Matrix operations

MAT 00 Mathematics for Business-sessions 7 and 8

Kaushik Jana
Ahmedabad University
kaushik.jana@ahduni.edu.in

24 August 2021

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 Matrix operations

Content

1 Matrix operations

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 Matrix operations

What, Why and How

What ? Matrix: rectangular arrays of numbers

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 Matrix operations

What, Why and How

What ? Matrix: rectangular arrays of numbers

Why ? Consider an example

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 Matrix operations

What, Why and How

What ? Matrix: rectangular arrays of numbers

Why ? Consider an example
System of linear equation

10x + 11y + 10z = 0

9x + 7y + z = 0

16x + y + 9z = 0


Table: Corresponding Economics example

Product → X Y Z
Labor 10 11 10
Material 9 7 1
Day 16 1 9

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How

 
10 11 10
Denote A=  9 7 1
16 1 9
Aij : Entries
Size of A is 3× 4
Horizontal rows
Vertical columns
Construct a matrix: [Aij ] is 2 × 3 and Aij = i + j, find A

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Equality of matrix

Matrices A and B are equal iff they have same size and Aij = Bij for all
i, j.
Find the condition
 when does A = B?
2x 3z
A=
3y 7y 
10 15
B=
18 20

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Transpose of matrix

Two matrices A and AT is said be transpose of each other if ith row A is

ith column of AT .
Find (AT )
T
where
2 3
A=
3 7

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Matrix addition

Let two matrices A and B have same number of rows and columns, then
the sum A + B matrix is obtained by adding componentwise adding
entries of A and
 B. 
2 3
Example A=
3 7
 
4 2
Example B=
6 3
Find A + B

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Scalar Multiplication

Let A is an m × n matrix and c is a real number, cA is obtained by

multiplying each entries of A by k
 
2 3
Example A=
3 7
Compute kA where k=10

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Matrix Multiplication

Let A is a m × n matrix and B is a n × p matrix. Then the product AB is

of order m × p matrix with entry (AB)ik given by

(AB)ik = Ai1 Bik + . . . + Ain Bnk .

   
2 3 4 2
Example A= B=
3 7 6 3
Find AB

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Solving Systems by reducing matrix

Why: To solve the system of equations

An example: An investment bank offers two stocks A and B (arranged
in two columns) with two risk measures, high and low (arranged in two
rows)
 
2 3
A=
3 −1
Client wants 7 blocks of high risk and 5 blocks of low risk blocks.
How many portfolio you suggest?

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Reduced matrix

How: by reducing matrix

A matrix is said to be a reduced matrix provided the following hold
All zero rows at the bottom of the matrix
For non-zero row, the leading entry is 1 and all other entries in the vertical
column of the leading entry are zero
The leading entry in each row is to the right of the leading entry in any
other row above it.

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How to build reduced matrix

Build augmented coefficient matrix

Strategy: use three elementary row operations
Interchanging two rows of a matrix
Multiplying row of matrix by non-zero constants
Adding a multiple of one row with a different row

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Activity: build reduced matrix

Consider the previous example

(
2x + 3y = 7
3x − y = 5
Build augmented coefficient matrix

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Activity

Check which
 of thematrices are reduced matrix
0 1
A1 =
0 −1
 
0 1
A2 =
1 0
 
0 1 0 5
A3 = 0 0 1 5
0 0 0 0

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More on system of equations

Homogeneous systems of equations if all constant terms are 0

Non-homogeneous systems of equations if at least on of the constant
term is not equal to 0
A homogeneous system of linear equations with k equation and n
unknowns
if k = n, then the system has a unique solution
k < n, the system has infinitely many solution

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Inverse of matrix

Why: Another method for solving system of equations

System of linear equation can be written as single matrix equation
A= (
2x + 3y = 7
3x − y = 5
Write in the form of AX = B
If A is a square matrix and there exits a matrix C such that CA = I, then
C is called inverse of A, and A is said to be invertible.

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Thank You!

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