HYDROSTATICS

Total number of Questions in Hydrostatics are :

Solved Examples .................................................................. 16

Total no. of questions ......................................................... 16

166
FLUID Density of body
RD =
Fluid is the name given to a substance which Density of water
begins to flow when external force is applied on (6) If m1 mass of liquid of density 1 and m2
it. Liquids and gases are fluids. Fluids do not mass of density 2 are mixed, then as
have their own shape but take the shape of the m = m1 + m2 and V = (m1/1) + (m2/2)
containing vessel. [As V = m/]
m m1  m 2 mi
HYDROSTATICS = = =
V (m1 / 1 )  (m 2 /  2 )  (m i /  i )
The branch of physics which deals with the 21 2
study of fluids at rest is called hydrostatics If m1 = m 2,  = = Harmonic mean
1   2
and study of f luids in motion is called (7) If V1 volume of liquid of density 1 and V2
hydrodynamics. volume of liquid of density  are mixed, then
as :
ASSUMPTION
m = 1V1 + 2V2 and V = V1 + V2
Liquids we deal with are incompressible and [As  = m/V]
non-viscous. Incompressible means that the If V1 = V2 = V;
density of the liquids is independent of the  = (1 + 2)/2 = Arithmetic Mean
variation in pressure and always remain constant. (8) With rise in temperature due to thermal
Second condition means that parts of the liquid expansion of given body, volume will increase
in contact do not exert any tangential force on while mass will remain unchanged, so density
each other. will decrease, i.e.,
The force by one part of the liquid on the other  (m / V ) V0 V0
= = =
part is perpendicular to the surface of contact. 0 (m / V0 ) V V0 (1  )
There is no friction between the layers. [As V = V0 (1 + )]
0
DENSITY or  = ~
– 0 (1 – )
(1 )
In a fluid, at a point, density  is defined as (9) With increase in pressure due to decrease in
m dm volume, denstiy will increase, i.e.,
= lim =
V 0 V dV  (m / V ) V0 m
(1) In case of homogenious isotropic substance,it = = [As  = ]
0 (m / V0 ) V V
has no directional properties, so it is a scalar. But as by definitiion of bulk-modulus
(2) It has dimensions (ML–3) and S.I. unit kg/m 3
while C.G.S. unit g/cc with 1g/cc = 103 kg/m3 p  p 
B = – V0 i.e., V = V0 1 – B 
(3) Density of substance means the ratio of mass V  
of substance to the volume occupied by the –1
 p   p 
substance while density of a body means So  = 0 1 –
B 
 – 0 1  B  .
~
the ratio of mass of a body to the volume of   
the body. So for a solid body
PRESSURE
Density of body = Density of substance
While for a hollow body, density of body is The normal force exerted by liquid at rest on a
lesser than that of substance given surface in contact with it is called thrust of
liquid on that surface.
[As Vbody > Vsub.]
The normal force (or thrust) exerted by liquid at
(4) When immiscible liquids of different densities rest per unit area of the surface in contact with
are poured in a container, the liquid of highest it, is called pressure of liquid or hydrostatic
density will be at the bottom while that of lowest pressure.
density at the top and interfaces will be plane. If F be the normal force acting on a surface of
(5) Some times instead of density we use the area A in contact with liquid, then pressure
term relative density or specific gravity which exerted by liquid on this surface is P = F/A.
is defined as : (1) Units : N/m2 or Pascal (S.I.) and Dyne/cm 2
(C.G.S.)
 [F] [MLT –2 ]
(2) Dimension : [P]= = = [ML–1T–2]
[A ] [L2 ]
(3) At a point pressure acts in all direction and
a definite direction is not associated with it. So
pressure is a tensor quantity.
(4) Atmospheric pressure : The gaseous
envelope surrounding the earth is called the
earth’s atmosphere and the pressure exerted by
the atomosphere is called atmospheric pressure.
It’s value on the surface of the earth at sea level
is nearly 1.013 × 105 N/m2 or Pascal in S.I.,
other practical units of pressure are atmosphere,
bar and torr (mm of Hg).
1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa = 1.01 bar = 760 torr
The atmospheric pressure is maximum at the
surfae of earth and goes on decreasing as we
move up into the earth’s atmosphere.
(5) If p0 is the atmospheric pressure then for a
point at depth h below the surface of a liquid of
density , hydrostatic pressure P is given by
P = P0 + hg
  (6) Hydrostatic pressure depends on the depth
of the point below the surface (h), nature of liquid
() and acceleration due to gravity (g) while it is
independent of the amount of liquid, shape of the
container or cross-sectional area considered. So
if a given liquid is filled in vessels of different
shapes to same height, the pressure at the base
in each vessel’s will be the same, though the
volume or weight of the liquid in different vessels
will be different.
PA = PB = PC but W A < W B < W C
(7) Gauge presure : The pressure difference
between hydrostatic pressure P and atmospheric
pressure P0 is called gauge pressure.
 
