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ST. MARY ST. MARY’S ACADEMY OF PALO INC.

Bonifacio St., Palo, Leyte 6501
Tel: (053) 832-0207
Emails: smapalorvm@gmail.com / smapalorvm@yahoo.com
School ID: 404696
ESC ID: 0801244

Learning Package in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

2nd Semester, 3rd Quarter

Name: __________________________________ Section: _____________________

Subject Teacher: Miss Kate Haziel L. Babiano Week: 1 Date: ______________

+In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Lord our God, thank you for this new day and for keeping us safe through the night. As we begin the day,
I beg your protection. Give us wisdom and fill us with your peace. Give us strength to endure whatever it
takes to remain faithful to you. I ask this in the name of Jesus with the Holy Spirit. Amen.
+In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.

 For working parents: Before you go for work, please remind your child of his/her responsibility
to do the activities in this module and when you come home after work, please ask him/her if
she/he had done so and if they have questions to be asked or something to be clarified
regarding the lessons. If you can’t answer his/her questions, let him or her send me a
message through messenger or via text message.
 For non-working parents: Please constantly remind them with love and assurance that this is
for his/her own good and future. If he/she has questions or clarifications regarding the lesson,
let him/her ask me through messenger or via text.
 Thank you so much for your cooperation with us. May God reward your generosity.

Wondering about how particles of solids and

liquids behave? Aside from its basic properties
you’ve learned in General Chemistry 1, there’s
more about it.

This module will help you understand about the

behaviour of particles in solids and liquids in terms
of its intermolecular forces of attraction and kinetic
energy of individual particles.
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MODULE 1:
“INTERACTION OF PARTICLES OF MATTER”

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

Lesson 1: Kinetic Molecular Model of Solids and Liquids

Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids

Lesson 2: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces

Lesson 3: Intermolecular Forces and Properties of Liquids and Solids

Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these properties:
surface tension, viscosity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization.
Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids

Lesson 4: Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams

Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide
Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance

Essential Understanding Essential Question

Intermolecular forces determine the physical properties
How is the concept of intermolecular forces
that are being studied and used in many fields.
significant to life?

1: KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF SOLIDS

AND LIQUIDS

Lesson Proper
 Read and understand the concepts on page 4-5.

The kinetic molecular model explains the properties of solids and liquids in terms of the intermolecular forces of attraction and
the kinetic energy of the individual particles.
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces holding the particles of substances together.
Kinetic energy is the energy of particles in motion. It keeps the particles apart from each other. Kinetic energy increases as
temperature increases.
 Visit your SAVVY-LMS account. Watch a video clip showing the diffusion of food color in water.
Guide Question:
 How is diffusion explained by the kinetic molecular model?
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Directions: Draw the kinetic molecular model of solids and liquids. Then, use it to explain their properties in terms of the intermolecular
forces of attraction and kinetic energy of molecules.

Kinetic Molecular Explanation Kinetic Molecular Explanation

Model of Solids Model of Liquids

2: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION

Let’s Discover  Observe the presentation of particles at the left. Which

state do you think exhibits the greatest and weakest
forces of attraction among particles? Why?

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Lesson Proper
Please refer to your book. Read and understand concepts and sample problems on page 6-12.

The intermolecular forces of attraction in a pure substance are collectively known as van der Waals forces, which include
dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole, and London dispersion forces. (See figures of these forces on your book.)

 Dipole-Dipole Forces - exist between two polar molecules.

Guide Question:

 Why does H have a partial positive charge (δ+),

while Cl has a partial negative charge (δ-)?
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Practice Exercise:
 Identify which atom in each molecule bears the δ+ and δ- charge. The first one serves as an example.

Molecule δ+ δ-
H2O H O
SF4
SeO2

 Hydrogen Bonds - is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction that exists only in molecules that contain a
hydrogen atom bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom such as N, O, or F.

 Ion-Dipole Forces - acts between an ion (either positive or negative) and a polar molecule.

 Study how water molecules are arranged around

Na+ and Cl- in the figure at the left.
Guide Question:

 Why are H atoms of H2O closer to Cl- than the O

atoms? _____________________________
_____________________________________

 London Dispersion Forces - are intermolecular forces of attraction that exist between all atoms and molecules.
Moreover, these are the only forces acting in nonpolar molecules.
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“STRENGTH OF THE DIFFERENT INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTIONS”

Intermolecular Forces of Attractions Strength
Ion-dipole Strong
Hydrogen bond Medium
Dipole-dipole Weak
London Dispersion forces Very weak

 What type of intermolecular force will act in the following substances/solution? Justify your answer.

