March 2018

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June 2018

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November 2018
Ans

Component Structure Functions

Red blood cell Biconcave discs Red blood cells transport
containing no nucleus oxygen around the body
but plenty of protein from the lungs to cells which
haemoglobin require it for aerobic
 respiration

They carry the oxygen in the

form of oxyhaemoglobin
Phagocyte Have a cell membrane
with multilobed nucleus
and granular cytoplasm
 Phagocytes have a
sensitive cell surface
membrane that can
detect chemicals
produced by
pathogenic cells
 Once they encounter
the pathogenic cell,
they will engulf it
and release digestive
enzymes to digest it

Lymphocyte Has large round  Produce antibodies to

nucleus which takes up destroy pathogenic
nearly the whole cell and cells and antitoxins to
clear, non-granular neutralise toxins
cytoplasm released by pathogens
Ans Fibrinogen - Fibrin

Ans

 Blood clotting prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds

 Scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble patch that prevents entry of
microorganisms that could cause infection
March 2019

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June 2019

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November 2019

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March 2020

Check question 2

June 2020

None

November 2020

None

March 2021
Ans

No. of heart beats = 4

Total time = 2.8 secs

Heart beat per second = 4*60/2.8 = 86 bpm

Ans

ECG during exercise shows increased frequency of heart beats or pulse rate. Exercising muscles
require more energy for muscle contraction. Due to increase in respiration, blood flows faster to
muscles to supply more oxygen or glucose. Also, more carbon dioxide is removed.

Ans listening to the valves of the heart shutting or count pulse rate

Ans lactic acid ; muscles

Ans After exercise the heart rate and breathing rate remains high. Excess oxygen is provided
to breakdown lactic acid. Lactic acid is broken down to carbon dioxide and water in the liver. Lactic
acid is removed by aerobic respiration.

June 2021

None

November 2021

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March 2022

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June 2022

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