View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.

uk brought to you by CORE

provided by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository

Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 53

4
LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
LANGUAGE TEACHING: A REVISIT
IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT
FAUZIAH ISMAIL
MARZILAH ABDUL AZIZ
TINA ABDULLAH

ABSTRACT

:KHQOLWHUDWXUHZDV¿UVWLQFRUSRUDWHGDVDWHVWHGFRPSRQHQWLQWKH
(QJOLVKODQJXDJHV\OODEXVDWVHFRQGDU\VFKRROOHYHOLQ0DOD\VLDWKH
ORFDOUHVHDUFKFRPPXQLW\SURYLGHGVRPHLQVLJKWVLQWRWKHFKDOOHQJHV
DQGLVVXHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHPRYH,WKDVQRZEHHQPRUHWKDQHLJKW
\HDUVVLQFHOLWHUDWXUHZDVLQWURGXFHGDQGWKLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRUHYLVLW
WKH VLWXDWLRQ E\ GHVFULELQJ WKH RYHUDOO OHDUQLQJ QHHGV RI FXUUHQW
ODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV DQG WKHLU SHUFHSWLRQV RI WKH XVH RI OLWHUDWXUH LQ
OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK 7KHVH QHHGV DUH PDWFKHG ZLWK WKH H[SHFWDWLRQV
DQGSHUFHSWLRQVRIWHDFKHUVZKRKDYHEHFRPHDFFXVWRPHGWRXVLQJ
OLWHUDWXUHDVDUHVRXUFHWRWHDFKWKHODQJXDJH$VXUYH\ZDVFDUULHG
RXWDWYDULRXVVHFRQGDU\VFKRROVLQWKHDUHDRI-RKRU%DKUX7ZR
VHWVRITXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHGHVLJQHGDQGGLVWULEXWHGWRWZRJURXSV
RIUHVSRQGHQWVZKRDUHVHFRQGDU\VFKRROVWXGHQWVDQGWKH(QJOLVK
ODQJXDJHWHDFKHUVIURPWKHVDPHVFKRROV%DVHGRQWKHGDWDREWDLQHG
WKH¿QGLQJVIURPWKHWZRJURXSVRIUHVSRQGHQWVZHUHPDWFKHGWR
VHHNWKHFXUUHQWSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUHLQWKHWHDFKLQJDQG
OHDUQLQJRI(QJOLVK7KHRYHUDOO¿QGLQJVRIWKHVWXG\LQGLFDWHGWKDW
ERWKVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHUVZHUHSRVLWLYHDERXWWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUH
LQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHLQVWUXFWLRQ
54 Research In English Language Teaching

INTRODUCTION

7KH GHEDWH RQ WKH UROH RI OLWHUDWXUH LQ ODQJXDJH LQVWUXFWLRQ KDV
REYLRXVO\ JRQH WKURXJK VLJQL¿FDQW UHYROXWLRQV 3UHPDZDUGKHQD
'HODQR\$WWKHEHJLQQLQJXQGHUWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKH
)RUPDOLVWVDQG6WUXFWXUDOLVWVOLWHUDWXUHZDVJLYHQPXFKDWWHQWLRQLQ
ODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ$FFRUGLQJWR7KDNXUWKHWHDFKLQJRIWKH
(QJOLVK ODQJXDJH ZDV V\QRQ\PRXV ZLWK WKH WHDFKLQJ RI OLWHUDWXUH
EHIRUHWKHZRUOGZDU,WZDVWUHDWHGDVDPRGHORIH[FHOOHQWODQJXDJH
XVHDQGDVRXUFHRIKLJKPRUDOYDOXHWKDWHPSKDVLVHGWKHVWXG\RI
OLWHUDU\FDQRQRIWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH,QRWKHUZRUGVOLWHUDWXUHZDV
WDXJKWDVWKHERG\RINQRZOHGJHRUVXEMHFWPDWWHUWKDWGRPLQDWHGWKH
ODQJXDJHV\OODEXV&DUUROL
7KH VLWXDWLRQ QHYHUWKHOHVV FKDQJHG DIWHU WKH %ULWLVK
FRORQLVDWLRQSHULRGHQGHG7KDNXU$VDUHVXOWRIWKHFKDQJHLQ
(QJOLVKODQJXDJHVWDWXVOLWHUDWXUHZKLFKZDVRQFHWUHDWHGDVDVRXUFH
RIKLJKPRUDOYDOXHQRORQJHUKHOGLWVVSHFLDOVWDWXV0HDQZKLOH
OLWHUDWXUHZDVVHSDUDWHGIURPODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJZKHQDGYRFDWRUVRI
WKH)XQFWLRQDO$SSURDFKDUJXHGWRHOLPLQDWHOLWHUDWXUHIURPODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJ'HODQR\7KH\FRQWHQGHGWKDWWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUH
LQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJZDVDORQJZD\IURPPHHWLQJWKHQHHGVRIWKH
ODQJXDJHOHDUQHUV7KHWUHQGWRGLVHQJDJHDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHXQLWH
OLWHUDWXUHZLWKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJFRQWLQXHGZKHQWKH
&RPPXQLFDWLYH$SSURDFKWRODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQ
WKHV7KURXJKWKH&RPPXQLFDWLYHODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJPHWKRG
DXWKHQWLF OLWHUDU\ WH[WV ZHUH LQLWLDOO\ UHJDUGHG WR VXSSO\ OHDUQHUV
ZLWKµUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOXVHRIWKHODQJXDJH¶&DUWHU+RZHYHU
PDQ\PDWHULDOVDQGWH[WERRNVGHVLJQHGXVLQJWKHPHWKRGIRFXVHG
RQO\RQVSHFL¿FODQJXDJHIHDWXUHVDQGIXQFWLRQVZLWKPLQLPDOXVHRI
WKHDXWKHQWLFLW\RIOLWHUDU\ODQJXDJHLQWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJRID
ODQJXDJH/LGGLFRDW &UR]HW1HZPDQ 3XMRO
1HYHUWKHOHVV OLWHUDWXUH JUDGXDOO\ UHHVWDEOLVKHG LWV JURXQGV
LQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJIURPWKHVWKURXJKWKHQHZHYROXWLRQRI
$SSOLHG/LQJXLVWLFVDQG/LWHUDU\7KHRU\7KDNXU)URPWKHQ
RQOLWHUDWXUHKDVRQFHDJDLQPDGHLWVZD\LQWRODQJXDJHLQVWUXFWLRQ
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 55