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - _____________________________________________________________________________

2. Neon (Ne) gas - ___________________________________________________________________________________

3. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) dissolved in water - _________________________________________________________

3: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND

SOLIDS

Please refer to your book. Read and understand concepts on page 9-16.
Lesson Proper

Liquids do not have a simple or regular structure, but many of their properties can be explained
qualitatively by viewing them at the particular level.
Liquids do not have a simple or regular structure, but many of their properties can be explained qualitatively by viewing
them at the particular level.
Some of the general properties of liquids are surface tension, viscosity, vapour pressure, boiling point, and heat of
vaporization. These properties are influenced by the intermolecular forces of attraction in a substance.

Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous based on the arrangement of their particles.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

Type Components that Type of Interaction Between Typical Properties Examples
Occupy the Lattice Components of Lattice
Points
Ionic solids Ions Ionic Hard; High melting Sodium chloride
point; insulating as a (NaCl), calcium
solid but conducting fluoride (CaF2)
when dissolved.
Molecular solids Discrete molecules Dipole-dipole and/or Soft; low melting point Ice, dry ice (solid
London dispersion forces CO2)
Metallic Metal atoms Delocalized covalent Wide range of Silver, iron, brass
hardness and melting
points
Network Non-metal atoms Directional covalent Hard; high melting Diamond
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(leading to giant point
molecules)
Group 8A Group 8A (noble London dispersion forces Very low melting point Argon
gases) atoms

Practice Exercise:

Directions: Study the table above, then classify the following solids based on their indicated properties.
_________________ 1. Naphthalene, also called mothballs, is a white, soft, and volatile solid.
_________________ 2. Soda ash is a solid with high melting point. It dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
_________________ 3. Graphite, a lustrous compound, is a good conductor of electricity has a very high melting point of
about 4300 K.

A. Directions: Describe the following properties of liquids and explain the effect of intermolecular forces on these properties.
1. Surface Tension
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2. Viscosity
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3. Boiling Point
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B. Directions: Using the crystalline and amorphous forms of quartz as shown in the illustration below, describe the difference
between these two classifications of solids.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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4: PHASE CHANGES AND PHASE DIAGRAMS

ACTIVATING PRIOR
KNOWLEDGE
 Recall the different terms used to describe phase changes and write down the
process involved in each process. Number 1 serves as an example.
1. Melting: Solid Liquid
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lesson Proper
Please refer to your book. Read and understand concepts on page 17-20.

Phase changes also involve changing the molecular order of particles. These changes are accompanied by absorption or
release of heat.
Study the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide below. Then, on the box provided at the right side, describe the phase
changes of the substances at different temperature and pressure.
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ENRICHMENT:

To help you visualize what happens at a triple point, visit your SAVVY-LMS account and watch a video of cyclohexane at its
triple point using the URL below.

Directions: Use the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide on page 7 and 8 of this module to answer the following:
1. What phase of water exists at 100°C and 5 atm? At 200°C and 1 atm?

2. What phase of carbon dioxide exists at -120°C and 10 atm? At 80°C and 100 atm?
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o Why do solids and liquids behave

differently?
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o Why is the kinetic molecular model
essential in explaining the properties of
matter?
_________________________________
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o Why is it important to study the properties
of solids and liquids?
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
____________________________
o How is the concept of intermolecular
forces significant to life?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________

Ignacian Core Value: Excellence

Related Value: Competence
Social Orientation: Development of COVID-19 Vaccine
Lesson Across Discipline: ______________________
Biblical Text Reflection:
“I led them with cords of a man, with bonds of love,
And I became to them as one who lifts the yoke from their jaws;
And I bent down and fed them.”
Hosea 11:4

+In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Lord God, I thank you for journeying with me today throughout this lesson. I am happy that though my teachers are not
with me now, I can feel their presence because, they provided me activities that would enhance my learning. I hope,
everything that I experienced today be put into practice. I ask this through the same Christ, our Lord with the intercession
of the Blessed Virgin Mary and prayers of Venerable Ignacia del Espiritu Santo. Amen.
+In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.