PAWD webinar:

Cape Coast Water

Hydraulic Supply
modelling Project
& EPANET
Siert Meijer, Joriën Mendez, Gideon Lomoko
20 & 21 May 2021
Content
1. Introduction of webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
2. Introduction of webinar facilitator (Evelien Martens)
3. Poll question: Who are you?
4. Schedule for today’s session

5. Basic hydraulics

6. Instructions for next session and session evaluation (poll questions)

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Introduction to webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Why hydraulic modelling?
- Network models form an essential tool to analyse, understand, design and optimize
water networks
- Understanding hydraulic network modelling enables you to:
∙ ensure a balanced water distribution over all users (by designing suitable
dimensions for pipes, pumps and fittings)
∙ monitor the correct operation of your water distribution

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Introduction to webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Why EPANET?
EPANET software is free to download and available for everyone!

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Introduction to webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Five modules (sessions):
- 20 & 21 May: Basic hydraulics
- 27 & 28 May: EPANET 1 (introduction to EPANET: workspace, project setup)
- 17 & 18 June: EPANET 2 (data input, model calibration, network design)
- 24 & 25 June: EPANET 3 (analysis of hydraulic modelling results)
- 1 & 2 July: EPANET 4 (network improvement / optimization)

Please have EPANET installed before and available during the next webinar sessions!

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Introduction to webinar series Hydraulic modelling & EPANET
Setup of webinar sessions:
- Each session is divided into 3 or 4 blocks (theory and examples / exercises)
- Question & Answer inbetween blocks (ask your questions in the chat)
- Presentation and recordings will be shared with the participants

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Facilitator
- Evelien Martens (MSc Civil Engineering – Watermanagement / sanitary engineering)
- Water Supply Engineer and Hydraulic Modelling Expert at Witteveen+Bos
Consulting Engineers (the Netherlands)
- Example projects:
∙ Studies for securing and improving drinking water supply in the Netherlands
(using hydraulic models)
∙ Design of (new) drinking water supply networks in the Sultanate of Oman
∙ Trainings in hydraulic modelling & EPANET for Filipino water districts (PEWUP)

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Poll question
What is your experience with hydraulics and hydraulic modelling?

❑ Hydraulics, hydraulic modelling and EPANET are completely new to me

❑ I have a background in engineering related to hydraulics (e.g. civil, mechanical,
agricultural), but I have never worked with hydraulic models
❑ I have experience with hydraulic modelling (in EPANET software)
❑ I have experience with hydraulic modelling (in other software)

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Schedule for today’s session
14:00 – 14:15: Introduction
14:15 – 14:45: Basic hydraulics block 1 + Q&A (chat function)
14:45 – 15:15: Basic hydraulics block 2 + Q&A (chat function)
15:15 – 15:45: Basic hydraulics block 3 + Q&A (chat function)
15:45 – 16:00: Instructions for next session and session evaluation

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Basic hydraulics
- Block 1: Introduction to hydraulics / Pressure pipe flow / Conservation of mass /
Reynolds number / Fluid pressure
- Block 2: Total energy equation / Bernoulli energy equation / Conservation of
energy / Energy losses (friction and local losses)
- Block 3: Hydraulic head / Pump systems

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BASIC HYDRAULICS - BLOCK 1
Introduction to hydraulics
Pressure pipe flow
Conservation of mass
Reynolds number
Fluid pressure

11
Introduction
Hydraulics:
Applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids

˗ First hydraulic systems can be dated back to 3200 BC (irrigation systems in Egypt)
˗ Roman empire created large networks of waterways

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Why do we look at basic hydraulics in this webinar series?
- Hydraulics are at the base of hydraulic network models
- Knowing the buttons in EPANET is NOT enough to enable a balanced
distribution of water!
- In order to understand how to use a model and hydraulic modelling
results, you need to understand basic hydraulics
- In the following webinars (using EPANET) you will hear these words a lot:
head, pressure, flow, velocity, diameter, headloss, pump head...