7KLVWLPHKRZHYHULWGRHVQRWGRPLQDWHWKHODQJXDJHLQVWUXFWLRQ
LQVWHDGLWVIXQFWLRQKDVFKDQJHGWREHFRPHDUHVRXUFHIRUODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ /D]DU  DQ DXWKHQWLF UHVHUYRLU IRU
OLQJXLVWLF H[SORUDWLRQ LQWR VW\OLVWLF DQG GLVFRXUVH DQDO\VLV &DUWHU
VHPLRWLFVDQGPXOWLPRGDOLWLHVDVZHOODVFRUSXVVWXGLHV
7KH UHQHZHG LQWHUHVW LQ WKH XVH RI OLWHUDWXUH LQ ODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJ KDV DWWUDFWHG PDQ\ ODQJXDJH V\OODEXV SODQQHUV DQG
SUDFWLWLRQHUVWRWXUQWROLWHUDWXUHDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHUHVRXUFHIRUWKH
WHDFKLQJRIODQJXDJHV,QWKH\HDUWKH0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ
LQ 0DOD\VLD GHFLGHG WR LQWHJUDWH OLWHUDWXUH DV D WHVWHG FRPSRQHQW
LQWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHVHFRQGDU\VFKRROV\OODEXV6XEUDPDQLDP
/DWHULQWKH\HDUOLWHUDWXUHKDVEHHQLQFOXGHGDVSDUW
RI WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH H[WHQGHG UHDGLQJ SURJUDP IRU OHDUQHUV LQ
3ULPDU\WR7KHFKDQJHWRZDUGVWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIOLWHUDWXUHDV
DWHVWHGFRPSRQHQWLQWKHWHDFKLQJRI(QJOLVKIRUWKHORFDOFRQWH[WKDV
VKRZQWKDW0DOD\VLDLVQRWRQO\VHULRXVO\IROORZLQJWKHFXUUHQWWUHQG
LQODQJXDJHLQVWUXFWLRQEXWKDVDOVRUHYHDOHGWKHYDOXHRIOLWHUDWXUH
IRUWKHWHDFKLQJRI(QJOLVKDVD6HFRQG/DQJXDJHIRURXUODQJXDJH
OHDUQHUV

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

:KHQOLWHUDWXUHZDVLQLWLDOO\LQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKHVFKRROFXUULFXOXP
ORFDO UHVHDUFK HQWKXVLDVWV EHJDQ H[SORULQJ WKH FKDOOHQJHV DQG
SHUFHSWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWSDUWLHVWRZDUGVWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUHLQWKH
WHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJRI(QJOLVK0HDQZKLOHQXPHURXVVHPLQDUVDQG
WUDLQLQJVHVVLRQVKDYHEHHQRUJDQLVHGDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVQDWLRQZLGHWR
FUHDWHDSODWIRUPIRUWKHVKDULQJRIHIIHFWLYHDQGLQQRYDWLYHWHDFKLQJ
LGHDVIRUWKHWHDFKLQJRIWKHOLWHUDWXUHFRPSRQHQW
,W KDV EHHQ PRUH WKDQ HLJKW\HDUV VLQFH OLWHUDWXUHPDGHLWV
ZD\LQWRWKH0DOD\VLDQVHFRQGDU\VFKRROFXUULFXOXP0XFKKDVEHHQ
H[SRXQGHGDERXWWKHOLWHUDWXUHFRPSRQHQWLQWKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJH
V\OODEXV HYHU VLQFH LWV LQWURGXFWLRQ ,Q UHODWLRQ WR WKDW WKLV SDSHU
56 Research In English Language Teaching

DWWHPSWVWRUHYLVLWWKHVLWXDWLRQLQVFKRROV,WLVYLWDOWRIROORZXSWR
VHHKRZWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVDUHFXUUHQWO\DGDSWLQJWRWKHOLWHUDWXUH
FRPSRQHQWDIWHULWVLQWURGXFWLRQ

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVVXUYH\DUHDVIROORZV

WRGHWHUPLQHWKHFXUUHQWSHUFHSWLRQVRIWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV
WRZDUGV WKH OLWHUDWXUH FRPSRQHQW LQ WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH
syllabus
WR¿QGRXWWKHRYHUDOOSHUFHSWLRQVRIWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV
WRZDUGVWKHOLWHUDU\WH[WVXVHGIRUWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUH
in the English language syllabus
WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH SHUFHSWLRQV RI WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV
WRZDUGVWKHDFWLYLWLHVIRUWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUH

