PETE 311-Reservoir Petrophysics Spring 2023

PETE 311 MIDTERM EXAM II KEY

1.
a)

𝐷2 (1.5 ∗ 2.54)2
𝑽𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒌 = 𝜋 𝐿=𝜋 (2.7 ∗ 2.54) = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟗 𝒄𝒄
4 4
𝑽𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 ∗ 𝜙 = 78.19 ∗ 0.15 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟑 𝒄𝒄

b)
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟖 𝒄𝒄 − 𝟔 𝒄𝒄 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒄

9.0
8.0
7.0 Clay bound water
Water recovered, cc

6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time, hrs

c)
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 6 𝑐𝑐
𝑺𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = = = 0.512 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟐%
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 11.73 𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 4.9 𝑐𝑐
𝑺𝒐𝒊𝒍 = = = 0.418 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖%
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 11.73 𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑺𝒈𝒂𝒔 = = 1 − (𝑆𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 ) = 1 − (0.512 + 0.418) = 0.071 = 𝟕. 𝟏%
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒
PETE 311-Reservoir Petrophysics Spring 2023

2.

Mineral Weight fraction, % Mass, g Density, g/cc Volume, cc

Calcite 52.00 5.2 2.71 1.919

Quartz 16.00 1.6 2.65 0.604

Dolomite 6.00 0.6 2.84 0.211

Pyrite 8.00 0.8 5.01 0.160

Albite (Feldspar) 9.00 0.9 2.62 0.344

Illite 6.00 0.6 2.75 0.218

Kaolinite 3.00 0.3 2.65 0.113

𝑀𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 ∗ 0.52 = 5.2 𝑔, 𝑀𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑧 = 10 ∗ 0.16 = 1.6 𝑔, 𝑀𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 ∗ 0.06 = 0.6 𝑔

𝑀𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 ∗ 0.08 = 0.8 𝑔, 𝑀𝐴𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 ∗ 0.09 = 0.9 𝑔, 𝑀𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 ∗ 0.06 = 0.6 𝑔

𝑀𝐾𝑎𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 10 ∗ 0.03 = 0.3 𝑔

𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 5.2⁄2.71 = 1.919 𝑐𝑐, 𝑉𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑧 = 1.6⁄2.65 = 0.604 𝑐𝑐, 𝑉𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0.6⁄2.84 = 0.211 𝑐𝑐

𝑉𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0.8⁄5.01 = 0.160 𝑐𝑐, 𝑉𝐴𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0.9⁄2.62 = 0.344 𝑐𝑐, 𝑉𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0.6⁄2.75 = 0.218 𝑐𝑐

𝑉𝐾𝑎𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0.3⁄2.65 = 0.113 𝑐𝑐

𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑧 + 𝑉𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝐴𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝐵𝐼 = = 0.907
𝑉𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑧 + 𝑉𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝐴𝑙𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒 + 𝑉𝐾𝑎𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒

1.919 + 0.604 + 0.211 + 0.160 + 0.344

𝑩𝑰 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟕
1.919 + 0.604 + 0.211 + 0.160 + 0.344 + 0.218 + 0.113

3. Rw = formation water resistivity

Ro = Resistivity of clean reservoir rock that is 100% water saturated

Rt = True formation resistivity

Rt>Ro>Rw
PETE 311-Reservoir Petrophysics Spring 2023

4.
𝑚
𝐿 = 2.7 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 ∗ 0.0254 = 0.06858 𝑚
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐷2 (1.5 ∗ 0.0254)2
𝐴=𝜋 =𝜋 = 0.00114 𝑚2
4 4
𝑅𝑜 = (𝑟𝑜 𝐴)⁄𝐿 = (650 ∗ 0.00114)⁄0.06858 = 10.806 Ω − 𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑅𝑜 ⁄𝑅𝑤 = 10.806⁄0.115 = 93.96

𝝓 = (0.81⁄𝐹 )0.5 = (0.81⁄93.96)0.5 = 0.093 = 𝟗. 𝟑%

5.

Brine saturation
R (ohm-m) Rt/Ro (IR) log (Sw)* log (IR)
(Sw), fraction

1.0 4.3 = Ro 1.00 2.00 0.00

0.9 6.2 1.44 1.95 0.16

0.8 8.1 1.88 1.90 0.28

0.6 13.8 3.21 1.78 0.51

0.6
0.5 y = -2.2041x + 4.4424
R² = 0.9797
0.4
log (IR)

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 2.05
log (Sw)

*Note that, when taking log of Sw, it is converted from fraction to percentage.

From the slope of IR vs Sw plot, n = 2.204.

6.
0.987𝑥10−3 𝑛𝑚2
𝑘 = 50 𝑛𝐷 ∗ = 0.0493 𝑛𝑚2
1 𝑛𝐷
8𝑘𝜏 (8)(0.0493 𝑛𝑚2 )(2.5)
𝑟=√ =√ = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏 𝒏𝒎
𝜙 0.08
PETE 311-Reservoir Petrophysics Spring 2023

7. Steady state refers to when a fluid is injected through a core sample with a constant flow rate while
maintaining a constant pressure differential across the core. In other words, mass flux in should be
equal to mass flux out.

8.

∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐿𝑖 1.5 + 1.25 + 1.75

𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟗 𝒎𝑫
𝐿 1.5 1.25 1.75
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 + +
𝑘𝑖 200 50 150

9.
Geometric mean:
̅̅̅𝐺̅ = 𝑛√𝑘1 . 𝑘2 . 𝑘3 … 𝑘𝑛 = 4√(35)(100)(12)(25) = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎𝑫
𝑘

Harmonic mean:
𝑛 4
̅̅̅̅
𝑘𝐻 = = = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕 𝒎𝑫
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘𝑛 35 100 12 25

10.

𝐷2 (2.54)2
𝐴=𝜋 =𝜋 = 5.067 𝑐𝑚2
4 4
𝑄𝜇𝐿 0.2 ∗ 1 ∗ 15.24
𝒌= = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝑫𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒚
𝐴Δ𝑃 5.067 ∗ 1.2