0.8 0.870 1 1 31.31

22
 E 45 0.8 0.889 1 1.066 34.12
SE 45 0.8 1.020 1 1.07 39.29
S 45 0.8 0.849 1 1 30.56
SW 45 0.95 1.020 1 1 43.61
W 45 1 0.966 1 1 43.47
NW 45 0.95 1.020 0.84 1 36.63
V des , θ=max ( V sit ,β )=43.61 m/ s

3.2 Find out the value of aerodynamic shape factor, Cshp

3.2.1 Determine internal pressure

Assume the main structure wall is ‘one wall permeable, other walls impermeable’,
C p ,i=−0.3

23
Given the particularity of the library, which requires silence (to prevent people from
being disturbed while reading) and stillness (to prevent pages from being blown), the
group members believe that the building's openings should be minimized as much as
possible.
C p ,i=−0.3∨0.0

Choose C p ,i=−0.3

For the internal combination factor,

k c =1.0
And for the external combination factor，
k c =0.8

24
Kv = 1.0

Therefore, the internal pressure should be:

C shp =C p ,i k c ,i k v =−0.3× 1× 1=−0.3

P=(0.5 ρair ) ( V des ,θ )2 C shp Cdyn =(0.5 ×1.2)× 43.47 2 × (−0.3 ) × 1=−340.135 N /m2

3.2.2 Determine external pressure

For external pressure:

C shp =C p ,e K a K c ,e K l K p
&
K a =1
K c =0.8
K p =1
Therefore: C shp =0.8 C p , e

Considering the differences in wall and roof structures as well as wind direction, the
team members believe that it is necessary to discuss different scenarios to determine
the value of C p ,e . Based on the drawings provided in the course, although there are
slight differences, we can still view the library as a rectangle.

25
Case 1: The wind blows from West to East or from East to West

 For the windward wall

26
27
According to the table 5.2 (A) that from AS1170.2:
H=12.15 m<25 m
z=h
Therefore :C p , e =0.7
C shp =0.8 C p , e =0.8 ×0.7=0.56

 For the leeward wall

28
According to the table 5.2 (B) that from AS1170.2:
Roof pitch( α ) ,degrees=1 °
Wind direction θ degrees=0 ° Roof shape = gable
roof
d 35
= =0.23
b 155
z=h
Therefore , C p , e =−0.5
C shp =0.8 C p , e =0.8 × (−0.5 )=−0.4

 For the side wall

29
According to the table 5.2 (C) that from AS1170.2:
h = 12.15m & d = 35m
Therefore, d = 2.88h
 If 0 m−12.15 mC p , e=−0.65 ;C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8× (−0.65 )=−0.52

 If 12.15 m−24.3 mC p ,e =−0.5; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8 × (−0.5 )=−0.4

 If 24.3 m−35 mC p ,e =−0.3; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8 × (−0.3 )=−0.24

 For the roof with upwind slope

Roof pitch( α ) ,degrees=1 °

30
h = 12.15m
d = 35m d = 2.88 h
h
=0.34< 0.5∧α =1 °<10 °
d
According to the table 5.3 (A) that from AS1170.2:
 0−0.5 h C p , e =−0.9 ,−0.4 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.72 ,−0.32
 0.5 h−1h C p ,e =−0.9 ,−0.4 ; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =−0.72,−0.32
 1 h−2 h C p ,e =−0.5 , 0 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.4 ,0
 2 h−2.88 h C p ,e =−0.3 ,0.1 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.24 , 0.08

 For the roof with downwind slope

h = 12.15m
d = 35m d = 2.88 h
31
h
=0.34< 0.5∧α =1 °<10 °
d
According to the table 5.3 (A) that from AS1170.2:
 0−0.5 h C p , e =−0.9 ,−0.4 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.72 ,−0.32
 0.5 h−1h C p ,e =−0.9 ,−0.4 ; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =−0.72,−0.32
 1 h−2 h C p ,e =−0.5 , 0 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.4 ,0
 2 h−2.88 h C p ,e =−0.3 ,0.1 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.24 , 0.08

Case 2: The wind blows from North to South or from South to North

 For the windward wall

32
According to the table 5.2 (A) that from AS1170.2:
H=12.15 m<25 m
z=h
Therefore :C p , e =0.7
C shp =0.8 C p , e =0.8 ×0.7=0.56

 For the leeward wall

According to the table 5.2 (B) that from AS1170.2:

Roof pitch( α ) ,degrees=1 °
Wind direction θ degrees=0 ° Roof shape = gable
roof
d 105
= =3
b 35
z=h
Therefore , C p , e =−0.2
C shp =0.8 C p , e =0.8 × (−0.2 )=−0.16

33
 For the side wall

According to the table 5.2 (C) that from AS1170.2:

h = 12.15m & d = 105m
Therefore, d = 8.64h > 3h
 If 0 m−12.15 mC p , e=−0.65 ;C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8× (−0.65 )=−0.52

 If 12.15 m−24.3 mC p ,e =−0.5; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8 × (−0.5 )=−0.4

 If 24.3 m−36.45 mC p ,e =−0.3; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8 × (−0.3 )=−0.24