LITERATURE REVIEW

$VPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUWKHSODFHIRUOLWHUDWXUHLQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ
DQG OHDUQLQJ KDV UHSHDWHGO\ EHHQ SHUFHLYHG GLIIHUHQWO\ 'LIIHUHQW
SHUVSHFWLYHVKDYHH[SRVHGWKHDGYDQWDJHVDQGWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHVRI
LQFRUSRUDWLQJOLWHUDWXUHDVDUHVRXUFHIRUWHDFKLQJODQJXDJHV+RZHYHU
WKLVZRXOGGHSHQGRQGLIIHUHQWIDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHIXQFWLRQRIOLWHUDWXUH
LQWKHODQJXDJHV\OODEXVDQGKRZLWLVXVHGLQVSHFL¿FFRQWH[WV%\
H[DPLQLQJ WKH GLIIHUHQW YLHZV DQG WKURXJK UHVHDUFK HIIRUWV PDQ\
LPSRUWDQWFKDOOHQJHVDQGQHZGLVFRYHULHVFRXOGEHXQFRYHUHGDQG
XQGHUVWRRG )RU WKDW PDWWHU WKLV VHFWLRQ ZLOO SURYLGH WKH JHQHUDO
UHYLHZRIOLWHUDWXUHWKDWZRXOGKHOSH[SODLQWKHSDWWHUQVGLVFRYHUHG
LQWKH¿QGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\
7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIDUJXPHQWVDJDLQVWWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUH
LQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ  0F.D\  H[SODLQHG WKDW RQH RI WKH
DUJXPHQWVLVWKDWLWKDVPLQLPDOFRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUGVWKHWHDFKLQJ
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 57

RIJUDPPDUIRUWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH7KLVLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
ODQJXDJHRIOLWHUDWXUHWKDWIUHTXHQWO\H[SORUHVWKHXVHRIXQLTXHDQG
FRPSOH[ODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUHVSUHVHQWVODQJXDJHWKDWGHYLDWHVIURPWKH
QDWXUDORUFRPPRQODQJXDJHXVH0DUZDQ$SDUWIURPWKDW
OLWHUDWXUHLVWKRXJKWWRFRQWULEXWHQRWKLQJLQKHOSLQJVWXGHQWVDFKLHYH
DFDGHPLFDQGRFFXSDWLRQDOJRDOV0FND\
2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG DGYRFDWRUV RI OLWHUDWXUH IRU ODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJKDYHH[SRVHGYDULRXVUHDVRQVZK\OLWHUDWXUHFRXOGEHXVHG
IRU WHDFKLQJ D ODQJXDJH$PRQJ WKH PDQ\ UHDVRQV FODLPHG WR EH
EHQH¿FLDO &ROOLH DQG 6ODWHU  VWDWHG WKDW ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV
VKRXOG XVH OLWHUDU\ WH[WV LQ WKH FODVVURRP EHFDXVH WKH\ RIIHU ³D
ERXQWLIXO DQG H[WUHPHO\ YDULHG ERG\ RI ZULWWHQ PDWHULDO ZKLFK LV
LPSRUWDQWLQWKHVHQVHWKDWLWDGGUHVVHVIXQGDPHQWDOKXPDQLVVXHV
DQGZKLFKLVHQGXULQJUDWKHUWKDQHSKHPHUDO´DQGIRVWHUSHUVRQDO
LQYROYHPHQWLQWKHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJSURFHVV%HVLGHVWKDW/D]DU
FODLPHGWKDWOLWHUDWXUHLVDPRWLYDWLQJPDWHULDODVRXUFHWKDW
HQFRXUDJHVODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQDQGDZDUHQHVVDQDFFHVVLQWRRWKHU
FXOWXUHVDQGDQDYHQXHIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFULWLFDODHVWKHWLFDQG
FUHDWLYH WKLQNLQJ 7KHVH DFFRUGLQJ WR KLP FRXOG KROLVWLFDOO\ KHOS
HGXFDWHDSHUVRQDVDZKROH)URP)DNUXO$ODP¶VSRLQWRI
YLHZOLWHUDU\WH[WVHQKDQFHVWXGHQWV¶UHDGLQJVNLOOVDQGSURYLGHYDULHG
H[DPSOHV RI YRFDEXODU\ XVH 7KLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ (UND\D 
ZKRVWDWHGWKDWWKHXVHRIVKRUWVWRULHVLQDODQJXDJHFODVVURRPIRU
H[DPSOHZRXOGKHOSH[SDQGVWXGHQWV¶YRFDEXODU\DQGLQFXOFDWHWKH
UHDGLQJKDELW
7KHFODLPVPDGHLQVXSSRUWRIWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIOLWHUDWXUH
LQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ KDYH UHYHDOHG WKDW WKURXJK
OLWHUDWXUHOHDUQHUVZRXOGQRWRQO\JDLQH[SHULHQFHWKDWZRXOGHQKDQFH
ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ  EXW ZRXOG DOVR GHYHORS RWKHU YLWDO VNLOOV WKDW
ZRXOG IDFLOLWDWH RYHUDOO DFKLHYHPHQW LQ HGXFDWLRQ VXFK DV FULWLFDO
WKLQNLQJDQGUHDGLQJ7RLOOXVWUDWHWKLVUHVHDUFKKDVGLVFRYHUHGWKDW
ZKHQ UHDGHUV UHDG OLWHUDU\ WH[WV DHVWKHWLFDOO\ WKH\ ZRXOG EH DEOH
WR EH SHUVRQDOO\ LQYROYHG LQ WKH UHDGLQJ SURFHVV 'UHVVHO 
7KLVPD\QRWRQO\DVVLVWLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRISHUVRQDOUHVSRQVH
DQGKLJKHURUGHUWKLQNLQJRIWKHWH[WV.HOO\DQG)DUQDQEXW
ZRXOGDOVRHQFRXUDJHWKHWUDQVDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHUHDGHUDQGWKHWH[W
58 Research In English Language Teaching