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Pressure pipe flow
Full water flow in closed pipes (of circular cross section) under a pressure gradient

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Pressure pipe flow
˗ Discharge in a pipe:

fluid velocity pipe cross section:

A = ¼ πD² = πr²
D = diameter
r = radius

˗ Be careful with units! E.g.:

∙ v in m/s and A in m2 will give Q in m3/s
∙ v in m/h and A in m2 will give Q in m3/h

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Conservation of mass
ingoing flow = outgoing flow + storage over time

Q = v1 ∙ A1 = v2 ∙ A2

v1 ∙ A1 = v2 ∙ A2 + v3 ∙ A3 + leakage (Q4)

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Exercise 1: What is the diameter of outlet 3?
Leakage:
Q4 = 10 m3/h
Inlet 1:
Q1 = 30 m3/h
Outlet 3:
Flow velocity = 0.8 m/s

Outlet 2:
Q2 = 0 m3/h
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Answer to Exercise 1
UNITS!
Q1 = 30 m3/h = 30/3600 m3/s [= 0.0083 m3/s]
Q4 = 10 m3/h = 10/3600 m3/s [= 0.0028 m3/s]

Conservation of mass: Qin = Qout

Q 1 = Q2 + Q 3 + Q4
Q1= Q2 + A3 ∙ v3 + Q4
30/3600 = 0 + A3 ∙ 0.8 + 10/3600 [0.0083 = 0 + A3 ∙ 0.8 + 0.0028]

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Answer to Exercise 1

30/3600 = 0 + A3 ∙ 0.8 + 10/3600 [0.0083 = 0 + A3 ∙ 0.8 + 0.0028]

30/3600 - 10/3600 = A3 ∙ 0.8 [= 0.0083 - 0.0028 = 0.0056 m3/s]

(30/3600 - 10/3600) / 0.8 = A3 [= 0.0056 / 0.8 = 0.0069 m2]

With A3, we know the cross-sectionial area of outlet 3

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Answer to Exercise 1
What is the diameter of outlet 3?

1 𝐴
A = πD2 → D=
4 1
𝜋
4

(30/3600 − 10/3600) / 0.8 0.0069 UNITS!

D3 = = = 0.094 m = 94 mm
1 1
π π
4 4

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Exercise 2

The diameter of inlet 1 is 1000 mm. The diameter of the

outlets 2 and 3 is equal. The flow velocity is the same in
all pipes 1, 2 and 3.

Q4 = leakage = 0 m3/h

What is the diameter of outlets 2 and 3?

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Answer to Exercise 2
Q4 = 0 m3/h
Q1 = Q2 + Q3

Outlets 2 and 3 have the same diameter and thus the

same cross section A, which we call A:
A2 = A3 = A

All pipes have the same flow velocity, which we call v:

v1 = v2 = v3 = v
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Answer to Exercise 2
A = ¼ πD²
A1 ∙ v = A ∙ v + A ∙ v
A1 = A + A = 2A
A1 / 2 = A
D1 = 1000 mm = 1 m (given)

A = A1 / 2 = (¼ ∙ π ∙ 12) / 2 [=0.393 m2]

1
𝐴 ( ∙ π ∙ 12 )/2 0.393
D= = 4 = = 0.707 m = 707 mm
1 1 1
𝜋 π π
4 4 4
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Reynolds number

Laminar or turbulent flow

Transitional flow: 2300 < Re < 4000

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Reynolds number
v⋅D ρ⋅v⋅D
Re = =
ν μ

D = pipe diameter (m) νwater = 1 ∙ 10-6 m2/s

v = mean velocity (m/s) νoil = 2 ∙ 10-4 m2/s

ν = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

μ = absolute/dynamic viscosity (kg/m*s)
UNITS!
ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)

Drinking water systems: turbulent flow!

