CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter composed the presentation of the reviewed literature and studies that have

bearing this study.

Related Literature

Avendaño(2013), she stated on her report (Inquirer net) with a title of “87% of

Filipino Internet Users have been victims of Cybercrimes-DOJ” that Almost 9 out of 10

Filipino Internet users have been victimized by cybercrime or a malicious activity on the

Internet at one time or another,… 87 percent of Filipino internet users (nearly nine out of 10)

were identified as victims of crimes and malicious activities committed online.— offenses

against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data systems; computer-

related offenses; content-related offenses and offenses related to infringements of copyright

and related rights.

DOJ Office of Cybercrime (2015) according to their annual report of cybercrimes that

From January to December of 2014, the Philippine National Police (PNP) –Anti-Cybercrime

Group (ACG) recorded six hundred fourteen (614) cybercrime incidents, compared to 2013

where there were only two -hundred and eighty- eight (288) incidents. Almost 11 % of

internet Users are violated R.A 9995 (Anti-Photo and video voyeurism Act of 2009) This

annual report shows that some Filipinos are aware of it.

 Niedzviecki (2009) claims that “our society has gone from Pop culture to Peep

culture, from watching celebrities, artists or performers to watching ourselves, our

neighbors or complete strangers in search of entertainment, attention, or any

connection”.. We are now living on a modern age where we can see or search

information in the glimpse of our eyes. Computers, cellphones, television and etc.,

where all facts and false information are available. We can freely browse other’s

personal information online on Facebook who leave their privacy setting relatively open

to others.

Hill (2009) states that we could carelessly fall into a state of voyeurism, and this

desire to watch others is “disturbing anxiety, an unhealthy and inauthentic relationship

with others”. Voyeurism may give a person sexual arousal to watch others which results

to unhealthy relationship. A victim may feel emotional pain, anxiety, invasion of privacy,

and tarnished reputations.

Blazer (2006), states that “voyeurism may derive from our natural curiosities and

it is an inescapable component of our society. Even though people mostly see

“voyeurism” as a negative term, there might be reasonable excuses to explain the

voyeuristic behaviors”. Voyeurism may also be positive in different ways, especially if

you are a fanatic person who idolizes celebrities and as a fanatic, we cannot say

that it is voyeurism, instead it is surveillance beyond our curiosity. It gives the,

happiness seeing favorite celebrity in television.

 Lipkins (as cited in Dubow, 2007) indicates this online peeping is tantamount to

voyeurism. To extend the definition of stalking just mentioned, voyeur in this study is

generally referred to a students who tends to take a photos or private part of a person ,

no matter if he/she knows that person or not. Moreover, his/her behavior might not be

noticed by others through this process.

Baruh(2009). States that “both voyeurs and exhibitionists are likely to use

Facebook frequently to meet their needs, and especially the voyeurs may be satisfied

through the process”. Students may get a sex scandal video on facebook which others

uploaded. In this sequence a person may be liable of R.A 9995 if he shares the video

through his friends.

Dr.Hatch(2014). Voyeurism is a distinct category of behavior that characterizes

certain sex addicts... In addition, the range of sexually compulsive behaviors can be

roughly grouped into three “levels” based on how violating, how risky and how illegal

they are. On this continuum, compulsive masturbation, pornography addiction and

obsession with sexual hookups would be at level 1 and child molestation, incest and

rape would be level 3. In the middle (level 2) are behaviors like voyeurism, and

exhibitionism. Voyeurism involves the illicit viewing of sexually stimulating imagery.

Anderson (2013). There are numerous low cost video recording devices available

that enable video voyeurism, with or without subject knowledge. Widely available

malware may be used to automatically turn on cameras and microphones on various

computer devices for elicit recording (Wiretaping); they may be used to log keystroke to

capture log-in information for exploiatio

 Dr.Delvin (2013)The word 'voyeurism' comes originally from the French voyeur

(to see) and voyeur (someone who looks). So voyeurism means looking at naked

or semi-naked people, or at people engaged in sexual activity. It's important to

realize that a certain amount of mutually-agreed voyeurism is a normal part of many

couple's relationships.

Soto (2010) observes that in recent years or earlier, when mobile phones with

cameras penetrated the Philippine market, the country became flooded with “sex-video

scandals” taken using mobile phones. These so-called sex-video scandals involve young

university and professional women, even celebrities and politicians. The sex videos are

often uploaded to the Internet, including in the popular video website YouTube where they

become quickly accessible to the public.

Related Studies

Carpio-Aldeguer (2015) on his research “A Sectoral Assessment of the Level of

Awareness of Tourism Laws in Metro Manila” .This study assessed the level of

awareness of tourism laws by tourism establishments where Anti-Photo and Video

Voyeurism Act of 2009 with overall mean average of 5.92% are the respondent’s top

choice in term of their awareness. In our study, the respondents are the students, it is

purposely conducted to measure their level of awareness on R.A 9995 and to determine

the factors that contribute in their voyeuristic behavior.

Synthesis-of-the Art

The different studies were all similar from each other. All studies were conducted to

measures the percentage of Cybercrime incidents that happen all over the internet.