5RVHQEODWW0RUHRYHUDFFRUGLQJWR0F.RROYDULRXV

VWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGRQUHDGLQJKDELWVKDYHVKRZQDVWURQJUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHDPRXQWRIRXWRIVFKRROUHDGLQJDVWXGHQWHQJDJHVLQ
DQGKLVRUKHUVXFFHVVLQUHDGLQJ
<DQJVDLGWKDW³LWLVDVVXPHGWKDWDOWKRXJKWHDFKHUV
DQGVWXGHQWVERWKEHOLHYHUHDGLQJLVLPSRUWDQWIRUHGXFDWLRQWKH\
KROGYHU\GLIIHUHQWDWWLWXGHVDVWRKRZUHDGLQJVHVVLRQVVKRXOGEH
FRQGXFWHG$OORZLQJVWXGHQWVWRVHOHFWWKHLURZQUHDGLQJPDWHULDOV
ZLOOHQKDQFHVWXGHQWV¶PRWLYDWLRQWRUHDG´,QRWKHUZRUGVLIOLWHUDU\
WH[WVDUHXVHGWRLPSURYHWKHOHDUQLQJRI(QJOLVKWKURXJKUHDGLQJ
FDUHIXOVHOHFWLRQRIWKHPLVQHFHVVDU\7KLUXPDODL
6DQDFRUH  VXJJHVWHG WKDW ZKHQ VHOHFWLQJ PDWHULDOV
IRUWKHFODVVURRPWHDFKHUVFRXOGZRUNFORVHO\ZLWKOLEUDU\PHGLD
VSHFLDOLVWVZKRDUHXVXDOO\DZDUHRIDZLGHYDULHW\RIPDWHULDOVWKDW
DUH ZHOOPDWFKHG ZLWK VWXGHQWV¶ LQWHUHVWV DQG QHHGV 7KH SRVLWLYH
H[SHULHQFHLQUHDGLQJOLWHUDU\WH[WVWKDWPDWFKVWXGHQWV¶LQWHUHVWVDQG
QHHGVZRXOGEXLOGLQGHSHQGHQFHDQGVHOIHVWHHPZKLFKDUHLPSRUWDQW
IRUFUHDWLQJOLIHORQJUHDGHUV

METHODOLOGY

7KLVVWXG\LVSDUWRIDODUJHUVWXG\WKDWZDVFDUULHGRXWLQYDULRXV
VFKRROV ZLWKLQ WKH DUHD RI -RKRU %DKUX )RU WKH SXUSRVH RI GDWD
FROOHFWLRQWZRJURXSVRIUHVSRQGHQWVZKLFKZHUHWKH(QJOLVK
ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV ZKR KDYH WDXJKW WKH OLWHUDWXUH FRPSRQHQW WR
VHFRQGDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DQG  VWXGHQWV ZKR KDYH XQGHUJRQH
OLWHUDWXUHOHVVRQVLQVFKRROZHUHVHOHFWHGDVSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHVWXG\
7KRVHVWXGHQWVZHUHLQ)RUP2QHWR)RUP)LYH
7RREWDLQWKHQHHGHGGDWDWZRVHWVRITXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUH
GHVLJQHGDQGGLVWULEXWHGWRWKHUHVSRQGHQWV7KHGDWDREWDLQHGIURP
ERWKTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHWKHQGHVFULSWLYHO\UHSRUWHGLQSHUFHQWDJH
IRUP ZKHUH SHUWLQHQW UHVXOWV WKDW VKRZ D PDWFK EHWZHHQ WKH WZR
JURXSVRISDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHSUHVHQWHGDQGGLVFXVVHG7KLVLVGRQHWR
REVHUYHSHUFHSWLRQVDPRQJWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVDQG¿QGRXWKRZ
WKH\DUHDGDSWLQJDIWHUDSHULRGRIHLJKW\HDUVLQWKHV\OODEXV
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 59

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

%DVHG RQ WKH RYHUDOO ¿QGLQJV REWDLQHG WKH IROORZLQJ DUH VRPH
HYLGHQFHWKDWVKRZDPDWFKLQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHWZRJURXSVRI
UHVSRQGHQWV QDPHO\ WKH WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV ZKR SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ
WKHVWXG\7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJUHVXOWVDUHGHSLFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLU
JHQHUDOSHUFHSWLRQVRIWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIWKHOLWHUDWXUHFRPSRQHQW
LQWHDFKLQJ(QJOLVKWKHVHOHFWLRQRIOLWHUDU\WH[WVIRUWKHOLWHUDWXUH
FRPSRQHQW DQG WKH SUHIHUUHG DFWLYLWLHV FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH
OHVVRQV

Items Yes No Items Yes No

/LWHUDWXUHPD\   /LWHUDWXUHFDQPRWLYDWH  

SURYLGHPRWLYDWLQJ VWXGHQWV¶LQWHUHVWLQ
PDWHULDOV learning the English
language

/LWHUDWXUHPD\   ,OHDUQPDQ\QHZZRUGV  

H[SDQGVWXGHQWV¶ ZKHQ,UHDGOLWHUDU\WH[WV
YRFDEXODU\

/LWHUDWXUHFDQ   ,FDQLPSURYHP\  

HQKDQFHODQJXDJH SUR¿FLHQF\LQWKH
SUR¿FLHQF\ ODQJXDJHWKURXJK
literature

/LWHUDWXUHFDQ   ,FDQOHDUQDERXWRWKHU  

SURYLGHDFFHVVWR FXOWXUHDQGYDOXHV
RWKHUFXOWXUHV WKURXJKOLWHUDWXUH

/LWHUDWXUHFDQ  0 ,OLNHUHDGLQJOLWHUDU\  

LQFXOFDWHUHDGLQJ WH[WVLQ(QJOLVK
KDELWDPRQJ
VWXGHQWV
60 Research In English Language Teaching