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 Exercise 3
Calculate the Reynolds number and assess the flow regime for:
- a water pipeline with a length of 400 m, inner diameter of 100 mm, flow of 40 m3/h
- an oil pipeline with similar properties

νwater = 1 ∙ 10-6 m2/s

νoil = 2 ∙ 10-4 m2/s

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Answer to Exercise 3 A = ¼ πD²
Pipeline: UNITS!
νwater = 1 ∙ 10-6 m2/s
Q = 40 m3/h = 40/3600 m3/s [= 0.011 m3/s] νoil = 2 ∙ 10-4 m2/s
D = 100 mm = 0.1 m
A = ¼ ∙ π ∙ D² = ¼ ∙ π ∙ 0.1² [= 0.0079 m2]
v = Q / A = (40/3600) / (¼ ∙ π ∙ 0.1²) [=1.41 m/s]

v ⋅ D 1.41 ⋅ 0.1
Water: Rewater = = = 141471 → 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑚𝑒
ν 1 ∗ 10−6

v ⋅ D 1.41 ⋅ 0.1
Oil: Reoil = = = 705 → 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑚𝑒
ν 2 ∗ 10−4
27
Fluid pressure (potential energy)
- Fluid pressure is directly proportional to depth
- The pressure at a certain depth is equal to the weight of the water column above it
- We can calulate the pressure at each depth from the weight of the water column
above it

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 Fluid pressure (potential energy)

F A   g  h P = pressure (Pa = N/m2)

P = (N / m ) =
2
=  F =gforce
 h (N)
A A
A = area (m )
2

ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)

h = height (m)
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s2

weight = force (of gravity) = mass ∙ g

mass = ρ ∙ volume

volume = h ∙ A
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 Fluid pressure (potential energy)

P = pressure (Pa = N/m2)

F = force (N)
A = area (m2)
ρ = fluid density (kg/m3)
h = height (m)
weight = force (of gravity) = mass ∙ g
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s2
mass = ρ ∙ volume

volume = h ∙ A

F A   g  h
P = (N / m ) =
2
=   g h
A A
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 Fluid pressure (potential energy)

A pressure applied to any part of an enclosed liquid will

be transmitted equally in all directions through the liquid

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QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 1

Please ask your questions in the chat!

32
BASIC HYDRAULICS - BLOCK 2
Total energy equation
Bernoulli energy equation
Conservation of energy
Energy losses (friction and local losses)

33
Total energy equation
1 2
Etotal = Ekinetic + Epotential = ρv + ρgh + p
2

/(ρg)

v2 p
Htotal = + h+
2g ρg

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Bernoulli energy equation

v2 p
Htotal = + h+
2g ρg

Total energy head Pressure head

Elevation head
(elevation above
Velocity head
reference plane)

35
Exercise 4
A 30 cm pipe carries 0.25 m³/sec of water under a pressure of 250 Pa. The pipe is laid at an
elevation 9.7 m above MSL. What is the total energy head measured with respect to MSL?

36
Answer to Exercise 4
reference plane =
h=
p=
ρ=
g=
v=
1 2
A= πD
4

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Answer to Exercise 4
reference plane = MSL
h = 9.7 m
p = 250 Pa
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s2 UNITS!
v = Q / A = (0.25 m3/s) / (¼ ∙ π ∙ 0.302) = 3.54 m/s
1 2
A= πD
250 3.542 4
Htotal = 9.7 + + = 10.36
1000∙9.81 2∙9.81

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Conservation of energy
Htotal = constant

Valid for stationary flow (not changing in time) without friction!

39
 Bernoulli without headlosses (no friction)

Example with horizontal pipe (h1 = h2 = h3 = h4)

p1 v21 p v22 p3 v23 p4 v24

h1 + + = h2 + 2 + = h3 + + = h4 + +
ρ∙g 2∙g ρ∙g 2∙g ρ∙g 2∙g ρ∙g 2∙g

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 Bernoulli with headlosses

In reality, hydraulic energy is lost due to friction and local losses!