P – P0 = hg
BUOYANCY
When a body is partially or wholly immersed in
a fluid, it displaces the fluid. The displaced fluid
has a tendency to regain its original position.
Due to this, an upward force acted on the body
by displaced fluid. This upward force acting on
the body immersed in a fluid is called upward
buoyancy force.
Buoyancy force acts at the centre of buoyancy
which is the centre of gravity of the liquid
displaced by the body when immersed in the
liquid.
For a body of uniform density centre of gravity
coincides with the centre of buoyancy.
PASCAL’S LAW
It state’s that if gravity effect is neglected, the
pressure at every point of liquid in equilibrium of
rest is same or pascal’s law states that the
increase in pressure at one point of the enclosed
liquid in equilibrium of rest is transmitted equally
to all other points of the liquid and also to the
wall’s container, provided the effect of gravity is
neglected.
ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE
It states that when a body is partially or fully
dipped into a fluid at rest, the fluid exerts an
upward force of buoyancy equal to the weight of
the displaced fluid.
To determine the magnitude and direction of this
force consider a body immersed in a fluid of
density  as shown in figure. The forces on the
vertical sides of the body will cancel each other.
The top surface of the body will experience a
downward force.
F1 = AP1 = A(h1g + P0)
[As p = hg + P0]
While the lower face of the body will experience
an upward force.
F2 = AP2 = A(h2g + P0)
F1 h1
h2
F2
As h2 > h1, F2 will be greater than F1, so the
body will experience a net upward force.
F = F2 – F1 = Ag (h2 – h1)
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If L is the vertical height of the body FLOATATION
F = AgL = Vg
(1) Translatory equilibrium : W hen a body of
[As V = AL = A(h2 – h1)] density  and volume V is immersed in a liquid
i.e., F = Weight of fluid displaced by the body. of density , the forces acting on the body are :
This force is called upthrust or buoyancy and Weight of body W = mg = Vg, acting vertically
acts vertically upwards (opposite to the weight of downwards through centre of gravity of the body.
the body) through the centre of gravity of Upthrust force = Vg acting vertically upwards
displaced fluid (called centre of buoyancy). through the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid
(1) Apparent weight of the body of density () i.e., centre of buoyancy.
when immersed in a liquid of density (). (i) A body will float in liquid only and only if 
Apparent weight = Actual weight – Upthrust (ii) In case of floating as weight of body = upthrust
= W – Fup = Vg – Vg = V ( – )g So W APP = Actual weight – upthrust = 0
  (iii) In case of floating Vg = Ving
= Vg 1–   So the equilibrium of floating bodies is unaffected
 
by variations in g though both thrust and weight
 
 W APP = W 1–  depend on g.
  (2) Applicaton of floatation
(2) If a body of volume V is immersed in a liquid
of density  then its weight reduces. (i) When a body floats then
W 1 = Weight of the body in air, W 2 = Weight of the weight of body = Upthrust;
the body in water 
Then apparent (loss of weight) weight W 1 – W 2 Vg = Ving  Vin =    V
 
= Vg
 
W1 – W2  Vout = V – Vin = 1 –   V
 V =  
g i.e., Fraction of volume outside the liquid
(3) Relative density of a body
V  
density of body f out = out = 1 – 
V  
(R.D.) =
density of water Vin
(ii) For floatation V = Vin   =  = f in
Weight of body V
=
Weight of equal volume of water
Weight of body If two different bodies A and B are floating in the
= A (fin ) A
Water thrust
same liquid then =
B (fin )B
Weight of body
= (iii) If the same body is made to float in different
Loss of weight in water
liquids of densities A and B respectively.
Weight of body in air W1 V = (Vin)A A = (Vin)BB
= =
Weight in air  Weight in water W1 – W2
(4) If the loss of weight of a body in water is ‘a’ A (Vin )B
 =
while in liquid ‘b’ B (Vin )A