/LWHUDWXUHFDQ   ,OLNHLWZKHQWKHWHDFKHU  

GHYHORSFULWLFDO DVNVIRUYLHZVLQWKHFODVV
thinking

Table 13HUFHSWLRQRQWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUHLQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ

7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXG\RQWKHSHUFHSWLRQVRI
WHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVWRZDUGVWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUHLQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJ*HQHUDOO\PDMRULW\RIWKHWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVZHOFRPH
WKH PRYH RI LQFRUSRUDWLQJ OLWHUDWXUH LQWR WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH
FODVVURRP%RWKSDUWLHVEHOLHYHWKDWOLWHUDWXUHKDVDUROHWRSOD\LQ
PRWLYDWLQJVWXGHQWV¶LQWHUHVWVLQOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVK7KH\DOVRIHHOWKDW
OLWHUDWXUHLVDXVHIXOOHDUQLQJUHVRXUFHVLQFHLWFRXOGHQKDQFHODQJXDJH
SUR¿FLHQF\DQGH[SDQGYRFDEXODU\RIWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH%HVLGHV
ERWKSDUWLHVDSSUHFLDWHWKHIDFWWKDWOLWHUDWXUHFDQEHFRPHDZLQGRZ
WRRWKHUFXOWXUHV/LWHUDWXUHLVDOVRSHUFHLYHGWREHDEOHWRLQFXOFDWH
WKHUHDGLQJKDELWDQGGHYHORSFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJDPRQJVWXGHQWV

Items Yes No Items Yes No

,OLNHWRWHDFK   ,OLNHWRUHDG  

FRQWHPSRUDU\ FRQWHPSRUDU\OLWHUDWXUH
literature

,OLNHWRWHDFK   ,OLNHWRUHDGFODVVLFV  

FODVVLFV

,OLNHWRWHDFK   ,OLNHWRUHDGSRHWU\  

SRHWU\

,OLNHWRWHDFK  0 ,OLNHWRUHDGVKRUWVWRULHV  

VKRUWVWRULHV
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 61

,OLNHWRWHDFK   ,OLNHWRUHDGQRYHOV  

QRYHOV

,XVHDYDULHW\   ,OLNHWRUHDGOLWHUDU\  

RIOLWHUDU\WH[WV WH[WVEDVHGRQP\RZQ
RWKHUWKDQWKHRQHV VHOHFWLRQ
VXJJHVWHGIRUWKH
syllabus

Table 23HUFHSWLRQWRZDUGVWKHOLWHUDU\WH[WVXVHGLQOLWHUDWXUHOHVVRQV

7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHDOLW\WKDWLVKDSSHQLQJLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH
FODVVURRPVXUYH\HG,WSUHVHQWVWKHSHUFHSWLRQVRIERWKWHDFKHUVDQG
VWXGHQWVWRZDUGVOLWHUDU\WH[WVXVHGLQOLWHUDWXUHOHVVRQV%RWKWHDFKHUV
DQGVWXGHQWVOLNHWRUHDGFRQWHPSRUDU\OLWHUDWXUHDQGVKRZVWURQJ
GLVOLNHRYHUWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJRIFODVVLFV,QUHODWLRQWRWKH
FKRLFHRIOLWHUDWXUHXVHGRIWKHWKUHHW\SHVRIOLWHUDWXUHXVHGQDPHO\
SRHWU\VKRUWVWRULHVDQGQRYHOVLWFRXOGEHREVHUYHGWKDWVKRUWVWRULHV
DUHYHU\PXFKOLNHGE\ERWKVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHUV+RZHYHUWKHVWXG\
DOVRUHYHDOVWKDWSRHWU\LVWKHOHDVWSRSXODUOLWHUDU\UHVRXUFHDPRQJ
ERWKWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV,QIDFWPRUHVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHUVSUHIHU
QRYHOVPRUHFRPSDUHGWRSRHWU\$VIRUWH[WVVHOHFWLRQPDMRULW\RI
WKHVWXGHQWVOLNHWRUHDGWH[WEDVHGRQWKHLURZQVHOHFWLRQZKLOHPDQ\
WHDFKHUVKDYHDOVRFODLPHGWRXVHOLWHUDU\WH[WVRWKHUWKDQWKHRQHV
VXJJHVWHGE\WKHV\OODEXVLQWHDFKLQJOLWHUDWXUH