Example with horizontal pipe (h1 = h2)

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 Bernoulli with headlosses

Example with constant velocity (v1 = v2)

42
 Bends
Headloss in pipes (turbulent flow)
Two main categories:
- Friction losses (due to pipe roughness)

Contraction

- Other losses

We call the “other Expansion

losses” also “local
losses” or “minor
losses”

43
 Friction loss in pipes

˗ Friction loss is due to the stress between pipe surface and fluid that is flowing:
· loss of head caused by pipe wall friction and the viscosity of the flowing water (resistance to flow)
· depends on the flow conditions (described in the Reynolds number)
· depends on the physical properties of the system (described in the relative roughness k/D)

˗ Major loss in piped water flow

˗ Friction losses are often calculated with the (empirical) Darcy-Weisbach formula:

˗ Friction factor λ for turbulent flow (empirical):

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 Moody diagram

Calculation of the friction factor as function of the hydraulic circumstances (Reynolds

number) and the relative pipe roughness (k/D)

45
Relative
roughness
(k/D)

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 Headloss formulas (EPANET)

Roughness coefficients have

been determined empirically

H-W most commonly used in US, only for water and turbulent flow
D-W most theoretically correct
C-M commonly used for open channel flow
47
Local losses (“minor losses”)
˗ Local losses are caused by the added turbulence that occurs at
bends and fittings
˗ The importance of including these local losses depends on the layout
of the network and the degree of detail that is required

entry/exit 1
 =  1 +  2 + 3 +  4 + 5
expansion/constriction 2
junction/division 3
v2
bends and elbows 4
H =   
2g
valves and other obstacles 5
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Bernoulli energy equation and conservation of energy
(summary)

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QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 2

Please ask your questions in the chat!

50
BASIC HYDRAULICS - BLOCK 3
Hydraulic head
Pump systems

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Bernoulli energy equation

v2 p
Htotal = + h+
2g ρg

Total energy head Pressure head

Elevation head
(elevation above
Velocity head
reference plane)

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Hydraulic head
p
H = h+
ρg

Hydraulic Head Pressure head

Elevation head
(elevation above
reference plane)

The hydraulic head relates the energy in a fluid to the height of an equivalent static
column of that fluid (it would be the height of the water surface in a standpipe).
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Hydraulic head

Pressure head

Elevation

reference level: e.g. MSL

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No flow situation
Hydraulic head (water level) is the same at all locations

Example with horizontal pipe (h1 = h2 = h3)

55
Flow situation

Example with horizontal pipe (h1 = h2 = h3)

56
 Hydraulic head

Pressure (head)

Elevation

reference level: e.g. MSL

Water always flows from a higher hydraulic head to a lower hydraulic head!
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 Hydraulic head

Pressure (head)
Head
Elevation

reference level: e.g. MSL

head = pressure + elevation

pressure = head - elevation
58
Pump systems
- Water flows from a higher hydraulic head to a lower hydraulic head
- If we want to transfer water from location 1 to location 2, we can increase the
hydraulic head using pumps

- The hydraulic head that we need to create by pumping depends on:

· dynamic head
· static head

59
Dynamic head
Dynamic head is the energy (pressure) needed to overcome the resistance due to the
flow of water through the pipe

=
dynamic head
location 1 location 2

Dynamic head = friction losses + local losses = +

60
Dynamic head – system curve

61
Static head
Static head is the energy (pressure) needed to overcome the difference between the water level at
location 1 (suction side of the pump) and the water level at location 2 (pressure side of the pump)

=
dynamic head
pressure side water level

location 2
=
static head

suction side water level

location 1
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Pump head
The required pump head (pump pressure) is the sum of the dynamic and static heads:

Hpump = Hdyn + Hstat

location 2

location 1
63
Static and dynamic head - system curve

64
Pump curve
Relation between the flow (Q) and energy added to the water (H)

65
Pump curve, system curve and operating point

66
Exercise 5
A pump is installed to lift water from a WTP to a storage of which the reservoir bottom
level is 63 m higher than the bottom level of the WTP and some distance away. The water
level in the WTP reservoir is bottom level+4 m, the water level in the storage reservoir is
bottom level+11 m. A flow rate (discharge) of 1 m³/s is required. The 400 mm pipeline
between the two reservoirs is 1000 m long and contains minor losses that amount to 5
times the velocity head. Assume friction losses of 1 m headloss/km pipeline. Determine the
pressure head required from the pump.

