EN1014 Electronic Engineering 7/4/2022

DC Analysis

DC voltage 0 V Saturation current 1 fA

Amplitude 16.8 mV Forward beta 50
Frequency 1 kHz Collector resistance 1Ω
Base resistance 1Ω
Emitter resistance 1Ω

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Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between an output parameter and the

corresponding input parameter

• Gain is specified in three ways

• Power Gain (G)
• Voltage Gain (Av)
• Current Gain (Ai)

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EN1014 Electronic Engineering 7/4/2022

Current Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between the peak-peak output current variation

and the peak-peak input current variation

𝐼𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)
𝐴𝑖 =
𝐼𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

𝐼𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)
Ex. Find the current gain of the circuit 𝐴𝑖 =
𝐼𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

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Voltage Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between the peak-peak output voltage variation
and the peak-peak input voltage variation

𝑉𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑉𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

Ex. Find the voltage gain of the circuit. 𝑉𝑜,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

𝐴𝑣 =
Assume input resistance as 1 KΩ 𝑉𝑖,(𝑝𝑘−𝑝𝑘)

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Power Gain of an Amplifier Power Gain of an Amplifier

• Ratio between the output signal power and the Power = voltage x current
input signal power
𝑉𝑜 . 𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝐺= = . = 𝐴𝑣 . 𝐴𝑖
𝑉𝑖 . 𝐼𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖
𝑃𝑜
𝐺=
𝑃𝑖 𝐺 = 𝐴𝑣 . 𝐴𝑖

Ex. Find the power gain of the circuit

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Input voltage vs. Output voltage

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Phase Inversion
Q Q
• Output voltage measured between emitter and collector on
a common-emitter amplifier, is 180 degrees out of phase
with the input voltage waveform.

• Common-emitter amplifier is called an inverting amplifier

circuit.
Q

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Ex. Calculate Av Ai and G Incorrect Q Point

Assume Ri = 1 KΩ for BE junction

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EN1014 Electronic Engineering 7/4/2022

Incorrect Q Point Q Point

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Too much drive… Thermal Runaway

 Power is dissipated in the collector and hence it is made
physically larger than the emitter and base region.
 As the power is dissipated the collector base junction
temperature increase.
 The reverse leakage current ICBO increases due to the
flow of thermally generated minority carriers

IC = α IE + ICBO

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Emitter Degeneration with degenerative feedback

Thermal Runaway
 Process is cumulative leading
eventually to the destruction
of the transistor.
 Thermal runaway can be
prevented by using a heat
sink.
 Emitter degenerative
feedback can also be used.

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Collector-to-Base Bias/Collector Feedback bias Stability in Collector-to-Base Bias

• Biasing voltage is derived from
the voltage drop across the load
resistor RL
• If the load current increases,
there will be a larger voltage
drop across RL
• Reduced collector voltage, VC.
• Base current IB reduces in
turn
• IC is stabilized

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Tutorial Question DC Analysis

DC voltage 0V
Amplitude 5 mV
Frequency 1 kHz

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Input

Output

Emitter Voltage & Capacitor Current

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