Items Yes No Items Yes No

5HDGLQJLQFODVV   ,OLNHWKHWHDFKHUWRIROORZ  

WKHWH[WFORVHO\GXULQJWKH
OHVVRQ
62 Research In English Language Teaching

$VVLJQUHDGLQJDW   ,WDNHWKHLQLWLDWLYHWRUHDG  

KRPH OLWHUDU\WH[WVEHIRUHWKH
OHVVRQ

3URYLGHVWXG\   I learn literature by using  

JXLGHQRWHV VWXG\JXLGHQRWHV

,OLNHWRUHODWH   ,FDQUHODWHWKHFRQWHQW  

OLWHUDWXUHFRQWHQW RIOLWHUDU\WH[WVWRRWKHU
WRRWKHUW\SHVRI W\SHVRIUHDGLQJPDWHULDOV
UHDGLQJPDWHULDOV WKDW,UHDG

9RFDEXODU\   ,OHDUQPDQ\QHZZRUGV  

EXLOGLQJ ZKHQ,UHDGOLWHUDU\WH[WV

*URXSGLVFXVVLRQ   ,OLNHWROHDUQOLWHUDWXUH  

WKURXJKGLVFXVVLRQVZLWK
IULHQGV

,OLNHWRWHDFK   ,OLNHWROHDUQOLWHUDWXUHE\  

literature using ZDWFKLQJPRYLHVSOD\V
PRYLHV
,OLNHWRXVH   ,DPLQWHUHVWHGWROHDUQ  
PXOWLPHGLDWR OLWHUDWXUHWKURXJK
WHDFKOLWHUDWXUH PXOWLPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQ

Table 33HUFHSWLRQWRZDUGVWKHDFWLYLWLHVFRQGXFWHG
LQWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUH

7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVWRZDUGVWKHNLQGV
RIDFWLYLWLHVWKDWDUHSUHIHUUHGIRUOLWHUDWXUHOHVVRQV,QJHQHUDOERWK
WHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVKDYHVLPLODUSRVLWLYHSHUFHSWLRQVWRZDUGVWKH
XVHRIPRYLHVDQGPXOWLPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQLQDFWLYLWLHVWDUJHWHGIRUWKH
WHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJRIOLWHUDWXUH$OWKRXJKERWKJURXSVRIUHVSRQGHQWV
VKRZSRVLWLYHSHUFHSWLRQVWRZDUGVDFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVLQFODVVUHDGLQJ
UHODWLQJOLWHUDU\WH[WVWRRWKHUW\SHVRIWH[WVJURXSGLVFXVVLRQVDQG
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 63

XVLQJVWXG\JXLGHVWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWHDFKHUVZKRSUHIHUUHGWKHVH
DFWLYLWLHVDUHKLJKHUWKDQWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIVWXGHQWV2QWKHFRQWUDU\
WKHSHUFHQWDJHRIVWXGHQWVZKRSHUFHLYHGYRFDEXODU\EXLOGLQJDFWLYLWLHV
DUHXVHIXOLVKLJKHUWKDQWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWHDFKHUV/DVWO\WKHUHVXOWV
RIWKHVWXG\DOVRUHYHDOHGWKDWERWKWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVSHUFHLYHG
DVVLJQLQJUHDGLQJDWKRPHDVWKHOHDVWIDYRXUHGDFWLYLW\

DISCUSSION

7KHJHQHUDO¿QGLQJVRIRXUVWXG\VKRZWKDWDOWKRXJKOLWHUDWXUHKDV
EHHQSHUFHLYHGWREHWKHGULYLQJIRUFHWKDWPD\GHYHORSVWXGHQWV¶
LQWHUHVWLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJWKURXJKWKHKDELWRIUHDGLQJWKHDFWXDO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQGRQHLQWKHFODVVURRPGRQRWFDWHUIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW
RISHUVRQDODHVWKHWLFUHVSRQVHWRUHDGLQJOLWHUDU\WH[WVDVLQVSLUHGE\
WKHDLPVDQGREMHFWLYHVRIWKHV\OODEXV7KLVLVEHFDXVHRI
WKH WHDFKHUV EHOLHYH WKDW OLWHUDWXUH FDQ LQFXOFDWH WKH UHDGLQJ KDELW
DPRQJVWXGHQWV+RZHYHURIWKHWHDFKHUVDUHDOVRIRXQGWR
KDYHXVHGVWXG\JXLGHVRUQRWHVHPSKDVLVLQJRQKRZH[DPTXHVWLRQV
FDQEHDQVZHUHG,QGRLQJVRPXFKDWWHQWLRQKDVEHHQJLYHQWRWKH
FRQWHQWDQGSUHSDULQJVWXGHQWVIRUH[DPLQDWLRQSXUSRVHVUDWKHUWKDQ
WRFUHDWHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUVWXGHQWVWRH[SORUHWKHLUSHUVRQDOUHVSRQVH
WKURXJKDHVWKHWLFUHDGLQJZKLFKPD\DVVLVWVWXGHQWVWRGHYHORSDORYH
IRUUHDGLQJ
$V D UHVXOW VWXGHQWV ZLOO UHDG OLWHUDU\ WH[WV DVVLJQHG WR
WKHPEXWPD\QRWFKRRVHWRH[WHQGWKHLUUHDGLQJH[SHULHQFHRQFH
WKH OLWHUDWXUH OHVVRQ LV RYHU +RZHYHU LI VWXGHQWV DUH DOORZHG WR
SHUVRQDOO\UHVSRQGWRWKHWH[WVE\UHODWLQJLWWRWKHLUSHUVRQDOOLYHV
DQGH[SHULHQFHVWKH\PD\¿QGWKHWH[WVPRUHPHDQLQJIXODQGFORVH
WRWKHP,QRWKHUZRUGVDOORZLQJVWXGHQWVWRUHVSRQGWRWKHWH[WVIURP
WKHLUSRLQWRIYLHZZLOOKHOSWKHPOLQNWKHLURZQH[SHULHQFHVZLWK
ZKDWWKHWH[WKDVWRRIIHU7KLVKHOSVFUHDWHDVSHFLDOERQGEHWZHHQ
VWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUUHDGLQJWH[WVZKLFKZLOOHYHQWXDOO\OHDGWKHPWR
H[SORUHRWKHUOLWHUDU\WH[WVUHVXOWLQJLQKDELWIRUPDWLRQ
64 Research In English Language Teaching