L upthrust on body in liquid

 =
W upthrust on body in water

loss of weight in liquid a Wair – Wliquid

= = =
loss of weight in water b Wair – Wwater
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
Ex.1 What is the pressure on a swimmer 10m F = mg = 16000 × 980 dyne.
below the surface of a lake? Increase in pressure on the liquid in the wider
Sol. P = Pa + gh = 1.01 × 105 + 103 × 9.8 × 10 16000  980
tube = dyne/cm 2
= 1.99 × 105 Pa  1.99 × 105 Pa  2 atm. 800
If h is the difference in level of water in the
Ex.2 During blood transfusion the needle is inserted
16000  980
in a vein where the gauge pressure is two tubes, then hg =
2000 Pa. At what height must the blood 800
container be placed so that blood may just 16000  980 16000  980
or h = =
enter the vein? Density of whole blood 800  g 800  1  980
= 1.06 × 103 kg/m3. Ex.5 A U tube contains water and methylated spirit
separated by mercury. The mercury column
P 2000 in the two arms are in level with 10.0 cm of
Sol. h= = = 0.1925 m water in one arm and 2.5 cm of spirit in the
g 1.06103  9.8 other. What is the relative density of spirit?
The blood may just enter the vein if the height Sol. For water columns in one arm of U tube,
at which the blood container be kept must h1 = 10.0 cm; 1 (density) = 1 g cm –3
be slightly greater than 0.1925 m i.e. 0.2 m. for spirit column in other arm of U tube,
Ex.3 A test tube of length  is immersed inverted h2 = 12.5 cm; 2 = ?
As the mercury columns in the two arms of
into a vessel having mercury (m) of height 
U tube are in level, therefore pressure exerted
such that it is just immersed. Mercury was by each is equal. Hence
found to rise to a height x as shown. The h11g = h22g
pressure at A is (Atmospheric pressure is 
h11 10 1
length of mercury). or 2 = = = 0.8 cm–3
h2 12.5
Therefore, relative density of spirit
( – x) A
= 2/1 = 0.8/1 = 0.8
B Ex.6 A barometer kept in an elevator accelerating
x
 downwards reads 76 cm. What will be the
possible air pressure in the elevator?
Sol. When the elevator is going downwards with
(A) (x – 1) mg (B) xmg acceleration a, then net acceleration
(C) (2 – x) mg (D) ( – 2x) mg = (g – a).
Therefore pressure = h(g – a) dyne/cm 2
Sol. Pressure at A = PB = P0 + ( – x) mg
76 13.6  (g – a)
= mg + ( – x) mg = cm of Hg column, which
13.6  g
= (2 – x) mg is less than 76 cm.
So, choice (C) is correct and others are Ex.7 A barometer kept in an elevator accelerating
wrong. upwards reads 76 cm. What will be the
Ex.4 The area of cross-section of wider tube is possible air pressure in the elevator?
Sol. When the elevator is going upwards with
800 cm2 Fig. If mass of 16 kg is placed on
acceleration a, then net acceleration
the massless piston, find the difference in = (g + a).
the level of water in the two tubes. Therefore, pressure = h  (g + a) dyne/cm 2
Sol. Here, a = 800 cm 2
load 76 13.6  (g  a)
= cm of Hg column, which
f 13.6  g
D is greater than 76 cm.
C
Ex.8 A U tube containing a liquid moves with a
F F horizontal acceleration along a direction
joining the two vertical limbs. The separation
E between these limbs is d. Find the difference
in their liquid levels.
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Sol. Let A be the area of cross-section of the Ex.11 A body floats with one third of its volume
U tube and  be the density of the liquid of outside water and 3/4 of its volume outside
U-tube. Mass of the liquid in portion CD of
another liquid. The density of the other liquid
U tube = A d . As the U tube is moving with
acceleration a, therefore putting force on is -
liquid in the portion CD of U tube, (A) 9/4 gm/c.c (B) 4/3 gm/c.c
F = mass × acceleration (C) 8/3 gm/c.c (D) 3/8 gm/c.c
= A d  a (pseudo force) Sol. Let V be the volume of the body. Weight of
Pressure of liquid at C = h1g body is equal to weight of water displaced
Pressure of liquid at D = h2g 2
Net force to the left on CD = V × 1 × g
3
= (h1g – h2g) A In another liquid, weight of body
1
= V ×  × g
4
a
h1 2 1 8
h2
 V g = Vg or  = gm/c.c.
3 4 3
C D
Ex.12 An ice-berg is floating partly immersed in
d sea water of density 1.03 g/cm3. The density
So, (h1 – h2) g A = Ada of ice is 0.92 g/cm3. The fraction of the total
or h1 – h2 = da/g.1 volume of the iceberg above the level of sea
Ex.9 If the container in which a body floats in a water is -
liquids falls under gravity, the upthrust felt by (A) 8.1% (B) 11%
the body will : (Symbols carry usual (C) 34% (D) 0.8%
meaning). Sol. Let  be the volume of the ice-berg outside
(A) zero (B) Vi lg the sea water and V be the total volume of
ice-berg. Then as per question
Vi 0.92 V = 1.03 (V – )
(C) g (D) Vbbg
2 l or /V = 1 – 0.92/1.03 = 11/103
Sol. Uder free fall, normal reaction felt will be zero,  (/V) × 100 = 11 × 100/103 = 11%.
since all the surf ace move with same
Ex.13 A cubical block of wood of edge  and density
acceleration.Ans.(A)
 floats in water of density 2. The lower
surface of cube just touches the free end of
Ex.10 A certain block weighs 15 N in air. It weighs
a massless spring of force constant k fixed
12 N when immersed in water. W hen at the bottom of the vessel. The weight W
immersed in another liquid, it weighs 13 N. put over the block so that it is completely
Calculate the relative density of (a) the block immersed in water without wetting the weight
(b) the other liquid. is -
Sol. By definition, RD = /water (A)  (g + k) (B)  (2g + k)
B   g   2 k
(a) So for body RD = (C)    2k  (D)    g  
w  2   2
Weight of body Sol. Initially the position of wooden block is as
= shown in Fig.(a). Since the density of block
Weight of equal vol.of water is half than that of water, hence half of its
Weight of body WA volume is immersed in water.
i.e., RD = = W
Thrust from water WA – Ww
/2
15
= = 5 /2
15 – 12