. Carpio-Aldeguer(2015) on his research ““A Sectoral Assessment of the Level of

Awareness of Tourism Laws in Metro Manila” This study assessed the level of awareness of

tourism laws by tourism establishments. It stated that R.A 9995 was includes in some laws which

the respondents are least familiar with a mean average of 5.92%. Shella Guevarra Witkus(2012)

on her research “cyber bullying among Filipino adolescence” that fewer than 40 % of parents did

not know that cyber bullying occurred at school, and when parents learned about it, 33.16% tried

to stop it. If the students knew that cyber bullying occurred at their schools, 82.04 % reported

that they would tell and their parents, 71.16 % tell their teachers, and 83.94 % tell their friend the

conceptual paradigmof this study followed the three aspects of system approach consist of input,

process and output.

 THE ANTI-PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT OF 2009 (R.A 9995)

PROCESS

 Social factors: media,

INPUT
peers and community
The Anti-Photo and that influence the
Video Voyeurism Act of commission of
voyeurism act.
2009
 The level of awareness
of the respondents about
RA 9995 along
prohibited acts and
penalties.
OUTPUT
 To educate
everyone in order to
prevent being a
victim of this crime.
 Discourage any
persons to violate
RA 9995.

FEEDBACK

Figure 1.Conceptual framework showing the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009
CBSUA-SIPOCOT
Theoritical Framework 2018

This study used the following theories. Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association

Theory explained that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes,

techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. This theory focuses on how individuals learn to

become criminals, but does not concern itself with why they become criminals. Sutherland had

developed the idea of the "self" as a social construct, as when a person's self-image is

continuously being reconstructed especially when interacting with other people.The

Psychoanlytic Theory (Freud, 1969) views perversion as symptomatic of underlying

psychopathology which originates in unresolved conflicts during psychosexual development.

Freud emphasized that perversion maybe a regression to an earlier level of development and that

perversions can’t themselves be extensive formations to prevent more threatening impulses from

entering consciousness (cited in Smith, 1976, p. 594).Ford and Beach (1951) stated stated that

human sexuality is affected by experience in two ways. First, the kind of stimulation and the

types of situations that become capable of evoking sexual excitement are determined in a large

measure by learning, Second, these overt behavior through which this excitement is expressed it

depends largely upon the individual’s previous experience. Sociobiological theory of Symons
 THE ANTI-PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT OF 2009 (R.A 9995)

Psychoanalyt
ic Theory
Freud (1969)

THE ANTI-PHOTO AND

VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT OF
2009 (R.A 9995)

Social Learning Sociobiological

Theory of ford Theory Symons
and beach (1951) 1979

Figure 2. Theoritical framework showing the various theories in Voyeuristic

pg. 8
 Psychoanalytic Theory views perversion as symptomatic of underlying psychopathology

which originates in unresolved conflicts during psychosexual development (Freud, 1969). Freud

emphasized that perversion maybe a regression to an earlier level of development and that

perversions can’t themselves be extensive formations to prevent more threatening impulses from

entering consciousness (cited in Smith, 1976, p. 594).

Social Learning Theory of Ford and Beach (1951) stated that human sexuality is affected by

experience in two ways. First, the kind of stimulation and the types of situations that become capable of

evoking sexual excitement are determined in a large measure by learning, Second, these overt behavior

through which this excitement is expressed it depends largely upon the individual’s previous experience.

Kinsey and colleagues also concluded that “the sexual capacities which an individual inherits birth

appear to be nothing more than the necessary anatomy and the physiologic capacity to respond to

a sufficient physical psychological conditioning” (Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953, p. 644).

Sociobiological Theory of Symons (1979) and other authors (Ford & Beach, 1951) Bring an

evolutionary perspective to sexual arousal and interest in visual stimuli in relation to the selection

process. Symons (1979) stated that “anthropological discussions of sex differences in dress and

posture emphasize the likelihood of male sexual arousal at the sight of the female genitals” (p. 177).

Ford and Beach (1951) wrote: “there are no peoples in our sample to generally allow women to

expose their genitals under any but the most restricted circumstances. The wearing of clothing by

women appears to have as one important function the prevention of accidental exposure under

conditions that might provoke sexual advances by men.”

 REFERENCE NOTE

https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=1137363649

http://blogs.psychcentral.com/sex-addiction/2014/08/voyeurism-what-it-is-and-what-it-

isnt/

https://books.google.com.ph/books?isbn=1466662492

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/sexual-health/a2302/voyeurism/

https://technology.inquirer.net/21557/87-of-filipino-internet-users-have-been-victims-of-

cybercrimes-doj

https://www.doj.gov.ph/files/cybercrime_office/2014-

2015_Annual_Cybercrime_Report.pdf

http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJEMS/2015/Volume2-Issue4/IJEMS-

V2I4P105.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_association

http://www.paraphilias.nyc/publications/voyeurism-psychopathology-and-theory/

https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100793/1/Witkus_Shella_r.pdf
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research method, research setting, respondents of the study,

research instrument and statistical treatment.

Research Method

This research involved survey questionnaire to conduct necessary information in which

the researcher interacts with the participants. This research will used Exploratory to explore a

specific crime or criminal justice policy, where there is a dearth of data. Thus, data are collected

to establish baseline for future comparison. The respondents of this study will be the College Of

STI-NAGA

Research Design

This study used descriptive-evaluative and correlation method in determining the level of awareness about

RA 9995 to the respondents.

Descriptive –evaluative was used to determine the social factors that influence them to watch, share

or upload sex videos in terms of media, peers and community. Correlational research method was

used in this study to determine the difference between the levels of awareness of the respondents.

The survey questionnaire was the main instrument used by that the researchers.