7H[WV VHOHFWLRQ LV RQH RI WKH SULPH LQGLFDWRUV IRU WKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIUHDGLQJKDELWRUSOHDVXUHZKLFKXOWLPDWHO\OHDGVWR
WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHXVHRIOLWHUDWXUHLQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ
:HIHHOWKDWWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUHIRUODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVKRXOG
LQFRUSRUDWHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIOLWHUDU\WH[WV7KLVZLOOQRWRQO\DOORZ
VWXGHQWVWRJDLQH[SRVXUHWRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIOLWHUDU\JHQUHEXWDOVR
FDWHU IRU GLIIHUHQW H[SHFWDWLRQ RU SUHIHUHQFH RI VSHFL¿F JHQUHV RI
OLWHUDU\WH[WV+RZHYHUWKHVWXG\IRXQGWKDWVWXGHQWVDQGWHDFKHUV
DUH D OLWWOH DSSUHKHQVLYH RYHU WKH XVH RI FODVVLFV DQG SRHWU\ DV
ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJUHVRXUFHV7KLVPD\EHGXHWRWKHXQLTXHODQJXDJH
FRQYHQWLRQV XVHG LQ WKH WH[WV ZKLFK DUH QRW XVXDOO\ IRXQG LQ DQ\
W\SLFDO (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH WH[WV  7KH\ PD\ ¿QG WKH WHDFKLQJ DQG
OHDUQLQJRIOLWHUDWXUHDGDXQWLQJWDVN7RVROYHWKHSUREOHPVWHDFKHUV
VKRXOGDOORZURRPIRUVWXGHQWVWRVHOHFWDQGVWXG\OLWHUDU\WH[WVWKDW
VXLWWKHP<DQJ$VLPLODUYLHZLVH[SUHVVHGE\7KLUXPDODL
ZKRDUJXHGWKDWFDUHIXOVHOHFWLRQRIOLWHUDU\WH[WVZRXOGDVVLVW
LQLPSURYLQJWKHOHDUQLQJRI(QJOLVKWKURXJKUHDGLQJ
7KHVWXG\KDVDOVRGLVFRYHUHGWKDWLQWHUDFWLYHDFWLYLWLHVDUH
PXFK SUHIHUUHG E\ ERWK WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV DV RSSRVHG WR VHOI
GLUHFWHG DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV LQGLYLGXDO UHDGLQJ 7KH VHW RI OHDUQHUV
DQGWHDFKHUVVXUYH\HGSUHIHUDFWLYLWLHVWKDWSURYLGHWKHPLPPHGLDWH
IHHGEDFNLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHFODVVURRP)RUH[DPSOHJURXSGLVFXVVLRQLV
YHU\PXFKIDYRXUHGE\ERWKWKHWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWV
7HDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVDOVRSUHIHUDFWLYLWLHVZKLFKPDNH
XVHRIPXOWLPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQIRUWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUH,WLVDOVR
QRWHG WKDW ERWK WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV OLNH WKH XVH RI PRYLHV DV D
OLWHUDWXUHOHDUQLQJUHVRXUFH:HIHHOWKDWWKHXVHRIPRYLHVKDVJUHDW
SRWHQWLDOLQKHOSLQJVWXGHQWVWRYLVXDOL]HWKHWH[WLQDPRUHPHDQLQJIXO
PDQQHU,WPD\EHEHFDXVHWKHVRXQGDQGYLVXDOVWLPXODWLRQSURGXFHG
inE\PRYLHVHQKDQFHWKHLUDHVWKHWLFYDOXHRIWKHWH[W
/DVWO\LWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWWKHVWXG\DOVRXQFRYHUHG
WKDW WKH XVH RI VWXG\ JXLGHV LV VLJQL¿FDQW DPRQJ WKH UHVSRQGHQWV
RIWHDFKHUVDQGRIVWXGHQWVVXUYH\HG6LPLODUO\VWXGHQWV
GRQRWIDYRXUUHDGLQJWH[WVDWKRPHDVLQVWUXFWHGE\WHDFKHUV7KHVH
¿QGLQJVVXJJHVWWKDWWKHUHLVDPDWFKEHWZHHQZKDWWKHVWXGHQWVQHHG
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 65

DQGZKDWWKHWHDFKHUVSURYLGHWKHPZLWKLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHOHVVRQV7KH
XVHRIVWXG\JXLGHVHQVXUHGWKDWWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJSURFHVV
EHFRPHVVPRRWKHUDQGKHOSVWRUHDFKDFRPPRQJRDO3HUKDSVRQH
RIWKHJRDOVLVLQSUHSDULQJVWXGHQWVIRUH[DPLQDWLRQSXUSRVHV

CONCLUSION

$VDFRQFOXVLRQZH¿QGWKDW0F.RRO¶VFODLPLVYHU\UHOHYDQW

WRWKH¿QGLQJVRIRXUVWXG\ZKLFKSRLQWVWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIHQJDJLQJ
VWXGHQWVLQUHDGLQJOLWHUDU\WH[WVLQDODQJXDJHFODVV7KLVDFFRUGLQJ
WRKHUZRXOGKHOSWRIRVWHUUHDGLQJKDELWVDPRQJOHDUQHUV6XFKDQ
HQJDJHPHQW KHOSV LQ VHQGLQJ VWXGHQWV WKH PHVVDJH WKDW OLIHWLPH
OLWHUDF\LVDPDMRULQVWUXFWLRQDODFWLYLW\