 If 36.45 m−105 mC p ,e =−0.2; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =0.8 × (−0.2 )=−0.16

34
 When wind blows from North to South or from South to North, monslope
roofs is crosswind slope for gable roofs

h = 12.15m
d = 105m d = 8.64 h
h
=0.11<0.5∧α =1° <10 °
d
According to the table 5.3 (A) that from AS1170.2:
 0−0.5 h C p , e =−0.9 ,−0.4 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.72 ,−0.32
 0.5 h−1h C p ,e =−0.9 ,−0.4 ; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =−0.72,−0.32
 1 h−2 h C p ,e =−0.5 , 0 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.4 ,0
 2 h−3 h C p ,e =−0.3 ,0.1 ; C shp =0.8 C p , e =−0.24 , 0.08
 ¿ 3 h C p , e =−0.2 , 0.2; C shp =0.8 C p ,e =−0.16 ,0.16

3.3 Design wind pressure

The formula of wind pressure:

P=(0.5 ρair ) ( V des ,θ )2 C shp Cdyn

2
ρair =1.2 kg / m
V des , θ → highest V sit , β =43.61 m/s
C dyn=1

35
 2
Therefore , P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) × 1× Cshp

3.3.1 For the internal pressure

P=(0.5 ρair ) ( V des ,θ )2 C shp Cdyn =(0.5 ×1.2)× 43.47 2 × (−0.3 ) × 1=−340.135 N /m2

3.3.2 For the external pressure

Case 1:
 For windward walls:
C shp =0.56

P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 ×C shp =0.6 × ( 43.61 )2 ×1 ×0.56=639.02 N /m2

 For leeward walls:

C shp =−0.4

P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 ×C shp =0.6 × ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.4 )=−456.44 N /m 2

 For side walls:

0−12.15 m
2 2
C shp =−0.52 P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) × 1× (−0.52 )=−593.37 N /m

12.15 m−24.3 m

C shp =−0.4 P=0.6 × ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.4 )=−456.44 N /m2

24.3 m−35 m
C shp =−0.24 P=0.6 × ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.24 )=−273.86 N /m2

 For upwind slope

0−0.5 h :
C shp =−0.72 ,−0.32 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.72 ,−0.32 )=−821.59 ,−365.15 N /m2

0.5 h−1h :

36
 2 2
C shp =−0.72 ,−0.32 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.72 ,−0.32 )=−821.59 ,−365.15 N /m

1 h−2 h :
2 2
C shp =−0.4 ,0 ; P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.4 ,0 )=−456.44 , 0 N /m

2 h−3 h :
C shp =−0.24 , 0.08 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.24 ,0.08 )=−273.86 , 91.29 N /m2

 For downwind slope:

0−0.5 h :
2 2
C shp =−0.72 ,−0.32 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.72 ,−0.32 )=−821.59 ,−365.15 N /m

0.5 h−1h :
C shp =−0.72 ,−0.32 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.72 ,−0.32 )=−821.59 ,−365.15 N /m2

1 h−2 h :
2 2
C shp =−0.4 ,0 ; P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.4 ,0 )=−456.44 , 0 N /m

2 h−3 h :
2 2
C shp =−0.24 , 0.08 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.24 ,0.08 )=−273.86 , 91.29 N /m

Case 2:
 For windward walls
C shp =0.56
2 2 2
P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 ×C shp =0.6 × ( 43.61 ) ×1 ×0.56=639.02 N /m

 For leeward walls:

C shp =−0.16
2 2 2
P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 ×C shp =0.6 × ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.16 )=−228.22 N /m

 For side walls:

0 m−12.15 m
C shp =−0.52 P=0.6 × ( 43.61 )2 × 1× (−0.52 )=−593.37 N /m2

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 12.15 m−24.3 m
2 2
C shp =−0.4 P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.4 )=−456.44 N /m

24.3 m−36.45 m
C shp =−0.24 P=0.6 × ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.24 )=−273.86 N /m2

36.45 m−105 m
2 2
C shp =−0.16 P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.16 )=−182.58 N /m

 For crosswind slope:

0−0.5 h :
C shp =−0.72 ,−0.32 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.72 ,−0.32 )=−821.59 ,−365.15 N /m2

0.5 h−1h :
2 2
C shp =−0.72 ,−0.32 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.72 ,−0.32 )=−821.59 ,−365.15 N /m

1 h−2 h :
2 2
C shp =−0.4 ,0 ; P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) ×1 × (−0.4 ,0 )=−456.44 , 0 N /m

2 h−3 h :
C shp =−0.24 , 0.08 ; P=0.6× ( 43.61 )2 ×1 × (−0.24 ,0.08 )=−273.86 , 91.29 N /m2

¿3h
2 2
C shp =−0.16 , 0.16 ; P=0.6 × ( 43.61 ) × 1× (−0.16 , 0.16 ) =−182.58 ,182.58 N / m

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4. Reference

2023，Nature Maps, view 01 April 2023, NatureMaps (environment.sa.gov.au)

Coulbourne, WL & T Eric Stafford 2020, Wind loads : guide to the wind load
provisions of ASCE 7-16, American Society Of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia.

Australian Standard 2002, ‘Structural Design Actions’, Australian Standard, pp.56-99

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