(b) As Th = loss in weight of body = Vg
L ThL 15 – 13
So for liquid, RD = = =
w Th w 15 – 12
2
= (a) (b)
3
 When weight W is put on the block, the Ex.16 A cubical block of iron 5 cm on each side is
remaining half of the volume of block is floating on mercury in a vessel. (a) What is
immersed in water, Fig.(b). Therefore, the height of the block above mercury level?
W = additional upthrust + spring force (b) Water is poured into the vessel so that it
  just covers the iron block. What is the height
=  ×  × × 2 × g + k  
2 2 of water column?
 2 k [RD of Hg = 13.6 and Fe = 7.2]
=    g  
 2 Sol. (a) In case of floatation W = Th, i.e.,
Ex.14 The spring balance A reads 2 kg with a block
V = Vin; so if h is the height of iron block
of mass m suspended from it. A balance B
above mercury and a is the side of iron cube,
reads 5 kg when a beaker with liquid is put
on the pan of the balance. The two balances
a a
are now so arranged that the hanging mass
h 2.35
is inside the liquid in a beaker as shown in h 2.54
2.65
Fig. 2.46
a–h
a–h
Hg Hg
A
(A) (B)

m (a × a × a)  = (a – h) × a × a × 
  
B (a – h) = a or h = a 1 – 
  
(A) the balance A will read more than 2kg  7.2 
(B) the balance B will read less than 5 kg So h = 5 1 –  = 2.35 cm
 13.6 
(C) the balance A will read less than 2 kg (b) Here upthrust is provided by both mercury
and B will read more than 5 kg and water and if h is the height of water-
(D) the balance A will read more than 2 kg level.
and B will read less than 5 kg Vg = ThHg + Thw
Sol. The effective weight of the block in liquid will i.e., a × a × a ×  = a × a(a – h)
becomes less than 2 kg due to buoyancy of
( Hg – w) = a(Hg – 10)
liquid.
As the body immersed in liquid has some i.e., a = (a – h) Hg + hw or h( Hg – )
effective weight acting downwards so the
(Hg – ) (13.6 – 7.2)
reading of B will be more than 5 kg
or h = a = 5 ×
Ex.15 What height should a cylindrical vessel be (Hg –  w ) (13.6 – 1)
filled with a homogeneous liquid to make the = 2.54 cm
force with which the liquid press on the sides
of the vessel equal to the force exerted by
the liquid on the bottom of the vessel. It
should be.
(A) equal to radius (B) less than radius
(C) more than radius(D) four times of radius
Sol. Let h be the desired height of liquid in
cylinder for which the force on the bottom
and sides of the vessel is equal.
Force on bottom = gh × R2
Force on the walls of vessel
= g(h/2) × 2Rh
 gR2 = ghRh or R = h.

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