IMPLICATIONS

%DVHGRQZKDWKDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGWKHIROORZLQJDUHVXJJHVWLRQVLQ
VXSSRUWRIWKHHIIRUWWRLQFRUSRUDWHWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUHLQWRWKH
ODQJXDJHFODVVURRP

6SHFLDOWUDLQLQJRQDOORZLQJVWXGHQWVWREHFRPHSHUVRQDOO\
LQYROYHG LQ WKH PHDQLQJ PDNLQJ SURFHVV RI OLWHUDU\ WH[WV
VKRXOGEHFRQGXFWHGDPRQJWHDFKHUVWRRSHQRSSRUWXQLWLHV
IRUVWXGHQWVWRHQJDJHLQSHUVRQDOUHVSRQVHDVWKH\UHDG
7H[WVHOHFWLRQVKRXOGEHJLYHQPXFKWKRXJKWFRQWHPSRUDU\
YVFODVVLFV25W\SHRIOLWHUDU\WH[WVZKLFKVKRXOGXOWLPDWHO\
FDWHU WR VWXGHQWV¶ LQWHUHVW LI WKH DLP LV WR DVVLVW ODQJXDJH
WHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJDQGWRLQFXOFDWHWKHKDELWRIUHDGLQJ
IRUSOHDVXUH
)XWXUH UHVHDUFKHUV PD\ ZDQW WR XQFRYHU WKH UHDVRQV ZK\
LQWHUDFWLYHOHVVRQVDUHSUHIHUUHGLQWKHWHDFKLQJRIOLWHUDWXUH
66 Research In English Language Teaching

DQGDOVRWRH[SORUHDYHQXHVLQWRPDNLQJOLWHUDWXUHLQ(QJOLVK
ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ EHFRPH PRUH LQWHUDFWLYH DQG G\QDPLF
VRDVWRPHHWWKHH[SHFWDWLRQVRIWKHWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ
QHHGVLQWKHORFDOFRQWH[W

REFERENCE
&DUUROL3LHUDPerceptions of Literature: A Comparison of
Students’ and Educators’ ViewsELT Journal
&ROOLH - DQG 6ODWHU 6  Literature in the Language
Classroom&DPEULGJH&83
'HODQR\ :HUQHU  Teacher Mediation and Literature
Learning in the Language Classroom LCS 
$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZZLOVWDSOH\FRP/&6DUWLFOHVZGKWP
'UHVVHO-+Personal Response and Social Responsibility:
Responses of Middle School Students to Multicultural
LliteratureThe Reading Teacher
(UND\D5RFKD,GLOHD%HQH¿WVRI8VLQJ6KRUW6WRULHVLQWKH
()/&RQWH[W$VLDQ()/-RXUQDO
)DNUXO $ODP  8sing Postcolonial Literature in ELT The
English Teacher,QVWLWXWHIRU(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH(GXFDWLRQ
9ROQ
.HOO\ 3 DQG )DUQDQ 1  Effects of a Reader Response
Approach on Students’ Ways of Thinking about Text
Conference Report at the Annual Meeting of the National
Reading&RQIHUHQFH
/D]DU*Literature and Language Teaching: A Guide for
Teachers and Trainers&DPEULGJH&83
/LGGLFRDW $- DQG &UR]HW &  Teaching Languages,
Teaching Cultures0HOERXUQH/DQJXDJH$XVWUDOLD
0F.D\ 6  Literature in the ESL Classroom TESOL
Quarterly9ROQ
0F.RRO6KDURQ6)DFWRUVWKDWLQÀXHQFHWKHGHFLVLRQWRUHDG$Q
 Literature in English Language Teaching: A Revisit in the Malaysian Contex 67

LQYHVWLJDWLRQRI¿IWKJUDGHVWXGHQWV¶RXWRJVFKRROUHDGLQJ
habitsReading Improvement)DOO9RO,VVXH
SS$1
2EHLGDW 0DUZDQ  Language vs. Litearture )RUXP
9ROQ
3UHPDZDUGKHQD1&Integrating Literature into Foreign
Language Teaching: A Sri Lankan Perspective Novitas-
ROYAL
6DQDFRUH -  (QFRXUDJLQJ WKH /LIHWLPH 5HDGLQJ +DELW
– ED326835 eric.ed.govKWWSHULFHGJRY(5,&'RFVGDWD
HULFGRFVVTOFRQWHQWBVWRUDJHBEEISGI
6XEUDPDQLDP *  Literature Programmes in Malaysian
Schools: A Historical Overview ,Q *DQDNXPDUDQ
6XEUDPDQLDP DQG 0DODFKL (GZLQ 9HWKDPDQL (GV
7HDFKLQJRI/LWHUDWXUHLQ(6/()/&RQWH[WV MELTA
3HWDOLQJ-D\D6DVEDGL
7KDNXU 'DPRGDU  Teaching Language Through
Literature: Problems and Principes (Part 2)Yemen TimeV
  ^2QOLQH`$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZ\HPHQWLPHVFRP
DUWLFOHVVKWPO"L  S HGXFDWLRQ D 
7KLUXPDODL068VHRI/LWHUDWXUHLQ7HDFKLQJ/DQJXDJH
5HWULYHG -DQXDU\   IURP KWWSZZZODQJXDJHLQGLD
FRPDSULOWHVROERRNKWPO
<DQJ $QVRQ -XQH  &XOWLYDWLQJ D 5HDGLQJ +DELW 6LOHQW
5HDGLQJDW6FKRROThe Asian EFL Journal Quarterly