67
Exercise 5
A pump is installed to lift water from a WTP to a storage of which the reservoir bottom
level is 63 m higher than the bottom level of the WTP and some distance away. The water
level in the WTP reservoir is bottom level+4 m, the water level in the storage reservoir is
bottom level+11 m. A flow rate (discharge) of 1 m³/s is required. The 400 mm pipeline
between the two reservoirs is 1000 m long and contains minor losses that amount to 5
times the velocity head. Assume friction losses of 1 m headloss/km pipeline. Determine the
pressure head required from the pump.

- Static head = .....?

- Dynamic head = friction losses + local losses = ...?
?

68
Exercise 5
A pump is installed to lift water from a WTP to a storage of which the reservoir bottom
level is 63 m higher than the bottom level of the WTP and some distance away. The water
level in the WTP reservoir is bottom level+4 m, the water level in the storage reservoir is
bottom level+11 m. A flow rate (discharge) of 1 m³/s is required. The 400 mm pipeline
between the two reservoirs is 1000 m long and contains minor losses that amount to 5
times the velocity head. Assume friction losses of 1 m headloss/km pipeline. Determine the
pressure head required from the pump.

- Static head = .....?

- Dynamic head = friction losses + local losses = ...?
?
 =  1 +  2 + 3 +  4 + 5

v2
A = ¼ πD² H =   
2g
velocity
head 69
Answer to Exercise 5 (static head)
Static head calculation:
- Reference level = bottom of WTP reservoir
- Static head difference is the difference in water levels
- Static head at WTP = reference level + 4 m
- Static head at storage = reference level + 63 m + 11 m = reference level + 74 m
- Static head to overcome by pumping is 74 - 4 = 70 m

70
Answer to Exercise 5 (dynamic head):
Minor losses:
- Q = 1 m3/s UNITS!
- A = ¼ ∙ π ∙ D2 = ¼ ∙ π ∙ 0.42 =0.1257 m2 A = ¼ πD²
- v = Q/A = 1/(¼ ∙ π ∙ 0.42) = 1/0.1257) = 7.96 m/s  = 1 +  2 + 3 +  4 + 5

- given: minor losses are 5 times the velocity head v2

- velocity head = v2/(2 ∙ g) = 7.962/(2 ∙ 9.81) = 3.22 m H =   
2g
- minor losses = 5 ∙ v2/(2 ∙ g) = 5 ∙ 3.22 = 16.13 m
velocity
head
Friction losses:
- given: 1 m headloss/km pipeline
- pipe length = 1000 m = 1 km
- friction loss = 1 m/km ∙ 1 km = 1 m

Dynamic head = minor losses + friction losses = 16.13 + 1 = 17.13 m

71
Answer to Exercise 5 (total required pump head)
Total required pump head = static head + dynamic head
- static head = difference in water levels = 70 m
- dynamic head = minor losses + friction losses = 17.13 m

Total required pump head = 70 +17.13 = 87.13 m

72
 Pumps in parallel or in series

If the required flow (discharge) is not If the required pressure is not met with
met with one pump: one pump:

For each head, sum the volume flows For each flow, sum the heads
to find the combined pump curve to find the combined pump curve
73
Variable speed pumps
- A variable frequency drive is used for adjusting flow or pressure to actual demand
- Pump speed settings (rpm) change
- Pump affinity laws:

- In EPANET, N = N2/N1 = relative speed setting:

If the pump speed doubles, then the relative setting would be 2
if pump runs at half speed, the relative setting would be 0.5
etc.
74
QUESTION & ANSWER – BLOCK 3

Please ask your questions in the chat!

75
Instructions for the next session
- Download and install EPANET 2.2 (DOWNLOAD LINK: https://www.epa.gov/water-
research/epanet)
- Have the software available on your computer during the next sessions!

- Questions? Contact pewupph@gmail.com

76
Poll question – Session evaluation

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www.witteveenbos.com